MERCURY, ORGANIC

Methylmercury is not used in any industrials products. Organic mercury was once used as a fungicide, but their use was banned in the 1970s. In 1991, all forms of exterior paint containing mercury were discontinued. The most common source of organic mercury is dietary fish consumption. Organic mercury is present in trace amounts in the vaccine preservative, thimerosal (U.S. Geological Survey, 2010; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007).
In the past, organic mercury compounds were also used as antiseptics/antibacterials, herbicides, mildewcides, slimicides, seed disinfectants, and as preservatives in pharmaceuticals (Gosselin et al, 1984; Sax & Lewis, 1987; Budavari, 1996). Organic mercury compounds have also been used in veterinary practice as topical antifungal and antibacterial agents (Budavari, 1996).

FORMS

BASIC PHYSICAL FORM

Organic mercury compounds contain mercury with a covalent bond to at least one carbon atom (Klaassen, 1990). Most of the organic mercury compounds are crystals, granules, scales or powders, which may be incorporated into other preparations. Some organic mercury compounds (e.g., dimethylmercury, methyl mercury) are volatile (IARC, 1993; Proctor et al, 1989). Exposure to vapors, particles, dusts or aerosols can occur.

CLASSIFICATION

Organic mercury compounds can be further divided into three classes (Gosselin et al, 1984; Sax & Lewis, 1987; Bryson, 1989):

ARYL COMPOUNDS: Have a Hg-to-carbon bond with phenol, cresol, toluene, benzene or another aromatic ring. Commonly encountered members of this class are the phenylmercuric salts which are used to prevent fungal growth on seeds (Gosselin et al, 1984).
ALKOXYALKYL COMPOUNDS: The fungicides methoxyethylmercuric chloride and methoxyethyl mercuric acetate are members of this class (Gosselin et al, 1984).
ALKYL COMPOUNDS: Have at least one strong covalent bond with a carbon atom (CnH2n+1). Methyl, ethyl, butyl and propyl mercury compounds are included in this class (Gosselin et al, 1984; Bryson, 1989).
These classes can be further divided into 2 subgroups, based on their toxicological properties.

TOXICOLOGICAL SUBCLASSIFICATION

Organic mercurials can be subclassified based on the ease with which the organic moiety dissociates (in the body) from the anion to yield inorganic mercury (Bryson, 1989).

FIRST SUBCLASS (LONG-CHAIN, ARYL OR ALKYL COMPOUNDS): The organic moiety readily dissociates from these compounds after absorption. Examples of members in this group include the alkoxyalkyl (e.g., methoxyethylmercuric chloride) and aryl compounds (eg; thimerosol). These compounds may be similar toxicologically to INORGANIC MERCURY but with greater absorption and distribution. These compounds are generally less toxic than compounds in the second subclass.
SECOND SUBCLASS (SHORT-CHAIN, ALKYL COMPOUNDS): This class includes compounds which have at least one strong covalent bond with a carbon atom. The mercury-carbon bonds are very stable. Toxicity is considered to be due to the intact molecule, and is generally greater for these compounds than those in the first subclass (Bryson, 1989). Methyl, ethyl, butyl and propyl mercury belong to this subclass.

