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MESITYL OXIDE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Mesityl oxide is a ketone solvent used for cellulose esters and ethers as well as oils, gums, resins, lacquers, varnishes, enamels, inks, and stains. It also finds use as an insect repellent, in paint removers, in making isobutyl ketone, and in the ore flotation process.

Specific Substances

    1) 4-methyl-3-pentene-2-one
    2) Isobutenyl methyl ketone
    3) Methyl isobutenyl ketone
    4) Isopropylidene acetone
    5) CAS 141-79-7
    6) OSSIDO MI MESITILE (ITALIAN)
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C6-H10-O

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Mesityl oxide is a colorless, oily liquid with a strong peppermint or honey-like odor (Hathaway et al, 1996; Budavari, 1996).
    B) USES
    1) Mesityl oxide is a solvent used for cellulose esters and ethers, oils, gums, resins, lacquers, varnishes, enamels, inks, and stains. It also finds use as an insect repellent, in paint removers, in making methyl isobutyl ketone, and in the ore flotation process (ACGIH, 1986; Budavari, 1996). Mesityl oxide is used in many manufacturing processes.

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Mesityl oxide has the potential to produce narcosis, liver and kidney damage, and CNS toxicity such as ataxia, seizures, headache, and vertigo.
    B) It is an eye and mucous membrane irritant. It can cause opaque cornea, keratoconus, and extensive necrosis of cornea.
    C) Brief skin exposure may produce irritation, and prolonged or repeated contact may result in dermatitis. It is readily absorbed through intact skin.
    D) Mesityl oxide is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, dermal and intraperitoneal routes.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Eye irritation was seen at 25 ppm and is expected at 100 ppm.
    B) Nasal irritation was seen in humans at 50 ppm. The compound is definitely irritating at 200 ppm.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Dyspnea is expected at 100 ppm.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Vertigo and headache is expected at 100 ppm. Experimental animals have experienced narcosis, ataxia, and seizures.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) 50 ppm produces an unpleasant taste which may remain for 3 to 6 hours postexposure.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Dermatitis has been seen after sustained skin contact with the liquid.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Anemia, leukopenia, and leukocytosis have been seen in animals.
    B) Monitor liver and renal function in serious cases.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
    B) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    D) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    E) SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).
    1) Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
    2) Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) Fatal cases have not been reported.
    B) Mesityl oxide is an eye and mucous membrane irritant at 25 to 100 parts per million.
    C) The TLV-TWA is 15 ppm.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Mesityl oxide has the potential to produce narcosis, liver and kidney damage, and CNS toxicity such as ataxia, seizures, headache, and vertigo.
    B) It is an eye and mucous membrane irritant. It can cause opaque cornea, keratoconus, and extensive necrosis of cornea.
    C) Brief skin exposure may produce irritation, and prolonged or repeated contact may result in dermatitis. It is readily absorbed through intact skin.
    D) Mesityl oxide is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, dermal and intraperitoneal routes.

Vital Signs

    3.3.3) TEMPERATURE
    A) REDUCED BODY TEMPERATURE was observed with dose-dependent narcosis in exposed guinea pigs (Specht et al, 1940).

