MERCURIC CHLORIDE

It is used in disinfecting and preserving, gold refining, lithography, dry batteries, embalming, tanning, chemical synthesis, and as a fungicide, insecticide, and analytical reagent (Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1996).

FORMS

Mercuric chloride is an inorganic mercury compound. It occurs as a white crystalline or powder solid (HSDB, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Mercuric chloride is one of the most toxic mercury salts. This review is based on the properties of inorganic mercury compounds in general, except where specific effects have been attributed to mercuric chloride.

Mercuric salts are corrosive and nephrotoxic. Salivation, metallic taste, abdominal pain, seizures, proteinuria, and nephrotic syndrome (oliguria and anuria) may occur. Circulatory collapse, bloody diarrhea, and acute renal failure have been reported following peritoneal lavage with mercuric chloride.

Mercury compounds can be absorbed by inhalation and through the skin. The principal concerns from acute inorganic mercury poisoning are sudden, profound circulatory collapse with tachycardia, hypotension and peripheral vasoconstriction, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. Renal failure usually develops within 24 hours and may be life-threatening.

The brain is the critical organ for chronic inorganic mercury poisoning. Tremor and psychological changes encompassing increased irritability and sensitivity, xenophobia, insomnia, hallucinations, and mania may occur. Eventually there is spongeous degeneration of the brain with loss of many higher functions.

When mercury poisoning is suspected in critically ill patients, chelation therapy should be started regardless of the form of mercury causing toxicity.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Based on its acute oral LD50 of 1 mg/kg in rats (RTECS , 1993), mercuric chloride is a HIGHLY TOXIC substance. Mercuric chloride is a severe eye and skin irritant; it is corrosive to the eyes and throat (Lewis, 1993) HSDB, 1993). It can be toxic or fatal by the inhalation, dermal, oral, or intrauterine exposure routes (EPA, 1985; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (Winek et al, 1981).

Mercury is an insidious poison which can cause permanent effects in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The onset of symptoms can be immediate or delayed. Permanent effects can occur following acute exposure.

Symptoms of acute mercury salt poisoning include nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, foul taste, loosened teeth, circulatory collapse, peripheral neurological disease, and kidney damage requiring dialysis (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) HSDB, 1993; (Adams et al, 1983).

In general, mercury salts can cause bleeding, corrosive ulceration, and necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract, shock, and circulatory collapse (Hathaway et al, 1991).

The following effects have been reported following acute mercuric chloride exposure: edema of the tongue and lips after ingestion (Stack et al, 1983), long-lasting visual disturbances (Grant, 1986), generalized seizures (Murphy et al, 1979), kidney damage with oliguria, diuresis, proteinuria, and excretion of low molecular-weight proteins in the urine (Chugh et al, 1978; Pesce et al, 1977; Stewart et al, 1977), suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function (Contrino et al, 1988), and rhabdomyolysis (Chugh et al, 1978).

Fluid and electrolyte loss leading to shock and peripheral vascular collapse is often the cause of death in acute mercuric chloride exposure, a consequence of its corrosiveness (Winek et al, 1981).

Mercuric chloride has caused similar effects in laboratory animals. It caused kidney damage in rats and horses (Hinglais et al, 1979; Roberts et al, 1982).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Repeated skin exposure to inorganic mercury compounds may cause allergic contact dermatitis with a positive patch test (Fisher, 1972).

THE BRAIN IS THE CRITICAL ORGAN FOR CHRONIC MERCURY POISONING (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). The half-life of mercury in the brain is 10 YEARS, and high levels of mercury may be present in the brain years after cessation of exposure (Blum & Manzo, 1985). CUMULATIVE TOXICITY is a major consideration with chronic exposure.

Signs and symptoms of chronic mercury poisoning include MERCURIALENTIS (brown mercury deposits in the lens of the eye) with visual defects, excessive salivation, muscle weakness, tremor, kidney dysfunction, and psychiatric changes.

A particular psychiatric syndrome (MERCURIAL ERETHISM) is one of the hallmarks of chronic mercury poisoning (Finkel, 1983). The early stages involve short-term memory loss (Smith, 1983) and personality changes of increased irritability, xenophobia, insomnia, impaired concentration, and apathy. Severe cases manifest hallucinations and mania (O'Donoghue, 1985).

Of 42 workers involved with producing mercury salts including mercuric chloride, 31 had neurological signs and symptoms including pain and numbness in the extremities with reduced motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity. All workers examined had punctate opacities in the eyes. There was one case of nephrotic syndrome (ACGIH, 1992). In subchronic exposure studies in mice, absorption of mercuric chloride from the gastrointestinal tract was 30 to 40 percent greater than previously reported (Morcillo & Santamaria, 1995).

Chronic exposure to mercuric chloride has caused changes in thyroid function in rats (Goldman & Blackburn, 1979) and alterations in T-cell immune function in mice (Dieter et al, 1983).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Remove all contaminated clothing, seal into bags, and treat as hazardous waste. First responders should wear adequate protective clothing to prevent secondary contamination.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

PREVENTION OF CONTAMINATION

Remove all contaminated clothing, seal into bags, and treat as hazardous waste. First responders should wear adequate protective clothing to prevent secondary contamination.
Be prepared to collect and contain all vomitus in a manner to prevent secondary contamination of the patient and/or medical personnel.

GASTRIC DECONTAMINATION

INORGANIC MERCURY SALTS: May produce severe gastric erosion requiring gastrectomy (Sauder et al, 1988), but no cases of perforation have been described following spontaneous vomiting or gastric lavage. The role of gastric decontamination is unclear.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

GASTRIC LAVAGE

GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Oral doses in the range of 1 to 2 grams are frequently fatal (Budavari, 1996). Fatalities have occurred from exposures as low as 0.5 g (Winek et al, 1981).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7487-94-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: Mercuric chloride (HgCl2)

C : Possible human carcinogen.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Mercuric chloride

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7487-94-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3x10(-4) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2000 Lewis, 1996
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7487-94-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7487-94-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7487-94-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7487-94-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7487-94-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7487-94-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7487-94-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7487-94-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7487-94-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Mercuric Chloride
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 500

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7487-94-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7487-94-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Mercuric chloride
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Mercury bichloride
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7487-94-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Mercury chloride (HgCl2)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1624 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Mercuric chloride

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1624
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1624 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Mercuric chloride
UN Number: 1624

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7487-94-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear self-contained (positive pressure if available) breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Stay upwind and keep out of low areas.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7487-94-7.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.28
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.28
Notes: saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.28
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.28
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.28
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Mercuric chloride itself does not burn or burns with difficulty (AAR, 1987).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7487-94-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7487-94-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use alcohol foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide (AAR, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, mercuric chloride emits toxic fumes of mercury (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

May explode with friction, heat or impact with phosphorus, antimony, arsenic, silver salts, sulfides, acetylene, ammonia, oxalic acid (ITI, 1988).

Reaction of mercuric chloride with sodium aci-nitromethanide + acids forms the explosive mercury fulminate (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Mercuric chloride may explode with friction or application of heat. Mixtures of mercuric chloride and sodium or potassium are shock sensitive and will explode on impact. Avoid contact with acids or acid fumes (EPA, 1985).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, mercuric chloride emits toxic fumes of mercury (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, mercuric chloride emits toxic fumes of mercury (Lewis, 1996).

May explode with friction, heat or impact with phosphorus, antimony, arsenic, silver salts, sulfides, acetylene, ammonia, oxalic acid (ITI, 1995).

Reaction of mercuric chloride with sodium aci-nitromethanide + acids forms the explosive mercury fulminate (Lewis, 1996).

Mercuric chloride may explode with friction or application of heat. Mixtures of mercuric chloride and sodium or potassium are shock sensitive and will explode on impact. Avoid contact with acids or acid fumes (EPA, 1985).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7487-94-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7487-94-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Mercury(II) chloride; (Mercury bichloride)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.0338
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 4
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 13.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 13.5
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7487-94-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7487-94-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1990).
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT: The effects of inorganic mercury (HgCl2) and methyl mercury (CH3HgCl) on freshwater aerobic bacteria was the subject of a research study. Two compartment biotopes comprised the experimental system: natural sediment and dechlorinated tap water. Seven mercury resistant strains were isolated that were able to volatilize HgCl2 by producing elemental mercury, however none were able to degrade methyl mercury (Baldi et al, 1992).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Mercury is released to the environment in various chemical forms. Concentrated local discharges are associated with industrial activities and waste disposal. Diffuse discharges are generally associated with combustion of fuels containing mercury impurities (HSDB , 1990).

Mercury and its compounds occur naturally in trace amounts in plants growing in soils with low mercury concentrations (less than 500 ppb) (HSDB , 1990).

The approximate concentration of all forms of mercury in the earth's crust is 80 ppb (HSDB , 1990).

Over low soil concentration areas, atmospheric concentration equals 5 mcg/cu(3). Over soils containing greater than 10 ppm mercury compounds, the atmospheric concentration equals 200 mcg/cu(3) (HSDB , 1990).

BIOMETHYLATION: Desulfovibrio desulfuricans LS (DDLS) converted up to 37% of 0.1 mcg/mL mercuric chloride to methyl mercury (Choi & Bartha, 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- Mercuric chloride decomposes in the presence of organic matter by sunlight to metallic mercury, via mercurous chloride (HSDB , 1990).
- Microorganisms convert inorganic mercury to methyl mercury, which is taken up rapidly by plankton algae and is concentrated in fish by way of the food chain (HSDB , 1990).
- A bioconcentration factor of 10,000 was obtained for mercuric chloride with an oyster (HSDB , 1990).

BIODEGRADATION

About 37 microbial consortia were isolated in the presence of mercury chloride. These strains retained between 82 and 99% of the total mercury influent in fixed bed experiments. The retention mechanism was the reduction in ionic mercury to metallic mercury, a less toxic material (Frischmuth et al, 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Long-term exposure to inorganic mercury (II) indicates that concentrations above 0.23 mcg/L caused significant effects on the fathead minnow and caused the concentration of total mercury in the whole body to exceed 1.0 mg/kg (HSDB , 1990).

The effects of sublethal doses of mercuric chloride (0.1 ppm; 1/3 of LC50 value) on the skin of catfish was the subject of this study. The activity of the melanophores in the skin was monitored. The results showed the shape, density, dimension and distance between contiguous melanophores changed with duration of exposure periods (Singh & Munshi, 1992).

Crayfish given a sublethal level of 0.25 mg/L mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 12 to 96 hours showed decreases in lipids and caloric concentration after starvation for 15 days. (Torreblanca et al, 1993).

Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) were exposed to starvation condition and exposed to 0.62 mg Hg/L (as HgCl2) for 48 hours. The concentration of glycolysis and Krebs cycle metabolites were measured in the tail tissue of the mosquitofish in response to the imposed conditions. The study concluded that glycolytic activity is reduced in fish exposed to mercury and that this response is similar to that caused by starvation (Kramer et al, 1992).

A laboratory vermicomposting system was used to study the lethal and sublethal concentration effects of mercuric chloride on manure worms (Eisenia fetida). The manure worms tolerated, without lethal effects, 100 mg/kg in the wet substratum. The maximum accumulation at sublethal concentrations was 156 mg/kg dry mass for mercury (Fisher & Koszorus, 1992).

Cockerels were exposed to mercuric chloride and later to methylobromofenvinphos, then evaluated for ultrastructural changes to the liver and kidneys. The results suggest an additive relationship between the mercuric chloride toxicity and an organophosphate insecticide that causes extreme damage to hepatic and renal cells (Chishti & Rotkiewicz, 1992).

Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB , 1990):

LC50 (oral) Phasianus colchichus (ring-necked pheasants): 3790 ppm
LC50 (oral) Anas platyrhynchos (mallards): greater than 5000 ppm (no mortality to 5000 ppm)
TLm Carassius auratus (goldfish): 0.82 ppm/7days (fresh water)
TLm Penaeus duorarum (pink shrimp): 0.075 ppm/48h (salt water)
TLm Crassostrea gigas (oyster): 4.2 ppm/48h (sea water)
LC50 Balanus balanoides (barnacle, cyprid): 80 mcg/L/6h
LC50 Balanus crenatus (barnacle, nauplius): 60 mcg/L/6h
LC50 Palaemonetes pugio (grass shrimp): 148 mcg/L/120h
LC50 Asterias forbesi (starfish, adult): 20 mcg/L/168h
EC50 Ambystoma opacum (marbled salamander, embryo, larva): 107.5 to 108 mcg/L/7 to 8days. Toxic effect: death and deformity
EC50 Laminaris hyperborea (kelp): 450 mcg/L/22h. Toxic effect: on respiration
LC50 Mercenaria mercenaria (quahog clam, larva): 14 mcg/L/8 to 10days
LC50 Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster embryo): 12 mcg/L/12days
LC50 Lymnaea stagnalia (snail): 443 mcg/L/48h
EC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran): 30 mcg/L/48h
LC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran): 13 mcg/L/24h
EC50 Hyla squirella (squirrel treefrog, embryo, larva): 2.4 mcg/L/7days. Toxic effect: death and deformity.
LC50 Gambusia affinis (mosquito fish): 500 mcg/L/>10days
LC50 Poecilla reticulta (guppy): 13 to 303 mcg/L/24 to 48h, respectively
EC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill, embryo, larva): 88.7 mcg/L/7 to 8days. Toxic effect: death and deformity
EC50 Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass, embryo, larva): 5.3 to 140 mcg/L/8days. Toxic effect: death and deformity
EC50 Rana pipiens (leopard frog, embryo, larva): 7.3 mcg/L/7days. Toxic effect: death and deformity
EC50 Bufo punctatus (red-spotted toad, embryo, larva): 36.8 mcg/L/7days. Toxic effect: death and deformity
LC50 Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout, juvenile): 903 mcg/L/24h
EC50 Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout, embryo, larva): 4.7 to 5.0 mcg/L/28days. Toxic effect: death and deformity
EC50 Carassius auratus (goldfish, embryo, larva): 0.7 to 121.9 mcg/L/7days. Toxic effect: death and deformity
LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow): 37 mcg/L/48h
EC50 Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish, embryo, larva): 0.3 mcg/L/10days. Toxic effect: death and deformity
LC50 Orconectes limosus (crayfish, juvenile) (unfed/fed): 2 mcg/L/30days
LC50 Aedes aegypti (mosquito): 776 to 4,100 mcg/L/48h
LC50 Guppy: 0.03 to 0.054 mcg/L/26h
EC50 Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog, embryo): 67.4 mcg/L/32days
LC50 Paramecium caudatum: 0.21 ppm/1h; 0.16 ppm/2h

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

271.50 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Mercuric chloride can be found as colorless rhombic crystals or white granules or powder (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000).

Mercuric chloride is odorless (HSDB , 2000).

Mercuric chloride volatilizes unchanged at about 300 degrees C; also slightly volatile at ordinary temperature; appreciably so at 100 degrees C (Budavari, 1996).

4.7 (approximately) (Budavari, 1996)

3.2 (for 0.2 M aqueous solution) (Budavari, 1996)

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 (at 136.2 degrees C) (EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1990)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
5.44 (at 25 degrees C) (EPA, 1985)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

5.4 (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

277 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)
276 degrees C (Sax & Lewis, 1987; EPA, 1985)

BOILING POINT

303 degrees C (Sax & Lewis, 1987)

302 degrees C (HSDB , 1990)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

One gram of mercuric chloride dissolves in 13.5 mL water (solubility is increased by HCl or alkali chlorides), in 2.1 mL boiling water (Budavari, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

One gram of mercuric chloride dissolves in 3.8 mL alcohol, 1.6 mL boiling alcohol, 200 mL benzene, 22 mL ether, 12 mL glycerol, and 40 mL acetic acid. Mercuric chloride is also soluble in methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate, and slightly soluble in carbon disulfide and pyridine (Budavari, 1996).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1992, pp 881-892.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

Aaseth J, Alexander J, & Raknerud N: Treatment of mercuric chloride poisoning with dimercaptosuccininc acid and diuretics: preliminary studies. J Toxicol - Clin Toxicol 1982; 19:173-186.

Aceto T Jr, Terplan K, & Fiore RR: Chemical burns of the esophagus in children and glucocorticoid therapy. J Med 1970; 1:101-109.

Adam JS & Brick HG: Pediatric caustic ingestion. Ann Otol Laryngol 1982; 91:656-658.

Adams CR, Ziegler DK, & Lin JT: Mercury intoxication stimulating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. JAMA 1983; 250:642-643.

Agarwal SK, Tiwari SC, & Dash SC: Spectrum of poisoning requiring haemodialysis in a tertiary care hospital in India. Internat J Artif Organs 1993; 16:20-22.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Anderson KD, Touse TM, & Randolph JG: A controlled trial of corticosteroids in children with corrosive injury of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:637-640.

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MERCURIC CHLORIDE

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents