METHANE

Pure methane is used in the production of acetylene, ammonia, formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, halogenated compounds (eg, methyl chloride), methanol, and many other compounds. It is also utilized in organic synthesis. As "natural gas", this compound is primarily utilized as a fuel. Domestically, it is used for illuminating, heating, and cooking; industrially, for electricity/steam generation. In addition, it is used as a source of carbon black and as a starting material for the manufacture of synthetic proteins (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1989; Hathaway et al, 1991; Lewis, 1993).

FORMS

As natural gas, methane generally occurs with other hydrocarbons as well as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfur compounds. "Sour" natural gas typically contains 5 percent hydrogen sulfide, which makes this mixture somewhat corrosive (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Methane (natural gas) is primarily shipped as a nonliquefied compressed gas. It is primarily transported by pipeline. This compound can be liquified for movement of bulk quantities in specially-designed ships and barges. In this state, it is referred to as liquified natural gas (LNG) (Ashford, 1994; CGA, 1990).
Methane is available in the following grades of purity: CP, minimum 99 mole percent; technical, minimum 98 mole percent; and commercial which is pipeline natural gas (this has no guarantee of purity). Analysis shows the following (CGA, 1990): Methane93.63 mole %Carbon dioxide0.70 mole %Nitrogen0.47 mole %Ethane3.58 mole %Propane1.02 mole %Isobutane0.21 mole %n-Butane0.19 mole %Isopentane0.06 mole %n-Pentane0.06 mole %Hexane0.02 mole %Heptanes plus0.06 mole %tert-Butyl mercaptan is added in trace amounts as a dye (odorant) for quick identification of leaks.

Other sources report the methane content of natural gas variously:

American natural gas is about 85 percent methane (Budavari, 1989).
Natural gas contains methane in concentrations of 60 to 80 percent (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

SOURCES

Methane (natural gas) is ubiquitous, as it is produced by anaerobic decay of organic material. It is also a major constituent of coal gas (ACGIH, 1991; CGA, 1990; Hathaway et al, 1991).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

"Fire damp" is a term for explosive mixtures of methane (natural gas) and air. This term comes from the mining industry. The terms "marsh gas" and "swamp gas" refer to natural gas produced by decay, primarily of vegetation, in standing/stagnant water (ACGIH, 1991) Meyer, 1987).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Methane is a simple asphyxiant which has no other significant physiological effects (Lederer, 1985; Finkel, 1983; ITI, 1985; Snyder, 1987). It has practically no clinical effects at concentrations less than its lower flammable limit (Clayton & Clayton, 1982). It is not irritating to the eyes, nose, or throat (CHRIS, 1996).

Simple asphyxiants displace oxygen from the breathing atmosphere primarily in enclosed spaces and result in hypoxemia (Kizer, 1984). Air hunger, fatigue, decreased vision, mood disturbances, numbness of extremities, headache, confusion, decreased coordination and judgment, cyanosis, and unconsciousness may be noted (Kizer, 1984) CHRIS, 1996).
Occupational exposures resulting in asphyxial death may occur during "gas outbursts" in coal mines, where large volumes of methane gas accumulated or adsorbed into coal beds suddenly spurt into the pit under high pressure (Terazawa et al, 1985).

Other potential occupational exposures may occur in swine confinement buildings and in the process of coal gasification (Donham et al, 1977; Young et al, 1978).

In experimental animals, asphyxiation and respiratory arrest were noted at concentrations of 87 to 90 percent (870,000 to 900,000 ppm) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; Snyder, 1987).
Direct dermal contact with escaping compressed gas or liquid may cause frostbite injury (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; Snyder, 1987) CHRIS, 1996).
Inhalation exposure to fuel gas (containing methane, ethane, propane, and butane) caused hydrocephalus and exencephaly in the offspring of pregnant mice exposed to 5 to 8 percent gas concentrations on a single day of gestation (Schardein, 1985).

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

As a simple asphyxiant, methane can produce symptoms of CNS depression and is an analgesic and weak anesthetic. Symptoms of CNS depression include nausea, headache, dizziness, weakness, giddiness, loss of coordination and judgement, coma, and death in respiratory arrest.

Methane is rapidly absorbed and eliminated from the body.

In contrast to many other hydrocarbons, methane did not lower the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine in dogs (Hopkins & Krantz, 1968).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies were found on the effects of chronic exposure to low levels of methane in humans or experimental animals.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

Remove victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100 percent humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Airway protection and maintenance may be required. Copiously flush exposed eyes or skin with water.
Rescuers should wear appropriate respiratory protection when attempting to remove victims from areas with high air concentrations. Only SCBA or supplied air respirators should be used; canister or other filter respirators are not useful when the oxygen concentration of the ambient air is reduced. Be aware of the serious fire and explosion hazard presented by methane during rescue attempts.
A variety of topical treatments may be appropriate if frostbite has occurred from contact with escaping compressed gas (see below).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray in patients with significant exposure.
Airway protection and maintenance may be required.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If contact with escaping gas may have caused frostbite of the eyes, early ophthalmologic consultation is advisable.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

In mice, ambient atmospheric concentrations of 87 percent methane have caused asphyxiation; 90 percent concentrations have caused respiratory arrest. These effects are due to simple asphyxiation (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991; Snyder, 1987).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Methane has a low anesthetic potency (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-82-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, Alkanes (C1-C4)
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Methane
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Methane
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS74-82-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 400 ppm (ITI, 1985a)

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 0.66 mg/m(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS74-82-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, Alkanes (C1-C4)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1000 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Card sens; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Methane

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Additional information:

See Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Gases: Alkanes [C1-C4]

Under Study

Methane

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS74-82-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS74-82-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS74-82-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS74-82-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS74-82-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS74-82-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS74-82-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS74-82-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS74-82-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS74-82-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS74-82-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Methane

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1971 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Methane, compressed or Natural gas, compressed (with high methane content)

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1971
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions:

Not Listed

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 302
Bulk packaging: 302

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1972 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Methane, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid) or Natural gas, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid), with high methane content)

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1972
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: T75, TP5

T75: Applicable refrigerated liquefied gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn.178.277 of this subchapter.
TP5: For a portable tank used for the transport of flammable refrigerated liquefied gases or refrigerated liquefied oxygen, the maximum rate at which the portable tank may be filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the primary pressure relief system rated at a pressure not exceeding 120 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. For portable tanks used for the transport of refrigerated liquefied helium and refrigerated liquefied atmospheric gas (except oxygen), the maximum rate at which the tank is filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the pressure relief device rated at 130 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. Except for a portable tank containing refrigerated liquefied helium, a portable tank shall have an outage of at least two percent below the inlet of the pressure relief device or pressure control valve, under conditions of incipient opening, with the portable tank in a level attitude. No outage is required for helium.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: None
Bulk packaging: 318

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1971 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Methane, compressed
UN Number: 1971
Proper Shipping Name: Natural gas, compressed with high methane content
UN Number: 1971

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1972 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Methane, refrigerated liquid
UN Number: 1972
Proper Shipping Name: Natural gas, refrigerated liquid with high methane content
UN Number: 1972

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS74-82-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methane
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Methane is stable during transport (CHRIS, 1996).

No person should attempt handling broken packages unless outfitted with appropriate protective equipment (AAR, 1994).

According to 49 CFR 171.2: "No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by.../the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171 to 177)" (HSDB , 1996)

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Cylinders of nonliquefied compressed gas are pressurized to 6000 psig at 70 degrees F (CGA, 1990).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store methane in a dry, cool, well-ventilated location. Detached or outdoor storage is optimal (HSDB , 1996; ITI, 1988).
Protect from physical damage, and periodically inspect containers or pipes for leaks (CGA, 1990; ITI, 1988).
All equipment and pipes used for handling methane needs to be grounded (CGA, 1990).
Storage Temperature (Compressed gas): Minus 260 degrees F (CHRIS, 1996)
Use safety relief venting (HSDB , 1996).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Store away from direct sunlight, open flame and oxidizers (CGA, 1990; HSDB , 1996; ITI, 1988).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

Avoid contact with the vapor or liquid (CHRIS, 1996).

AAR (1994) reports the following as compatible protective equipment construction materials: Neoprene, nitrile rubber, natural rubber, and butyl rubber.

Methane may be stored as a refrigerated liquid. Protective clothing designed for chemical resistance may not provide adequate thermal protection when handling this material (Personal Communication, 1993).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 74-82-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.
- Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Will form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Methane is a flammable gas. It is a serious explosion and fire hazard when exposed to flame or heat (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1992).
This compound burns with a pale, faintly luminous flame (Budavari, 1989).
For hazardous methane air levels, it is important to get the ambient concentration below that of the explosive/flammable range (lower limit of approximately 5% by volume). Ensure adequate ventilation if leak is indoors. If a tank is ruptured, move it outside and allow to bleed off. This will not cause a hazardous situation, as methane is lighter than air (ITI, 1988; Lewis, 1993).
- Unless "odorized", methane leaks may be difficult to detect. In these cases sensitive detectors are commercially available (CGA, 1990).
In a fire, methane cylinders may rupture and rocket (AAR, 1994).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS74-82-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methane
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.
CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049) and Deuterium (UN1957) burn with an invisible flame.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray or fog.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS74-82-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methane
Extinguishing Method(s): 6

6: Flammable gas fires are only safe to extinguish once the gas flow has been turned off. Attempting to fight a gas fire without turning off the gas can cause formation of an explosive gas cloud.

Let a fire involving methane burn. Attempt to stop the leak. Do not use water directly on the fire. Water may be employed to cool surrounding containers/structures and to protect persons attempting a shutoff of the leak. Apply water from as far away as possible. Carbon dioxide or dry chemical may be used (AAR, 1994; (CGA, 1990) CHRIS, 1996; (Lewis, 1992).

As the liquid, this compound floats on water and boils. The vapor cloud produced is flammable (CHRIS, 1996).

Methane can easily flashback along a vapor trail (AAR, 1994; CHRIS, 1996).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

An explosion may result if this compound is ignited in an enclosed area (CHRIS, 1996).

This compound forms explosive mixtures with air. The hazard range for methane air concentrations is 5 to 14 percent (with 8.5 to 9.5 percent methane as the most dangerous) (Meyer, 1987).

Air containing more than 14 percent methane, by volume, burns without noise. The loudest explosions take place when the ratio is 1 volume of methane mixed with 10 volumes of air (or 2 volumes of oxygen) (Budavari, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

No reactivity with water or common materials (ACGIH, 1991) CHRIS, 1996).

It is stable in contact with neutral, alkaline, and acidic solutions (ACGIH, 1991).

This compound is essentially inert towards alkalis, nitric and sulfuric acid, as well as salts (Lewis, 1993).

Methane will react violently with (Bretherick, 1990; Lewis, 1992; NFPA, 1994):

Bromine trifluoride
Bromine pentafluoride
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine trifluoride
Dioxygen difluoride
Dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate
Fluorine
Halogens
Hydrogen
Interhalogens
Iodine heptafluoride
Nitrogen trifluoride
Oxidizers (strong)
Oxygen (and Liquid Oxygen)
Oxygen difluoride
Oxygen disulfide
Trioxygen difluoride

Methane will react violently with (Bretherick, 1990; Lewis, 1992; NFPA, 1994): Bromine trifluorideBromine pentafluorideChlorineChlorine dioxideChlorine trifluorideDioxygen difluorideDioxygenyl tetrafluoroborateFluorineHalogensHydrogenInterhalogensIodine heptafluorideNitrogen trifluorideOxidizers (strong)Oxygen (and Liquid Oxygen)Oxygen difluorideOxygen disulfideTrioxygen difluoride

Bromine trifluoride
Bromine pentafluoride
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine trifluoride
Dioxygen difluoride
Dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate
Fluorine
Halogens
Hydrogen
Interhalogens
Iodine heptafluoride
Nitrogen trifluoride
Oxidizers (strong)
Oxygen (and Liquid Oxygen)
Oxygen difluoride
Oxygen disulfide
Trioxygen difluoride

The reaction with chlorine and bromine may be explosive in direct sunlight (Lewis, 1993).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS74-82-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS74-82-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Methane
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1000
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 3000
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 5000
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 200000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS74-82-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS74-82-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
- Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
Stay upwind. Keep persons out of the area. Remove any possible ignition sources. Stop the leak. Employ water spray to knock-down vapor (AAR, 1994; CHRIS, 1996).
"At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1996)

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Methane is released to the environment from a number of sources, including: animal wastes, microbial metabolism, and geological activity (volcanos); combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel; its use, manufacture, and disposal in the chemical and petroleum/gasoline industries; coal outgassing, liquefaction, and combustion; from waste incinerators as well as hazardous waste landfill sites; the rumens of domestic animals (cattle); and, rice farming (HSDB , 1996).

This compound is a volatile component of natural gas and crude oil (HSDB , 1996).

It exists in the atmosphere at 0.00022 percent by volume (Budavari, 1989).