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eye irritation was seen at 25 ppm and is expected at 100 ppm.
    B) Nasal irritation was seen in humans at 50 ppm. The compound is definitely irritating at 200 ppm.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) Eye irritation was commonly seen at 25 ppm (Silverman et al, 1946) and is expected at 100 ppm (ACGIH, 1986).
    B) RABBITS that had mesityl oxide dropped in their eyes developed, after 24 hours, reversible corneal injury graded 5 on a scale of 1 to 10 (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
    C) Opaque cornea, and extensive corneal necrosis can be caused by mesityl oxide exposure (Lewis, 1996).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) NASAL IRRITATION was seen in humans at 50 ppm (Silverman et al, 1946). It is definitely irritating at 200 ppm (Smyth et al, 1942).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) VASODILATATION
    a) MICE - Vasodilation was seen in fatally poisoned mice (Hart et al, 1939).
    2) BRADYCARDIA
    a) GUINEA PIGS - Reduced heart rates were observed with dose-dependent narcosis in exposed guinea pigs (Specht et al, 1940).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Dyspnea is expected at 100 ppm.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DYSPNEA
    1) Pulmonary discomfort has been reported by half the test subjects at exposures of 25 ppm and dyspnea is expected at 100 ppm (ACGIH, 1986; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HYPOVENTILATION
    a) GUINEA PIGS - Exposed guinea pigs had reduced respiratory rates with dose-dependent narcosis preceding death (Specht et al, 1940).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Vertigo and headache is expected at 100 ppm. Experimental animals have experienced narcosis, ataxia, and seizures.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HEADACHE
    1) Headache is expected at 100 ppm (ACGIH, 1986).
    B) DIZZINESS
    1) Vertigo is expected at 100 ppm (ACGIH, 1986).
    C) COMA
    1) High concentrations are narcotic (Lewis, 1996).
    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) CNS DEPRESSION
    a) The effect of mesityl oxide on experimental animals is primarily narcosis with loss of reflexes, coma, and death at vapor concentrations of 2,300 to 10,000 ppm given for 8 hours (Smyth et al, 1942; Specht et al, 1940).
    2) SEIZURES
    a) Seizures were seen in fatally exposed animals (Hart et al, 1939), as was ataxia (O'Donoghue, 1985).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) 50 ppm produces an unpleasant taste which may remain for 3 to 6 hours postexposure.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) TASTE SENSE ALTERED
    1) 50 ppm produces an unpleasant taste which may remain for 3 to 6 hours post-exposure (Silverman et al, 1946).

Hepatic

    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE
    a) Liver injury (unspecified type) was seen in animals exposed to high concentrations (ACGIH, 1986).

Genitourinary

    3.10.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) NEPHROPATHY TOXIC
    a) Kidney injury (unspecified type) was seen in animals exposed to high concentrations (ACGIH, 1986).

