METHACRYLOYLOXYETHYL ISOCYANATE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
-IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
METHACRYLOYLOXYETHYL ISOCYANATE IEM beta-ISOCYANATOETHYL METHACRYLATE beta-ISOCYANOETHYL METHACRYLATE 2-ISOCYANATOETHYL METHACRYLATE ISOCYANOETHYL METHACRYLATE METHACRYLIC ACID, 2-ISOCYANATOETHYL ESTER 2-PROPENOIC ACID, 2-METHYL-, 2-ISOCYANATOETHYL ESTER
IDENTIFIERS
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (RTECS , 1991; EPA, 1985)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate is a used in the manufacture of adhesives, electrodeposition, photography, epoxy resins, marine antifoulants, and auto refinishing (Langhorst, 1985).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Little information was found on methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate. Isocyanates are irritating to skin, lungs, conjunctiva and the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Isocyanates are typically strong respiratory and dermal sensitizers, and may produce life-threatening asthma.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Bromoacetates and chloroacetates are extremely irritating/lachrymators. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Based on its acute oral LD50 of 670 mg/kg in rats (RTECS , 1993), methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate is a moderately toxic substance. Little information was found for methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate at the time of this review. It is a respiratory tract irritant and a skin and respiratory sensitizer (Langhorst, 1985; Mullin et al, 1983).
- Isocyanates in general may be hazardous by the inhalation, dermal, or oral exposure routes (EPA, 1985). They may be strong irritants of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. They can induce bronchospasm by a possible pharmacologic mechanism at high concentrations.
- Acute exposure to methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate, or other isocyanates, may produce nausea, vomiting, headache, and seizures. Inhalation may cause difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, laryngitis, spasm, edema of the larynx and bronchi, and potentially fatal non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema and coma (CHRIS , 1993; Sax & Lewis, 1989).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate is a respiratory sensitizer (Langhorst, 1985; Mullin et al, 1983).
- Some individuals who are repeatedly exposed to isocyanates may become exquisitely sensitive, developing bronchospasm when exposed to airborne concentrations in the ppb range. Acute exposure may produce euphoria, depression, or personality changes. Repeated exposure to ISOCYANATES can cause potentially fatal bronchospasm (Banks et al, 1987).
- Exposure to isocyanates such as toluene diisocyanate (TDI) tends to have a CUMULATIVE EFFECT. There are two classes of TDI reaction: 1) primary irritation to which all exposed persons are susceptible to some degree; and, 2) sensitization reaction (allergic response) in persons sensitized to TDI during earlier exposure.
- The onset of symptoms experienced by the TDI sensitized individual may be insidious, becoming progressively more pronounced with continued exposure over days to months; initial symptoms of dyspnea and cough can progress to severe bronchospasm.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
GENERAL - Non-specific isocyanate first aid procedures - Once the victim has been removed from the contaminated area the treatment is symptomatic. Oxygen may be administered in acute attacks. The person must be kept quiet until respiratory symptoms disappear. When there is skin or mucous membrane contact, the affected areas must be washed copiously (EPA, 1985).
INHALATION EXPOSURE - INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - EYE EXPOSURE - DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
In a study to evaluate guinea pig respiratory response to protein conjugates of methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate (IEM), guinea pigs were exposed to daily induction exposures with an aerosol of bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugated with methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate. In guinea pigs responding to BSA-IEM, 0.1 to 0.4 parts per million IEM vapor elicited delayed respiratory responses and 0.5 and 0.6 ppm IEM vapor induced irritation responses (Mullin et al, 1983).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS30674-80-7 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS30674-80-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS30674-80-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS30674-80-7 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS30674-80-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS30674-80-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS30674-80-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS30674-80-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS30674-80-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS30674-80-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS30674-80-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Methacryloyloxyethyl Isocyanateh Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): Not Listed
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS30674-80-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS30674-80-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS30674-80-7 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS30674-80-7 (NFPA, 2002):
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 30674-80-7.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004) HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS30674-80-7 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases. CAUTION: For Acetyl chloride (UN1717), use CO2 or dry chemical only.
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS30674-80-7 (NFPA, 2002):
- Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them (EPA, 1985).
- Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing (EPA, 1985).
- Move containers from fire area if you can do so without risk. Cool containers that are exposed to flames with water from the side until well after fire is out (EPA, 1985).
- Fight fire from maximum distance (EPA, 1985).
This material may be ignited by heat, sparks, or flames (EPA, 1985). When heated to decomposition, methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Containers may explode in the heat of fire (EPA, 1985).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers (EPA, 1985).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- When heated to decomposition, methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers (EPA, 1985).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- When heated to decomposition, methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS30674-80-7 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as 2-Isocyanatoethyl Methacrylate ERPG-1 (units = ppm): Not appropriate ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 0.1 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 1 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS30674-80-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate, 2- TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.005 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.015 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.1 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS30674-80-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS30674-80-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution (EPA, 1985).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- No information on the environmental toxicity of methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate was found in available references at the time of this review.
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
- 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
- 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
- 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
- AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.
- Axford AT, McKerrow CB, & Jones AP: Accidental exposure to isocyanate fumes in a group of firemen. Br J Ind Med 1976; 33:65-71.
- Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.
- CHRIS : CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. US Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 1993; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Caravati EM, Knight HH, & Linscott MS: Esophageal laceration and charcoal mediastinum complicating gastric lavage. J Emerg Med 2001; 20:273-276.
- Carvajal HF & Stewart CE: Emergency management of burn patients: the first few hours. Emerg Med Reports 1987; 8:129-136.
- Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al: Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43(2):61-87.
- DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.
- EPA: EPA chemical profile on methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1985.
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