Ambient, non-urban, air concentration is approximately 1.5 ppm. US, urban, ground-level air concentrations are 1.6 to 10 ppm (HSDB , 1996).
Levels of 16,600 to 587,000 ppm were measured at five California landfills (HSDB , 1996).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, methane exists as a gas. Reaction with hydroxyl radicals is the major process; half-life is 1908 days. Photolysis and reaction with ozone are not expected to be significant routes (HSDB , 1996).
Natural and agricultural wetlands contribute an estimated 40 to 50 percent of the total methane emitted into the atmosphere each year (Whiting & Chanton, 1993).
A major source of atmospheric methane is wetland rice cultivation. It is anticipated that rice production will increase by 65 percent between 1990 and 2025, causing an increase of methane emissions from 92 Tg/y to 131 Tg/y (Bouwman, 1991).
Methane is second only to carbon dioxide as a major contributor to atmospheric greenhouse effects. There are significant uncertainties about the sources and sinks for methane gas. Methane has a shorter lifetime than most other greenhouse gases. This study suggests that a good trade off would be to slightly increase atmospheric methane (about 6 percent). This could be accomplished by reducing carbon monoxide emissions by 50 percent (Rotmans et al, 1992).
Wood and grass feeding termites produce high levels of acetate and minimal amounts of methane, while soil-feeding termites emit more methane (Brauman et al, 1992).
Beaver impoundments appear to be an important local source of atmospheric methane in the Adirondack Park region of New York State (Yavitt et al, 1992).
Methane emissions from one coal mine were estimated to be 1,735,000 cubic meters per year (Kirchgessner et al, 1993).
Anaerobic waste stabilization ponds are one source of atmospheric methane. The methane produced during anaerobic processing is about 0.7 m(3)/kg BOD removed (Toprak, 1993).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Volatilization from water is the most important process; half-lives of 1.17 hours for a model river and 13.89 hours for a model pond were found. Adsorption and biodegradation may occur. Hydrolysis and photolysis are not thought to be significant degradation routes (HSDB , 1996).
- Based on measurement and analysis of 25 lakes and 4 rivers in Alaska, it was determined that nearly all waters were supersaturated with respect to atmospheric pressures of methane and carbon dioxide. Release of carbon from these aquatic systems to the atmosphere averaged 24 g carbon/m(2)/yr. In coastal areas the loss was estimated equal to 1/5 to 1/2 of the net carbon accumulation rates for tundra (Kling et al, 1992).
- The greenhouse gases, methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide were monitored in surface waters and wetlands in the Netherlands. There were very low carbon dioxide emissions (less than 0.6 percent), while nitrous oxide and methane emissions were significant at 18 and 19 percent, respectively (Franken et al, 1992).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Methane gas may permeate soil. Although with water, mobility will be low. Adsorption and biodegradation may occur. Hydrolysis and photolysis are not thought to be significant degradation routes (HSDB , 1996).
- Methylotrophic bacteria in soil oxidize atmospheric methane in large amounts, estimated at about 30 x 10(12) g per year (Berder & Conrad, 1993).
- The physical properties of soils contribute to the retention of methane and reduction of methane emissions to the atmosphere. Significant properties were: redox potential, anaerobic and aerobic pH, and the soil clay content (Wang et al, 1993).
- Fresh samples of soils from wetland and forest systems were able to deplete atmospheric concentrations of methane. Soils from cultivated fields were not capable of methane-uptake when exposed to tropospheric concentrations of methane. Addition of 7 micromoles NH4+ per gram inhibited methane uptake. This effect was irreversible and persisted after nitrification of the ammonia (Nesbit & Breitenbeck, 1992).
- Methanotrophic bacteria in the top several centimeters of soil cause the uptake of atmospheric methane in aerated soils. The methanotrophic capacity of soils frequently exceeds the ability of methane to diffuse from the atmosphere (Striegl, 1993).
- There is an inverse relationship between the amount of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer applied to soil and the ability of the soil to oxidize methane. Continuous application of mineral nitrogen to soils causes a depletion of the bacterial methane sink in the soil and may contribute to increased atmospheric methane (Hutsch et al, 1993).
- Long-term application (138 years) of ammonium-N fertilizers caused a sharp decline in the aerobic soil sink strength for methane. Comparable application of nitrate-N fertilizers caused no significant decrease in methane sink strength. At the site tested, methane sink strengths were as follows (descending order): woodland, grassland, arable-land (Willison et al, 1995)
- Methane formation in soil is a microbiological process mainly controlled by the soil redox potential (Eh) and soil pH. The interaction between Eh and soil pH is also important to methane production (Wang et al, 1993).
- The maximum rates of methane production in lattoral sediments were at 2 to 5 cm depth. The methane production ranged between 5 and 95 mmol/m(2)/day depending on the season (Thebrath et al, 1993).
- Methane is formed from anaerobic digestion of biomass. In one experiment, the yield of methane from water hyacinth plants was independent of particle size, inoculum volume, and plant nitrogen content. Yield ranged from 0.2 to 0.28 L/g of volatile solids (Moorehead & Nordstedt, 1993).
- Methane production in an anaerobic digester was inhibited by addition of polychlorinated aliphatic (PAH) compounds. Addition of PAH at 3.3 mg/L of mixture liquor resulted in a 50 percent inhibition of methane production, and 100 percent inhibition resulted from an addition of 100 mg/L (Renard et al, 1993).
- The oxidation rates of methane (CH4) were measured in forest soils using several techniques. The objective was to generate data to provide a range of information about CH4 oxidation in soil. Soils have a high capacity for CH4 oxidation with a potential oxidation rate as high as 867 mg per M(2) per decimeter. The results also showed that methane oxidation in moist soils modulates methane emissions and serves as a negative feedback on atmospheric methane increases (Whalen et al, 1992).