Hematologic

    3.13.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) ANEMIA
    a) RABBITS - Anemia was seen in rabbits exposed to 25 ppm for 4 hours/day for 189 days (ITOS, 1969).
    2) LEUKOPENIA
    a) Leukopenia was seen in rabbits exposed to 25 ppm for 4 hours/day for 189 days (ITOS, 1969); was observed in rats after short-term exposure to mesityl oxide (Brondeau et al, 1990).
    3) LEUKOCYTOSIS
    a) RATS - Leukocytosis was noted in rats exposed to 300 ppm for 2 hours/day for 30 days (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Dermatitis has been seen after sustained skin contact with the liquid.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DERMATITIS
    1) Sustained skin contact with the liquid has produced dermatitis (Shell, 1957).
    B) SKIN ABSORPTION
    1) It is readily absorbed through intact skin (Lewis, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS141-79-7 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Anemia, leukopenia, and leukocytosis have been seen in animals.
    B) Monitor liver and renal function in serious cases.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) HEMATOLOGIC
    1) Anemia and leukopenia have been seen in animals. For cases with systemic manifestations monitor for these abnormalities.
    B) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Monitor liver and renal function in serious cases.
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINALYSIS
    1) Monitor renal function in serious cases.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) Anemia, leukopenia, and leukocytosis have been seen in animals.
    B) Monitor liver and renal function in serious cases.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED -
    1) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    C) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) There is no antidote for mesityl oxide toxicity. Treatment is SYMPTOMATIC and SUPPORTIVE.
    B) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
    1) Airway management should be provided for patients with respiratory compromise.
    C) SEIZURE
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Attempt initial control with a benzodiazepine (eg, diazepam, lorazepam). If seizures persist or recur, administer phenobarbital or propofol.
    b) Monitor for respiratory depression, hypotension, and dysrhythmias. Endotracheal intubation should be performed in patients with persistent seizures.
    c) Evaluate for hypoxia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoglycemia (or, if immediate bedside glucose testing is not available, treat with intravenous dextrose).
    2) DIAZEPAM
    a) ADULT DOSE: Initially 5 to 10 mg IV, OR 0.15 mg/kg IV up to 10 mg per dose up to a rate of 5 mg/minute; may be repeated every 5 to 20 minutes as needed (Brophy et al, 2012; Prod Info diazepam IM, IV injection, 2008; Manno, 2003).
    b) PEDIATRIC DOSE: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Hegenbarth & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 2008).
    c) Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and the need for endotracheal intubation. Consider a second agent if seizures persist or recur after repeated doses of diazepam .
    3) NO INTRAVENOUS ACCESS
    a) DIAZEPAM may be given rectally or intramuscularly (Manno, 2003). RECTAL DOSE: CHILD: Greater than 12 years: 0.2 mg/kg; 6 to 11 years: 0.3 mg/kg; 2 to 5 years: 0.5 mg/kg (Brophy et al, 2012).
    b) MIDAZOLAM has been used intramuscularly and intranasally, particularly in children when intravenous access has not been established. ADULT DOSE: 0.2 mg/kg IM, up to a maximum dose of 10 mg (Brophy et al, 2012). PEDIATRIC DOSE: INTRAMUSCULAR: 0.2 mg/kg IM, up to a maximum dose of 7 mg (Chamberlain et al, 1997) OR 10 mg IM (weight greater than 40 kg); 5 mg IM (weight 13 to 40 kg); INTRANASAL: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Brophy et al, 2012). BUCCAL midazolam, 10 mg, has been used in adolescents and older children (5-years-old or more) to control seizures when intravenous access was not established (Scott et al, 1999).
    4) LORAZEPAM
    a) MAXIMUM RATE: The rate of intravenous administration of lorazepam should not exceed 2 mg/min (Brophy et al, 2012; Prod Info lorazepam IM, IV injection, 2008).
    b) ADULT DOSE: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist (Manno, 2003; Brophy et al, 2012).
    c) PEDIATRIC DOSE: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue (Brophy et al, 2012; Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Hegenbarth & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 2008; Sreenath et al, 2009; Chin et al, 2008).
    5) PHENOBARBITAL
    a) ADULT LOADING DOSE: 20 mg/kg IV at an infusion rate of 50 to 100 mg/minute IV. An additional 5 to 10 mg/kg dose may be given 10 minutes after loading infusion if seizures persist or recur (Brophy et al, 2012).
    b) Patients receiving high doses will require endotracheal intubation and may require vasopressor support (Brophy et al, 2012).
    c) PEDIATRIC LOADING DOSE: 20 mg/kg may be given as single or divided application (2 mg/kg/minute in children weighing less than 40 kg up to 100 mg/min in children weighing greater than 40 kg). A plasma concentration of about 20 mg/L will be achieved by this dose (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    d) REPEAT PEDIATRIC DOSE: Repeat doses of 5 to 20 mg/kg may be given every 15 to 20 minutes if seizures persist, with cardiorespiratory monitoring (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    e) MONITOR: For hypotension, respiratory depression, and the need for endotracheal intubation (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Manno, 2003).
    f) SERUM CONCENTRATION MONITORING: Monitor serum concentrations over the next 12 to 24 hours. Therapeutic serum concentrations of phenobarbital range from 10 to 40 mcg/mL, although the optimal plasma concentration for some individuals may vary outside this range (Hvidberg & Dam, 1976; Choonara & Rane, 1990; AMA Department of Drugs, 1992).
    6) OTHER AGENTS
    a) If seizures persist after phenobarbital, propofol or pentobarbital infusion, or neuromuscular paralysis with general anesthesia (isoflurane) and continuous EEG monitoring should be considered (Manno, 2003). Other anticonvulsants can be considered (eg, valproate sodium, levetiracetam, lacosamide, topiramate) if seizures persist or recur; however, there is very little data regarding their use in toxin induced seizures, controlled trials are not available to define the optimal dosage ranges for these agents in status epilepticus (Brophy et al, 2012):
    1) VALPROATE SODIUM: ADULT DOSE: An initial dose of 20 to 40 mg/kg IV, at a rate of 3 to 6 mg/kg/minute; may give an additional dose of 20 mg/kg 10 minutes after loading infusion. PEDIATRIC DOSE: 1.5 to 3 mg/kg/minute (Brophy et al, 2012).
    2) LEVETIRACETAM: ADULT DOSE: 1000 to 3000 mg IV, at a rate of 2 to 5 mg/kg/min IV. PEDIATRIC DOSE: 20 to 60 mg/kg IV (Brophy et al, 2012; Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    3) LACOSAMIDE: ADULT DOSE: 200 to 400 mg IV; 200 mg IV over 15 minutes (Brophy et al, 2012). PEDIATRIC DOSE: In one study, median starting doses of 1.3 mg/kg/day and maintenance doses of 4.7 mg/kg/day were used in children 8 years and older (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    4) TOPIRAMATE: ADULT DOSE: 200 to 400 mg nasogastric/orally OR 300 to 1600 mg/day orally divided in 2 to 4 times daily (Brophy et al, 2012).

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) Fatal cases have not been reported.
    B) Mesityl oxide is an eye and mucous membrane irritant at 25 to 100 parts per million.
    C) The TLV-TWA is 15 ppm.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) Fatal cases have not been reported.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) LDLo/LCLo
    1) LCLo (INHL) RAT - 1,000 ppm/4H (ACGIH, 1986; ITI, 1988)
    2) LDLo (IP) RAT - 1,000 mg/kg (ITI, 1988)
    3) LDLo (Subcutaneous) RABBIT - 840 mg/kg (RTECS, 2000)
    4) LDLo (Subcutaneous) FROG - 1,400 mg/kg (RTECS, 2000)

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) Mesityl oxide is an eye and mucous membrane irritant at 25 to 100 parts per million (Silverman et al, 1946; ACGIH, 1986).
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) No effects were noted in experimental animals exposed at 50 parts per million (Smyth et al, 1942).
    2) The lowest subcutaneous doses to produce effects were 840 milligrams/kilogram for rabbits and 1,400 milligrams/kilogram for frogs (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS141-79-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Mesityl oxide
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 15 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL: 25 ppm
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr; CNS impair
    d) Molecular Weight: 98.14
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS141-79-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Mesityl oxide
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 10 ppm (40 mg/m(3))
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 1400 ppm
    b) Note(s): [10%LEL]
    1) [10%LEL]: The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS141-79-7 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Mesityl oxide
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Mesityl oxide
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS141-79-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Mesityl oxide
    2) Table Z-1 for Mesityl oxide:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm: 25
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 100
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: RTECS, 2000 Lewis, 1996
    1) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    a) 354 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 710 mg/kg
    3) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 1120 mg/kg
    4) TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
    a) 25 ppm -- EYE

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Mesityl oxide, similar to other ketones, may produce narcosis (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    B) Sublethal concentrations of mesityl oxide vapors produce congestion in the kidneys, liver, and lungs (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    C) The defatting properties of mesityl oxide can cause dermatitis (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    D) Death following mesityl oxide exposure is generally attributed to its narcotic action (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Mesityl oxide is a colorless to light yellow, oily liquid with a honey or strong peppermint-like odor (ACGIH, 1986; NIOSH , 1990; Hathaway et al, 1996; Budavari, 1996). Commercial grade exhibits an unpleasant odor (HSDB , 2000). Mesityl oxide has an oily taste (HSDB , 2000).

Ph

    1) No information found at the time of this review.

Molecular Weight

    A) 98.14 (Budavari, 1996)

Other

    A) ODOR THRESHOLD
    1) 12 ppm (CHRIS , 2002)

Animal Toxicology

Clinical Effects

    11.1.12) RODENT
    A) Repeated subcutaneous doses of 0.2 mL/kg given three times a week for 30 days caused growth inhibition in rats (ITOS, 1969).
    B) 20,000 mg/kg dropped on the skin of mice killed all 10 animals in 3 to 9 hours. Irritation occurred within minutes and the animals were ataxic and narcotized within 15 minutes (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
    C) Guinea pigs exposed to 2,000 ppm for up to 422 minutes died (Specht et al, 1940).

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