SOURCES

CONTAMINATED FISH

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has advised pregnant women, women who plan to become pregnant, nursing mothers, and young children to avoid eating large fish known to contain high mercury concentrations (eg; shark, swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish) with reported mean mercury concentrations of 0.73 to 1.45 ppm (Ruha et al, 2009; Knobeloch et al, 2006). In one case series, mercury concentrations were reported in the following fish: Lake superior trout (less than 0.02 mcg/g); Lake superior whitefish (less than 0.02 mcg/g); farm-raised salmon (0.05 mcg/g); farm-raised trout (0.05 mcg/g); imported seabass (up to 0.7 mcg/g); panfish (up to 0.58 mcg/g); walleye (up to 3.1 mcg/g); bass (up to 1.7 mcg/g); Northern pike (up to 1.9 mcg/g); perch (0.049 mcg/g); canned tuna (up to 0.85 mcg/g); bluegill (up to 0.53 mcg/g); brook trout (0.016 mcg/g) (Knobeloch et al, 2006).
MINAMATA DISEASE: From 1932 until 1968, a factory in Minamata, Japan, discharged mercury and methylmercury contaminated waste directly into Minamata bay and the Yatsushiro Sea. Although in 1959, Minamata disease was determined to be methylmercury poisoning from consuming contaminated fish and shellfish, the factory continued to discharge mercury contaminated waste until 1968(Takaoka et al, 2008).

VACCINE PRESERVATIVES - THIOMERSAL

Thiomersal has been used in vaccines as a preservative (Pichichero et al, 2002).
HEPATITIS VACCINE: Elevated mercury concentrations after a single dose of hepatitis B vaccine containing thiomersal were observed in preterm and term infants. Overall, a significantly higher mean mercury concentration was observed for the preterm group compared with the term group (mean +/- SD, 7.36 +/- 4.99 mcg/L vs 2.24 +/- 0.58 mcg/L; p less than 0.01) (Stajich et al, 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Methylmercury is not used in any industrials products. Organic mercury was once used as a fungicide, but their use was banned in the 1970s. After 1991, all forms of exterior paint containing mercury were discontinued. The most common source of organic mercury is dietary fish consumption. Organic mercury is present in trace amounts in the vaccine preservative, thimerosal.

PHARMACOLOGY: Organic mercury ointments, topical preparations, and preservatives have antimicrobial properties.

TOXICOLOGY: Neurotoxicity is the predominant clinical effect. Organic mercury combines with sulfhydryl groups thus interfering with cellular metabolism, function, and inactivating enzymes. Cerebellar and cerebral atrophy is observed in patients with significant organic mercury toxicity.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Low-level dietary exposure to organic mercury is common. Toxicity, however, is rare and generally due to exposure to chemical reagents.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

OVERDOSE: Organic mercury may be absorbed by any route. Once toxicity develops from organic mercury, the effects are largely permanent, and generally outcome is poor after significant overdose. Partial improvement has been observed in some mildly symptomatic children though severely poisoned individuals have not been recovered.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Delayed neurotoxicity is the hallmark of organic mercury exposure. Acute ingestions may be associated with nausea and vomiting. Symptoms may include fatigue, headaches, cognitive delays, tremor, and paraesthesias. Chronic exposure may lead to withdrawn behavior with irritability (erethism).
SEVERE TOXICITY: Neurotoxicity is the manifestation of severe organic mercury poisoning.
NEUROLOGIC: Effects of poisoning may be latent for days to months depending upon the compound and the dose of the exposure. Dimethylmercury is the most toxic of the organic mercurials and even minute dermal exposures may lead to rapidly progressive cerebellar deficits, coma, and subsequent death. Methylmercury is more common; it is the form found in fish. Trace amounts of methylmercury found in fish, even in large consumption, have not been associated with cognitive delay or other neurologic toxicity. Ingestion of organic mercurials may lead to paresthesias, headaches, tremor, ataxia, dysarthria. visual field constriction, blindness, dementia, paralysis, coma, and death. Congenital toxicity is characterized by low birth weight, decreased muscle tone, developmental delay, seizure disorders, deafness, blindness, spasticity.
CARDIOVASCULAR: Organic mercurials rarely cause cardiovascular toxicity. Hypotension and cardiac dysrhythmias are possible.
RESPIRATORY: Respiratory symptoms are rare. Inhalation may lead to respiratory distress and respiratory collapse has been reported due to sensorimotor neuropathy.
RENAL: Renal tubular dysfunction may occur but the majority of organic mercury is not cleared through the kidney making renal toxicity less common when compared to inorganic mercurials. Renal effects have been more commonly observed with aryl (eg, phenylmercuric salts) and alkoxyalkyl (eg, methoxyethyl mercury) compounds.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Acute ingestion of large amounts of organic mercury may lead to nausea and vomiting. Gastrointestinal disturbances are more common with phenyl mercuric salts, methoxyethyl salts and other aryl and alkoxyalkyl compounds.
DERMATOLOGY: Dermatitis may occur though is more common with inorganic mercury exposures. Contact dermatitis from topical organic mercury antiseptics is the most common dermatologic manifestation.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

Trace amounts of organic mercury found in vaccine preservatives (thimerosal) have not been associated with cognitive delay or other neurologic toxicity.

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Dermal exposures should be washed off with soap and water. No other prehospital decontamination is indicated. Organic mercury spills should be contained and cleaned by qualified hazardous material abatement crews.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The US EPA has estimated that the minimum lethal dose of methyl mercury for a 70-kg person ranges from 20 to 60 mg/kg (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007).

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

INGESTION (ESTIMATES/TOXICITY RATINGS)

In a retrospective series of 2250 cases of mercurochrome exposure 96% unintentional, 93.6% ingestions, 84.4% children most patients remained asymptomatic. Minor manifestations (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea) developed in 3.3% of patients and moderate manifestations developed in 7 patients (0.4%). Most patients (95.8%) were treated with dilution or irrigation only. Unintentional pediatric ingestions of mercurochrome can be managed in the home without gastrointestinal decontamination (Bryan & Krenzelok, 1996).
There is little published information concerning the range of toxicity for many consumer products which contain organic mercury (Baselt, 2000; Gosselin et al, 1984).

One source gave mercurochrome (merbromin) and thimerosal (thiomersalate) a toxicity rating of 4: very toxic (Gosselin et al, 1984).

One source rated the following mercury compounds extremely toxic: phenylmercuric salts of organic acids (eg, acetate, salicylate, oleate, benzoate, phthalate, and gluconate), methoxyethylmercuric chloride, ethyl and methyl mercuric chlorides, and ethyl and methyl mercuric phosphates. The oral lethal dose in adult humans is estimated as 5 to 50 mg/kg (Gosselin et al, 1984).

CASE REPORTS

INGESTION

An adolescent developed mild clinical effects (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and dizziness) with elevated blood and urine mercury levels after ingesting 20 milliliters of a 2% solution of mercurochrome (Magarey, 1993).
An adult developed severe effects (hemorrhagic gastritis, renal failure, polyneuropathy) but survived with intensive medical therapy and chelation after ingesting 5 grams of Thiomersal (Pfab et al, 1996).

DERMAL

DIMETHYLMERCURY: An accidental spill of several drops of dimethylmercury onto the gloved hand of a female chemist resulted in the onset of diarrhea and nausea 2 months later which persisted for 3 months, then was followed by severe CNS toxicity, with profound effects on the cerebellum and eventual death, about 5 to 6 months post-exposure. Estimated initial body burden of mercury was approximately 1,344 mg (Siegler et al, 1999).
DIMETHYLMERCURY: A 48-year-old woman developed severe neurotoxicity 5 months after allegedly spilling several drops of dimethylmercury on her hand while wearing protective gloves. She died 10 months after exposure despite chelation therapy. The estimated absorbed dose (extrapolated from blood levels at presentation) was 1334 mg, or 0.44 mL of liquid dimethylmercury (Nierenberg et al, 1998).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

The US EPA has set a daily lifetime dose (oral reference dose) of 0.1 mcg/kg/day for methylmercury. It is believed that this dose is not associated with any potential hazards (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007).

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

TOXIC ORAL DOSE

Ingestion of 20 mL of 2% Merbromin by an adolescent resulted in nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness and elevated blood mercury levels in a 15-year-old female (Magarey, 1993).
A 44-year-old man developed polyuric acute renal failure, coma, ascending sensorimotor neuropathy and respiratory failure after ingesting 5 grams of Thiomersal (Pfab et al, 1996).

TOXIC INHALATION DOSE

Some organic mercury compounds are volatile and will produce toxic vapors. Examples of these compounds include methyl mercury, dimethyl mercury, ethyl mercuric chloride (chloroethylmercury) and ethyl mercury phosphate. Inhalation of aerosols, dusts or particulates may also result in adverse effects.
Proteinuria and subtle neurological and psychological effects have occurred following exposure to airborne mercury concentrations of 0.01 mg/m3 (US DHHS, 1992).
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has recommended a threshold limit value (Time Weighted Average, TWA) of 0.01 mg/m3 for alkyl mercury compounds, and of 0.1 mg/m(3) for aryl compounds (ACGIH, 1994).

Threshold limit values are airborne concentrations under which WORKERS may be repeatedly exposed on a daily basis without suffering adverse health effects. Adverse effects may occur at exposure levels above the recommended TLV (ACGIH, 1994).

The OSHA permissible exposure limit (Time Weighted Average, TWA) for organo alkyl mercury compounds is 0.01 mg/m(3). The TWA is the average airborne concentration to which a WORKER may be exposed in any 8 hour shift of a 40 hour work week. This concentration should not be exceeded (OSHA, 1992).

Threshold limit values and permissible exposure limits are for use in the occupational setting, and are not applicable to the general population. These values may not protect all individuals due to variability in susceptibility and other factors (OSHA, 1992).

CASE REPORTS

INGESTION

METHYLMERCURY: A single acute ingestion of 45 mg of methyl mercury resulted in whole blood levels of 1930 and 1007 nanograms/mL 2 and 24 hours after ingestion but did not result in symptoms of toxicity (Lund et al, 1984).
ANTISEPTIC MATERIALS (Thimerosal, Merthiolate, Acetomeroctol, and Merbromin) can be absorbed and can cause symptoms. A 15-year-old female ingested 20 mL of 2% Merbromin and presented 17 hours post ingestion with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dizziness. Mercury blood levels two days post ingestion were 412.0 nmol/L. The patient recovered (Magarey, 1993).
One source report survival by an adult after ingesting 5 grams of Thiomersal. The man presented at the hospital 1 hour after ingestion with nausea and vomiting. Hemorrhagic erosive gastritis, elevated blood mercury levels, tubular renal failure, CNS and peripheral neuropathy resembling Guillian-Barre developed during hospitalization. The patient's survival was tentatively attributed to spontaneous emesis which occurred 15 minutes after ingestion. Chelation and intensive supportive therapy were provided (Pfab et al, 1996).
The maximum allowable contaminant level set by the EPA for mercury in drinking water is 2 ppb or 2 mcg/L. The FDA will allow up to 1 ppm of mercury in fish, and 2 ppb (2 mcg/L) in bottled drinking water. The WHO guideline for maximum drinking water concentration of mercury is 1 ppb or 1 mcg/L (US DHHS, 1992).

INHALATION

Some organic mercury compounds are volatile and will produce toxic vapors. Examples of these compounds include methyl mercury, dimethyl mercury, ethyl mercuric chloride (chloroethylmercury) and ethyl mercury phosphate. Inhalation of aerosols, dusts or particulates may also result in adverse effects.
PHENYLMERCURIC ACETATE: A survey of 74 people living in 19 houses newly-painted with an interior latex paint containing phenylmercuric acetate (median=3.8 millimoles of mercury/liter) showed elevated mercury levels in the air (median=10 nanomoles/cubic meter; range of less than 0.5 to 49.9) and in the urine (median=4.7 nanomoles/millimole of creatinine; range of 1.4 to 66.5) (Agocs et al, 1990). There was no clinical information provided except for the mention of acrodynia in a 4-year-old boy.
Alkyl mercury air concentrations which are considered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) are 10 mg/m3 (US DHHS, 1990).

IDLH VALUES are used strictly for the selection of respirator equipment in the industrial setting. IDLH concentrations represent the highest concentration from which a worker could escape within 30 minutes without a respirator, without experiencing impairment of escape or irreversible health effects.
The IDLH value is much higher than the ACGIH recommended threshold limit value for alkyl mercury (TLV = 0.01 mg/m3 Time Weighted Average). Threshold limit values are airborne concentrations under which WORKERS may be repeatedly exposed on a daily basis without suffering adverse health effects (ACGIH, 1994).

DERMAL

DIMETHYLMERCURY: A 29-year-old man spilled 1 to 2 mL of dimethylmercury onto his nitrile double gloved hand. After the removal of his glove, 2 decontamination showers, and chelation therapy with succimer (initially 900 mg [10 mg/kg] twice daily and then 500 mg 3 times daily) on hospital day 1, he was discharged the next day. Laboratory results revealed a serum mercury concentration of 4 mcg/L. On a follow-up visit a week later, his neurologic exam was normal and his chelation therapy was switched to DMPS (600 mg 3 times daily; 6.82 mg/kg). At that time, his spot urine mercury was 11 mcg/g creatinine. On week 3, his 24-hour urine collection was 7 mcg/g creatinine. He never developed any symptoms and continued to take DMPS for 3 weeks. His chelation therapy was discontinued after his final serum mercury concentration reached 2 mcg/L (Salinger et al, 2015).

OTHER

ETHYL MERCURY: A 38-year-old woman with Guillain-Barre syndrome was accidentally exposed to high levels of thimerosal (ethyl mercury), a column disinfectant used during a protein A Immunoadsorption treatment. The single acute exposure due to equipment operational errors resulted in a maximum serum mercury level of 2.25 mcg/mL. Ten days after the exposure, chelation therapy was initiated with DMSA 600 mg three times daily for 30 days. The patient did not develop any short or long term clinical effects from the thimerosal exposure (Koch & Trapp, 2006).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7439-97-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Mercury, elemental and inorganic forms, as Hg

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Mercury, as Hg

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Mercury, alkyl compounds, as Hg
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Mercury, alkyl compounds
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Mercury, aryl compounds, as Hg
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Mercury, elemental

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Mercury and inorganic mercury compounds

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Mercury compounds [except (organo) alkyls, as Hg]
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Mercury (metallic mercury and inorganic mercury compounds)

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Mercury, organic compounds

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7439-97-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 3x10(-4) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- 29 mg/m(3) for 30H (RTECS , 2001)
TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- 44,300 mcg/m(3) for 8H (RTECS , 2001)
- 150 mcg/m(3) for 46D (RTECS , 2001)
TDLo- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- 129 mg/kg for 5H-C (RTECS , 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7439-97-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Mercury, elemental and inorganic forms, as Hg

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.025 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: BEI, Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
BEI: The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair; kidney dam
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Mercury, as Hg

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.025 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair; kidney dam
Molecular Weight: 200.59

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Mercury, alkyl compounds, as Hg

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.01 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL: 0.03 mg/m(3)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS and PNS impair; kidney dam
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Mercury, alkyl compounds

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Mercury, aryl compounds, as Hg

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair; kidney dam
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7439-97-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7439-97-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Mercury compounds [except (organo) alkyls, as Hg]
REL:

TWA: Hg Vapor: 0.05 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s): ,

Listed as: Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg)
REL:

TWA: 0.01 mg/m(3)
STEL: 0.03 mg/m(3)
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 10 mg Hg/m3 (as Hg)
Note(s): Not Listed

IDLH:

IDLH: 2 mg Hg/m3 (as Hg)
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7439-97-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Mercury (aryl and inorganic) (as Hg)
Table Z-1 for Mercury (aryl and inorganic) (as Hg):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3:

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg)
Table Z-1 for Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3:

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Mercury (vapor) (as Hg)
Table Z-1 for Mercury (vapor) (as Hg):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3:

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Table Z-2 for Mercury (Z37.8-1971):

8-hour TWA:
Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 1 mg/10m(3)
Acceptable Maximum Peak above the Ceiling Concentration for an 8-hour Shift:

Concentration:
Maximum Duration:

Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7439-97-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7439-97-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Mercury (D009)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity
Listed as: Mercury
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Mercury and compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Mercury Compounds

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7439-97-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7439-97-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Mercury
P or U series number: U151
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7439-97-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7439-97-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Mercury compounds
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30:
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28: 10

See 40 CFR 372.28: Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern

Listed as: Mercury Compounds: Includes any unique chemical substance that contains mercury as part of that chemical's infrastructure
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

Listed as: Mercury
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30:
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28: 10

See 40 CFR 372.28: Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern

Listed as: Mercury
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7439-97-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Mercury (I) (mercurous) compounds (pesticides)
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Mercury (II) (mercuric) compounds (pesticides)
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Mercury based pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Mercury based pesticides, liquid, toxic
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Mercury based pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Mercury based pesticides, solid, toxic
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Mercury compounds, liquid, n.o.s.
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Mercury compounds, solid, n.o.s.
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7439-97-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Mercury

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7439-97-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7439-97-6.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Microporous Fabric

Workrite

CSP Garments

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Workrite, 1997)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 2

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0002
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.04
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0005
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0005
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.04
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0002
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Workrite 500 East Third Street Box 1192 Oxnard, CA 93032 USA Phone: (805) 483-0715 Fax: (805) 483-0678 Toll-Free: (800) 521-1888 Website: http://www.workrite.com Email: info@workrite.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7439-97-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7439-97-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7439-97-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Mercury vapor
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): Not appropriate
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 0.25
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 0.5
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7439-97-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Mercury vapor
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.025
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.25
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1.7
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 8.9
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7439-97-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Mercury vapor
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because mercury vapor has no odor or warning properties at concentrations that may cause health effects
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because mercury vapor has no odor or warning properties at concentrations that may cause health effects
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because mercury vapor has no odor or warning properties at concentrations that may cause health effects
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because mercury vapor has no odor or warning properties at concentrations that may cause health effects
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because mercury vapor has no odor or warning properties at concentrations that may cause health effects
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Mercury vapor
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.38 ppm
mg/m3: 3.1 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.26 ppm
mg/m3: 2.1 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.21 ppm
mg/m3: 1.7 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.08 ppm
mg/m3: 0.67 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.04 ppm
mg/m3: 0.33 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Mercury vapor
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 2 ppm
mg/m3: 16 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 1.3 ppm
mg/m3: 11 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.1 ppm
mg/m3: 8.9 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.27 ppm
mg/m3: 2.2 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.27 ppm
mg/m3: 2.2 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7439-97-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 10 mg Hg/m3 (as Hg)
Note(s): Not Listed
IDLH: 2 mg Hg/m3 (as Hg)
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

200.59 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Mercury is an extremely heavy, silver colored liquid (ITI, 1985).

No information on the pH of mercury was found in available references at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

2 x 10(-3) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
13.534 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 13.55 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1985)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-38.87 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

BOILING POINT: 356.72 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

FLASH POINT

No information found at the time of this review.

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Mercury is only slightly soluble in water. Solubility in water at 25 degrees C: 0.28 micromoles/L (Budavari, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Mercury is insoluble in alcohol and ether (HSDB , 1992; Sax & Lewis, 1987).

OTHER

It is readily soluble in nitric acid, and is soluble in sulfuric acid upon boiling. Mercury is insoluble in hydrochloric acid, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, lipids, and cold sulfuric acid (HSDB , 1992; Sax & Lewis, 1987).

HENRY'S CONSTANT

HENRY'S CONSTANT: 1.14 X 10(-2) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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