BIODEGRADATION

HSDB (1996) lists many studies demonstrating the microbial degradation of methane.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Clayton & Clayton (1994) report a 96-hour toxicity rating (TLm) for methane of greater than 1000 ppm.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

16.04

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Methane is an odorless, tasteless, colorless gas (CGA, 1990; Lewis, 1992).

VAPOR PRESSURE

760 mmHg (ACGIH, 1991)

2 mmHg (at -152.3 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 1996)

5 mmHg (at -138.3 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 1996)

10 mmHg (at -124.8 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 1996)

20 mmHg (at -108.5 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 1996)

40 mmHg (at -86.3 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 1996)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.554 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.422 g/mL (at -160 degrees C) (CHRIS, 1996)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.7168 g/L (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992)
LIQUID: 425.6 kg/m(3); 26.57 lb/ft(3) (at the boiling point) (CGA, 1990)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-182.5 degrees C; -296.5 degrees F; 90.7 degrees K (ACGIH, 1991) CHRIS, 1996; (Lewis, 1993)
-183.2 degrees C (Lewis, 1992)
-182.48 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
-296.7 degrees F (CGA, 1990)

MELTING POINT

-182.6 degrees C (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992)

BOILING POINT

-162 degrees C; -259 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

-161.5 degrees C; -258.7 degrees F; 111.7 degrees K (ACGIH, 1991) CHRIS, 1996; (Lewis, 1992)

-161.49 degrees C; -258.68 degrees F (CGA, 1990; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-161.4 degrees C (Budavari, 1989; ITI, 1988)

-161.6 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

FLASH POINT

LIQUID

-187.8 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991)
-187.78 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
-368.6 degrees F (Lewis, 1992)
-187.7 degrees C; -306 degrees F (CGA, 1990)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

537 degrees C; 999 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

538 degrees C (ITI, 1988)

1000 degrees F (Lewis, 1993)

1004 degrees F (CHRIS, 1996)

650 degrees C (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

5.0% (CGA, 1990; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; NFPA, 1994)
5.3% (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1992)
5.53% (air containing less than this will not explode) (Budavari, 1989; ITI, 1988)

UPPER

15.0% (ACGIH, 1991; CGA, 1990; NFPA, 1994)
14% (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Methane is very slightly soluble in water (almost insoluble) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1993).
Solubility in water (at 17 degrees C): 3.5 mL/100 mL water (Budavari, 1989)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is quite soluble in organic liquids such as alcohol, benzene, ether, and gasoline (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1989; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 1996; Lewis, 1992).
0.60 mL in 1 g alcohol (ethyl) (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)
0.91 mL in 1 g ether (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow 1.09 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

6.574 x 10(-1) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (estimated) (HSDB , 1996)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

200 ppm (CHRIS, 1996)

SURFACE TENSION

14 dynes/cm; 0.014 N/m at -161 degrees C (CHRIS, 1996)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

45.8 atm (Budavari, 1989)
45.44 atm; 668 psia; 4.60 MN/m(2) (CHRIS, 1996)
672 psia (Lewis, 1993)
673.1 psia; 4640.86 kPa abs (CGA, 1990)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

-82.1 degrees C (CGA, 1990; Lewis, 1993)
-82.25 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)
-82.5 degrees C; -116.5 degrees F; 190.7 degrees K (CHRIS, 1996)
-115.78 degrees F (CGA, 1990)

DIPOLE MOMENT

0 (HSDB , 1996)

HEAT OF FUSION

13.96 cal/g (CHRIS, 1996)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

50 dynes/cm; 0.050 N/m at -161 degrees C (CHRIS, 1996)

VISCOSITY

0.0109 cP (liquid) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
(HSDB , 1996):

34.8 uP at -181.6 degrees C
76.0 uP at -78.5 degrees C
102.6 uP at 0 degrees C
108.7 uP at 20 degrees C
133.1 uP at 100.0 degrees C
160.5 uP at 200.5 degrees C
181.3 uP at 284 degrees C
202.6 uP uP at 380 degrees C
226.4 uP at 499 degrees C

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METHANE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents