MERCURIC OXIDE

Mercuric oxide is used as an ophthalmic ointment (largely obsolete), analytical reagent, in antifouling paints, in batteries, and as a fungicide, seed protectant, chemical intermediate, and preservative in cosmetics (HSDB).

FORMS

MERCURIC OXIDE, RED, also called MERCURY (II) OXIDE, is a bright red or orange-red odorless amorphous powder solid (HSDB).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Mercuric oxide is used in alkaline batteries and pigments. This review is based on the properties of mercuric salts in general. Specific effects attributed to mercuric oxide are identified.

Mercuric salts are corrosive and nephrotoxic. Salivation, metallic taste, abdominal pain, seizures, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome (oliguria and anuria) may occur. Circulatory collapse, bloody diarrhea, and acute renal failure have been reported following peritoneal lavage with mercuric chloride.

The principal concerns from acute inorganic mercury poisoning are sudden, profound circulatory collapse with tachycardia, hypotension and peripheral vasoconstriction, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. Renal failure usually develops within 24 hours and may be life-threatening.

The brain is the critical organ for chronic inorganic mercury poisoning. TREMOR and psychological changes encompassing increased irritability and sensitivity, xenophobia, insomnia, hallucinations, and mania. Eventually there is spongeous degeneration of the brain with loss of many higher functions.

When mercury poisoning is suspected in critically ill patients, chelation therapy should be started regardless of the form of mercury causing toxicity.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Signs and symptoms of acute mercury poisoning include nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, erosion of the GI tract mucosa, salivary gland swelling, and cardiovascular shock (Clayton & Clayton, 1982). Acute mercury poisoning survivors may have loosening of teeth, kidney damage, and hepatitis (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Mercuric oxide can be absorbed through the skin and can cause dermal sensitization reactions and dermatitis (HSDB). Use of mercuric oxide ointment in the eye has rarely caused allergic reactions.

Inhalation of mercuric oxide fume is less dangerous than inhaling metallic mercury vapor, and exposure to airborne concentrations up to 0.42 mg/m(3) apparently produces no ill effects (HSDB). Clearance of mercuric oxide from the lungs followed a two-phase pattern in two accidently exposed persons, with half-lives for disappearance from the lungs of 2 and 24 days. Most of the mercuric oxide systemically absorbed following inhalation exposure was deposited in the kidneys (Newton & Fry, 1978).

The toxicity of mercury and its inorganic compounds may depend less on their solubility than on their valence state, with mercuric (Hg+2) compounds being more toxic than mercurous (Hg+1) (Ermachenko, 1983). Mercury salts may be less likely to cause neurological effects than metallic mercury, but may be at least as active in causing kidney damage and gastrointestinal effects (ACGIH, 1986).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

THE KIDNEY IS THE CRITICAL TARGET ORGAN FOR MERCURIC OXIDE

CHRONIC EXPOSURE (Clayton & Clayton, 1982). Signs and symptoms of chronic mercury poisoning may include oliguria or anuria, loss of coordination, muscle tremors or spasms, and characteristic personality changes. Neurological effects from exposure to mercuric oxide may resemble those of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or organic mercury poisoning, but these effects have been reversible if exposure is stopped soon enough (Barber, 1978).

Prolonged use of mercuric oxide eye ointments (and presumably chronic exposure to the dust) have caused harmless deposits of dark pigmented granules in the eyes, blue-gray darkening of the eyelids and conjunctivae, and lens opacities, but no impairment of visual function (HSDB).

Physical signs of chronic mercury poisoning include brownish pigments in the eyes, hand, eyelid, and tongue tremors, loss of coordination, a decreased sense of taste or smell, and degeneration of motor and higher brain functions. Psychological signs include excitability, irritability, sensitivity, headache, fatigue, weakness, loss of memory, depression, fear or distrust of others, insomnia, hallucinations, and mania.

It is not clear if all of the neurological signs of mercury toxicity may be associated with mercuric oxide poisoning.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Obtain blood and urine for determination of mercury levels. Twenty-four hour urine samples are best.
Remove all contaminated clothing, seal into bags, and treat as hazardous waste. First responders should wear adequate protective clothing to prevent secondary contamination.
CHELATION THERAPY: Should be performed in symptomatic patients.

D-PENICILLAMINE: 250 mg orally, 4 times a day in an adult 100 mg/kg/day in children up to 1 gram per day in 4 divided doses.
BAL (DIMERCAPROL): BAL is indicated for symptomatic patients or patients in renal failure or allergic to penicillin. Administer 3 to 5 mg/kg/dose every 4 hours IM for the first 48 hours, then 2.5 to 3 mg/kg every 6 hours for the second 48 hours, then every 12 hours for 7 additional days.

Monitor volume status and hematocrit. GI hemorrhage may result following ingestion of mercuric salts.
HEMODIALYSIS: Should be considered early in severely intoxicated patients with diminishing urine output following chelation therapy with BAL. The BAL-mercury complex is dialyzable.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Observe for development of clinical signs and symptoms and follow treatment recommendations in Inhalation Exposure where appropriate.
Remove all contaminated clothing, seal into bags, and treat as hazardous waste. First responders should wear adequate protective clothing to prevent secondary contamination.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
Observe for development of clinical signs and symptoms and follow treatment recommendations in Inhalation Exposure where appropriate.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Mercury salts may be corrosive but GI perforation is not common. The role of gastric decontamination is unclear.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

CHELATION THERAPY: Should be performed in symptomatic patients.

D-PENICILLAMINE: 250 mg orally, 4 times a day in an adult 100 mg/kg/day in children up to 1 gram per day in 4 divided doses.
BAL (DIMERCAPROL): BAL is indicated for symptomatic patients or patients in renal failure or allergic to penicillin. Administer 3 to 5 mg/kg/dose every 4 hours IM for the first 48 hours, then 2.5 to 3 mg/kg every 6 hours for the second 48 hours, then every 12 hours for 7 additional days.

Monitor volume status and hematocrit. GI hemorrhage may result following ingestion of mercuric salts.
HEMODIALYSIS: Should be considered early in severely intoxicated patients with diminishing urine output following chelation therapy with BAL. The BAL-mercury complex is dialyzable.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

No information was found at the time of this review on the minimum lethal exposure to mercuric oxide.
The average lethal dose for inorganic mercuric salts is about 1 gram (Baselt, 1988).

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

The concentration of inorganic mercury present in blood (serum or plasma) that has been reported to cause death in humans is: 0.04 to 2.2 milligram percent (or 0.4 to 22 micrograms per milliliter) (Winek, 1985).

Children are more susceptible than adults to mercury poisoning (HSDB, 1999).

Acute Hazard level -

Threshold concentration for fresh and saltwater fish, 0.01 ppm (OHM/TADS, 1999).
3 grams of mercury may be fatal to humans.
75 milligrams per day in drinking water would be lethal; 50 parts per million in water can be toxic (OHM/TADS, 1999)

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Maximum tolerated oral concentrations are unknown.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS21908-53-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS21908-53-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2003; ITI, 1988. Values are for RTECS (2003) unless otherwise indicated
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS21908-53-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS21908-53-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS21908-53-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS21908-53-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS21908-53-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS21908-53-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS21908-53-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS21908-53-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS21908-53-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Mercuric Oxide
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 500

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS21908-53-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS21908-53-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Mercuric oxide
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Mercury oxide
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS21908-53-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Mercury oxide (HgO)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1641 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Mercury oxide

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1641
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1641 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Mercury oxide
UN Number: 1641

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS21908-53-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Aluminum foil is unsuitable as a packing material in contact with mercuric salts in the presence of moisture, when vigorous amalgamation ensues (Bretherick, 1985).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Protect from light; mercuric oxide may decompose to mercury metal and oxygen gas (Budavari, 1989).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear appropriate clothing to prevent any possibility of skin contact. Wear eye protection to prevent any possibility of eye contact (Sittig, 1985).

In areas where the exposures are excessive, respiratory protection shall be provided either by full-face canister-type mask or supplied air respirator, depending on the concentration of mercury fumes. Above 50 milligrams per cubic meter requires supplied-air positive-pressure full-face respirators (Sittig, 1985).
Full-body work clothes including shoes or shoe covers and hats should be supplied and clean work clothes should be supplied daily. Work clothes should not be stored with street clothes in the same locker (Sittig, 1985).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 21908-53-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
No specific fire fighting procedures have been recommended for mercuric oxide.
When heated to decomposition, Mercuric oxide releases highly toxic fumes of mercury and mercury oxides. (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS21908-53-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS21908-53-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Choose an extinguishing agent suitable for fires in surrounding material (AAR, 1987).

Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog (AAR, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, mercuric oxide releases highly toxic fumes of mercury and mercury oxides. (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Hypophosphorous acid reduces mercuric oxide explosively to the metal (NFPA, 1986).

Mercuric oxide reacts with chlorine to form dichlorine oxide which can explode at temperatures close to ambient (Bretherick, 1985)

Mixtures of red or yellow oxides with sodium-potassium alloy explode violently on impact; mixtures with magnesium or potassium may explode on heating (Bretherick, 1895).

Hydrazine hydrate and phosphinic acid both explosively reduce the oxide when dropped on to it (Bretherick, 1985).

Mixtures with phosphorus explode on impact or on boiling with water. A mixture with sulfur explodes on heating (Bretherick, 1985).

Under appropriate conditions, mercuric oxide can function as a powerful oxidant and/or catalyst, because of its tendency to dissociate to metal and oxygen (Bretherick, 1985).

Reacts violently with hydrogen trisulfide (or ignition); hydrogen peroxide; acetyl nitrate; S2Cl2; iodine + methanol or ethanol. Incandescent reaction with phospham (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, mercuric oxide releases highly toxic fumes of mercury and mercury oxides. (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, mercuric oxide releases highly toxic fumes of mercury (Lewis, 1996).

Hypophosphorous acid reduces mercuric oxide explosively to the metal (NFPA, 1986).

Mercuric oxide reacts with chlorine to form dichlorine oxide which can explode at temperatures close to ambient (Bretherick, 1985).

Mixtures of red or yellow oxides with sodium-potassium alloy explode violently on impact; mixtures with magnesium or potassium may explode on heating (Bretherick, 1985).

Hydrazine hydrate and phosphinic acid both explosively reduce the oxide when dropped on to it (Bretherick, 1985).

Mixtures with phosphorus explode on impact or on boiling with water. A mixture with sulfur explodes on heating (Bretherick, 1985).

Under appropriate conditions, mercuric oxide can function as a powerful oxidant and/or catalyst, because of its tendency to dissociate to metal and oxygen (Urben, 1995).

Reacts violently with hydrogen trisulfide (or ignition); hydrogen peroxide; acetyl nitrate; S2Cl2; iodine + methanol or ethanol; hydrazine hydrate; and hypophosphorus acid. Mercuric oxide has an incandescent reaction with phospham (Lewis, 1996).

Mercuric oxide reacts explosively with acetyl nitrate, butadiene, ethanol, iodine (at 35 degrees C), hydrocarbons, diboron tetrafluoride, traces of nitric acid, and reducing agents (ILO, 1998).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

Downwind evacuation should be considered if this material is involved in a fire or if a large discharge has occurred (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS21908-53-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS21908-53-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Mercury(II) oxide (Mercuric oxide)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.027
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1.5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 10.8
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 10.8
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS21908-53-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS21908-53-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
DECONTAMINATION OF SPILLS
- Elemental sulfur and lime can be used to reduce mercury methylation and mobility in soils (OHM/TADS , 1990).
Water spray may be used to reduce or knock down vapors (AAR, 1987).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Isolate and ventilate the area. Keep sources of fire away. Wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes and an approved respirator. Get fire-fighting equipment ready. Contain any liquid spill around the edge and absorb with Zorb-All (R), soil, sweeping compound, sawdust, dry sand or similar material. Dispose of absorbed or dry material in disposable containers (Ford, 1989; EPA, 1975b).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Isolate and ventilate the area. Keep sources of fire away. Wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes and approved personal protection equipment. Get fire-fighting equipment ready (Ford, 1989).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Metabolite methyl mercury is extremely dangerous! Organisms do not expel it fast enough to prevent accumulation.

Phenol mercury and inorganic mercury are accumulated at slower rates.

Organo mercury develops in soil biotan, in the top 2 centimeters, 30 to 50 days after application.

Methyl mercury has a half-life of 17.9 minutes in an unsaturated water solution, due to evaporation loss (OHM/TADS , 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- Biological half-life in fish is 44 days; in humans the half-life is 10 days.
- TERRESTRIAL FATE
- AQUEOUS FATE
- ATMOSPHERIC FATE

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

LD50/LC50 VALUES

Published Values (OHM/TADS , 1999)

Note: All concentration values reported, as Hg.
LD50 - ASPERGILLUS NIGER: 0.1 mg/L for 40H
LD50 - GUPPY: 0.2 mg/L
LC50 - TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS (PROTOZOA): 4.5 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - ACRONEURIA: 2 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - EPHEMERELLA: 2 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - HYDROPSYCHE: 2 mg/L for 96H
TL50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Fingerlings: 0.4 mg/L for 96H
TL50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Fingerlings: 0.28 mg/L for 96H
TL50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Fingerlings: 0.22 mg/L for 96H
TL50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Fingerlings: 0.21 mg/L for 96H
TL50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Juvenile: 0.36 mg/L for 24H
TL50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Juvenile: 0.016 mg/L for 96H
TL50 - RAINBOW TROUT, Fingerlings: 0.4 mg/L for 24H
LC50 - PRAWN: 0.075 mg/L for 48H
LC50 - SHRIMP: 5.7 mg/L for 48H
LC50 - COCKLE: 9 mg/L for 48H
LC50 - FLOUNDER: 3.3 mg/L for 48H
LC50 - CRAB: 1.2 mg/L for 48H
LC50 - OYSTER: 4.2 mg/L for 48H
LC50 - BROWN SHRIMP: 0.03 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - PINK SHRIMP: 0.03 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - WATERSIPORA CUCULLATA: 0.1 mg/L for 2H
LC50 - BULULA NERITINA: 0.2 mg/L for 2H
LC50 - SPIRORIS PAMELLOSA: 0.14 mg/L for 2H
LC50 - GALEOLARIA CAESPITOSA: 0.12 mg/L for 2H
LC50 - MYTILUS EDERLIS PLANULATUS: 13.1 mg/L for 2H
LC50 - CRASSOSTREA COMMERCIALIS: 180.9 mg/L for 2H
LC50 - ARTEMIA SALINA: 180.9 mg/L for 2H
EC50 - CRAB, adult: 1.2 mg/L for 48H
EC50 - CRAB, larvae: 0.14 mg/L for 48H
EC50 - PRAWN, adult: 5.7 mg/L for 48H
EC50 - PRAWN, larvae: 0.01 mg/L for 48H
EC50 - LOBSTER, larvae: 0.033-0.1 mg/L for 48H
EC50 - OYSTER, adult: 4.2 mg/L for 48H
EC50 - OYSTER, larvae: 0.001 to 0.0033 mg/L for 48H

FOOD CHAIN ACCUMULATION

POSITIVE - Methyl mercury is stored at high percentage of intake and eliminated very slowly.

Pike in water of 0.07 parts per million concentrate Hg 3000 times.

Biological half-life in fish is 44 days; in humans the half-life is 10 days.
Concentration factors for mercury:

Marine and freshwater plants - 1000
Marine and freshwater invertebrates - 100,000
Marine fish - 1670
Freshwater fish - 10000

Methyl mercury accumulates in brain tissue.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

216.59 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Red mercuric oxide is a bright red or red-orange, odorless, heavy, crystalline powder or scales; orthorhombic structure; yellow when finely divided. Yellow mercuric oxide is more finely divided and more reactive than red mercuric oxide (Budavari, 1996).

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

11.1 g/cm(3) (at 4 degrees C) (EPA, 1985)
11.1 (at 39 degrees F) (EPA, 1985)
11.14 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Practically insoluble in neutral water (Budavari, 1996).
0.0053 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees) (Weast, 1988)
0.0395 g/100 mL (at 100 degrees C) (Weast, 1988)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Insoluble in: alcohol, ether, acetone (Lewis, 1997).

OTHER

Soluble in dilute hydrochloric or nitric acid; soluble in solutions of alkali cyanides of iodides; slowly soluble in solutions of alkali bromides (Budavari, 1996). Insoluble in alkali and ammonia (Weast, 1988).
Soluble in concentrated solutions of alkaline-earth chloride (Lewis, 1997).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE

500 degrees C; 932 degrees F (EPA, 1985; Budavari, 1989)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

2.37, 2.50, 2.65 (Weast, 1988)

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65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

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