ALPHA-METHYL STYRENE

alpha-Methyl styrene is used primarily in plastic and resin manufacture. It is used as a polymerization monomer, especially for polyester resins (Lewis, 1993).
In acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, alpha-methyl styrene is used as an ultraviolet degradation inhibitor and as a third monomer to raise the glass transition temperature (HSDB , 1995).
It is used in the modification of alkyd resins and as a co-polymer in specialty resin systems added to plastics, paints, waxes, and adhesives (ITI, 1988; HSDB , 1995).
alpha-Methyl styrene is also used as a solvent and to make other chemicals (AAR, 1994).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

Two synonyms are commonly used: alpha-methyl styrene is used in many references, while isopropenylbenzene is used by DOT (1993), AAR (1994), and IATA (1995).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

alpha-Methyl styrene may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure. The most likely route of exposure is by inhalation or dermal contact.

It is irritating to the skin, upper respiratory tract, and eyes. Dermatitis may result from prolonged skin contact. Central nervous system depression may follow severe, prolonged, or repeated inhalation exposure. Inhalation of the vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.

Slight changes in liver and kidney weights and some reduction in body weight have been reported in experimental animals. These effects have not been reported in exposed humans.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

With an acute oral LD50 of 4900 mg/kg in rats, alpha-methyl styrene appears to be somewhat less toxic than styrene or vinyl toluene (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 1996). It may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure. The most likely routes of exposure are inhalation or dermal contact (HSDB , 1996). The dermal route is more important under conditions where the hands are likely to be exposed (Aizvert, 1979).

alpha-Methyl styrene is slightly irritating to the skin, upper respiratory tract, and eyes (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) NIOSH/OSHA, 1981; (Grant, 1986). Exposure to airborne concentrations of 200 ppm caused 4 human subjects to report an unpleasant odor and slight eye irritation after about 2 minutes (ACGIH, 1991; Wolf et al, 1956).

Defatting dermatitis may result from prolonged skin contact (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Central nervous system depression may follow severe, prolonged, or repeated inhalation (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Symptoms of central nervous system depression can include dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheadedness, sleepiness, loss of coordination and judgement, coma, and death from respiratory arrest. Not all of these symptoms have been reported with human exposure to alpha-methyl styrene.

While not reported in humans, aspiration of the liquid may lead to potentially fatal chemical pneumonitis.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

alpha-Methyl styrene has been reported to be a dermal sensitizer (Anon, 1988). Defatting dermatitis can be caused by prolonged or repeated skin exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

No adverse effects were seen in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, and monkeys exposed through inhalation to 200 ppm for 7 hours per day, 5 days per week for approximately 5 months (ACGIH, 1991). No effects were observed in several animal species with subchronic exposures up to 600 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Rats and guinea pigs died following exposure to 3000 ppm, 7 hours per day for 3 to 4 days. After 27 days of exposure to 800 ppm, there was evidence of changes in liver and kidney weights and some reduction in the growth of experimental animals (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Based on laboratory studies, a Reference Dose (RfD) of 0.069 mg/kg/day by inhalation has been estimated as the daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effect during a lifetime (03).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID-

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
INGESTION EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INGESTION EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, do not induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

RABBITS - The lowest published lethal dose of alpha-methyl styrene in rabbits through dermal exposure is 16 mL/kg ((RTECS, 1995)).
OTHER - Rats and guinea pigs exposed to concentrations of alpha-methyl styrene at 3000 ppm, 7 hours per day for 3 to 4 days died. After 27 days exposure to 800 ppm, there was evidence of changes in liver and kidney weight and some reduction in the growth of experimental animals (Hathaway, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
The lowest published toxic concentration in humans by the inhalation route is 600 ppm, resulting in toxic effects in the sense organs and special senses ((RTECS, 1995)).
alpha-Methyl styrene concentrations of 200 ppm caused 4 human subjects to report an unpleasant odor and slight eye irritation after about 2 minutes (ACGIH, 1991).

ANIMAL DATA

For about 5 months, groups of rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, and monkeys were exposed through inhalation to alpha-methyl styrene concentrations of 200 ppm for 7 hours per day, 5 days per week. No adverse effects were reported in any of the species (ACGIH, 1991).
No effects were observed in several animal species with subchronic exposures up to 600 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS98-83-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: alpha-Methyl styrene

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: alpha-Methyl styrene
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS98-83-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 1995
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 4.91 mg/m(3)

Conversion factor at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 1995):

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS98-83-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

alpha-Methyl styrene

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; kidney dam; female repro dam
Molecular Weight: 118.18

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS98-83-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS98-83-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: alpha-Methyl styrene
REL:

TWA: 50 ppm (240 mg/m(3))
STEL: 100 ppm (485 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 700 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS98-83-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: alpha-Methyl styrene
Table Z-1 for alpha-Methyl styrene:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 100

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 480

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value: (C) - An employee's exposure to this substance shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given.
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS98-83-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS98-83-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS98-83-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS98-83-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS98-83-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS98-83-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS98-83-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as 2-Phenylpropene
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as alpha-Chloropropylene
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Isopropenylbenzene
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS98-83-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, (1-methylethenyl)-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2303 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Isopropenylbenzene

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2303
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: B1, IB3, T2, TP1

B1: If the material has a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) and below 93 °C (200 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.241 of this subchapter are applicable. If the material has a flash point of less than 38 °C (100 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.242 of this subchapter are applicable.
IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T2: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2303 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Isopropenylbenzene
UN Number: 2303

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS98-83-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: alpha-Methylstyrene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

alpha-Methyl styrene is frequently stabilized with tert-butyl catechol to inhibit polymerization in commercial quantities (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 1995).

It may polymerize when exposed to heat or catalysts (Lewis, 1993).

STORAGE

INCOMPATIBILITIES

alpha-Methyl styrene should be stored away from heat and separate from oxidizers, peroxides, halogens, catalysts for vinyl or ionic polymers, aluminum, iron chloride, and copper (HSDB , 1995) NIOSH, 1995).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

All bodily contact with alpha-methyl styrene should be avoided, and personnel should stay upwind and avoid breathing the vapors. When contact with the substance is a possibility, appropriate chemical protective clothing, including gloves, boots, goggles, and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn. Broken packages containing alpha-methyl styrene should not be handled unless wearing protective clothing, and any material contacting the body should be washed away with copious amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 1994).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 98-83-9.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
- Substance may be transported hot.
- If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.
alpha-Methyl styrene is combustible when exposed to heat or flame. It is considered a moderate fire risk (Lewis, 1992; Lewis, 1993).
alpha-Methyl styrene will ignite readily when heated slightly (ITI, 1988).
It is easily ignited by heat, sparks, or flames (HSDB, 2004).
Heating alpha-methyl styrene to decomposition produces acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Lewis, 1992).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS98-83-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: alpha-Methylstyrene
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.
CAUTION: For mixtures containing a high percentage of an alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS98-83-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: alpha-Methylstyrene
Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed

If alpha-methyl styrene is on fire or involved in a fire, use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide extinguishing agents, but do not extinguish fire unless flow of the material can be stopped or confined safely. Solid streams of water may be ineffective, but water can be used in flooding quantities as fog. Containers involved in fire should be cooled with flooding quantities of water applied from as far a distance as possible. Ensure that run-off water does not enter sewers our water sources (AAR, 1994).

A water spray may be an effective means of cooling the material below the flash point (ITI, 1988).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Heating alpha-methyl styrene to decomposition produces acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Lewis, 1992).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Heating alpha-methyl styrene to decomposition produces acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Lewis, 1992).

alpha-Methyl styrene is irritating to the eyes, skin, and upper respiratory tract. CNS depression may result from repeated inhalation of the vapors (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

alpha-Methyl styrene should be stored away from heat and separate from oxidizers, peroxides, halogens, catalysts for vinyl or ionic polymers, aluminum, iron chloride and copper (NIOSH 1995) (HSDB, 2004).

Hazardous polymerization may occur if alpha-methyl styrene comes in contact with alkali metals or metallo-organic compounds (CHRIS , 1995).

A vigorous reaction may result when alpha-methyl styrene is exposed to oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1992).

It may polymerize when exposed to heat or catalysts (Lewis, 1993).

It may attack some forms of plastics (CHRIS , 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS98-83-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS98-83-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Methylstyrene, alpha-
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 100
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 100
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 700
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS98-83-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS98-83-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 700 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
If alpha-methyl styrene is not on fire or involved in fire, all sources of ignition should be kept away. The vapors may be knocked down with a water spray, and attempt should be made to stop leaking material unless it would cause undue hazard to the personnel involved. Spilled material should be kept out of water sources and sewers, and dikes should be constructed to contain the flow of the material (AAR, 1994).
Spilled alpha-methyl styrene can be absorbed on paper and then evaporated on a glass or iron dish in a hood. The paper can then be incinerated (ITI, 1988).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

BIOREMEDIATION

One study of a plasmid-carrying Pseudomonas aeruginosa DC13 strain suggested that effective biodegradation of alpha-methyl styrene in industrial sewage may be possible with this strain (Golovleva et al, 1988).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

alpha-Methyl styrene may be disposed of by incineration. The process is aided by mixing it with a more flammable solvent (ITI, 1988).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

The most likely sources of alpha-methyl styrene pollution are effluents from the sites where it is used in plastics and resin manufacturing (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Atmospheric alpha-methyl styrene is likely to exist entirely in the vapor phase due to its vapor pressure of 1.9 mmHg at 20 degrees C. Reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone are expected to be more important fate processes than direct photolysis. The atmospheric transformation of alpha-methyl styrene may be affected by reactions with nitrate radicals during the night, especially in urban environments (HSDB, 2004).
The calculated half-life for photochemical reactions is 0.3 days based on hydroxyl radical reactions (Verschueren, 2001).
The half-life of the reaction of alpha-methyl styrene in the vapor phase with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is approximately 7.5 hours at an atmospheric hydroxyl radical concentration of 5 X 10(+5) molecules/cm(3), using a rate constant of 5.2 X 10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C. The half-life for the reaction with ozone is approximately 2 hours at a hydroxyl radical concentration of 7 X 10(+11) molecules/cm(3). The rate constant for this reaction is estimated to be 1.365 X 10(-16) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).
alpha-Methyl styrene may undergo direct photolysis due to its absorption of UV light of wavelength greater than 290 nm, however, other degradation processes are probably more important (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- alpha-Methyl styrene may undergo direct photolysis in sunlit waters due to its weak absorption of UV light at wavelengths greater than 290 nm (HSDB, 2004).
- It may adsorb to carbon and partition from the water column to organic matter in sediments and suspended solids because of the estimated Koc of 1900 (HSDB, 2004).
- Volatilization from water may be important. The Henry's Law Constant is estimated to be 2.6 X 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mole at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).
- Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process in environmental waters, and there are insufficient data to predict the importance of biodegradation of alpha-methyl styrene in soils (HSDB, 2004).
- Based on the estimated Henry's Law Constant of 2.6 X 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mole at 25 degrees C, the volatilization half-life of alpha-methyl styrene from a model river is estimated to be 4 hours and from a model lake is approximately 4 days (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- alpha-Methyl styrene may undergo direct photolysis in sunlit surface soils due to its weak absorption of UV light at wavelengths greater than 290 nm (HSDB, 2004).
- The mobility of alpha-methyl styrene in soils is low based on an estimated Koc value of 1900 (HSDB, 2004).
- Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process in soils, and there are insufficient data to predict the importance of biodegradation of alpha-methyl styrene in soils (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Alpha-methyl styrene vapors react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone in the atmosphere. Direct photolysis in air is less important, but can occur in water or soil exposed to sunlight. The Henry's Law Constant indicates volatility from water may be important. Based on its Koc, it has low mobility and adsorption to suspended solids and sediment is likely in aquatic systems. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process in either soil or water (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

Alpha-methyl styrene is not expected to biodegrade (HSDB, 2004).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

In goldfish, the log BCF is 1.47, indicating that bioconcentration of alpha-methyl styrene in aquatic organisms is unlikely (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Very low concentrations of alpha-methyl styrene may be harmful to aquatic organisms (CHRIS , 1995).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES:

LC50, fathead minnow, 10 ppm/96H (CHRIS, 1995)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

118.18 (ACGIH, 1991)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

alpha-Methyl styrene is a colorless liquid with a characteristic sweet, aromatic odor (NIOSH, 1995; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1.9 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.9062 (at 25/25 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.862 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1992)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.9062 g/mL (Lewis, 1993)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.9082 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
LIQUID: 0.862 g/mL at 20 degrees C (Lewis, 1992)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-23.21 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

MELTING POINT

-23.2 degrees C (HSDB , 1995)
-10 degrees F (NIOSH, 1995)

BOILING POINT

165-166 degrees C; 329-331 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

165.38 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

163-164 degrees C (HSDB , 1995)

152.4 degrees C (Lewis, 1992)

FLASH POINT

54 degrees C; 129 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

83.89 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

57.8 degrees C (cleveland open cup) (HSDB , 1995)

115 degrees F (AAR, 1994)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

574 degrees C; 1066 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.9% (NFPA, 1994)
0.7% (HSDB , 1995)

UPPER

6.1% (NFPA, 1994)
3.4% (HSDB , 1995)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

alpha-Methyl styrene is insoluble in water (Lewis, 1992).
The solubility in water is 560 ppm at 25 degrees C (HSDB , 1995).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is miscible in alcohol and ether (Lewis, 1992).
alpha-Methyl styrene is soluble in all proportions in acetone and carbon tetrachloride. It is also soluble in benzene, chloroform, diethyl ether, n-heptane, and ethanol (HSDB , 1995).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 3.35 (HSDB , 1995)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

5.28x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (estimated) (HSDB , 1995)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

8020 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 1995)
329 (American Petroleum Institute Collection) (HSDB , 1995)

78 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 1995)
6-224 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data) (HSDB , 1995)

MASS

453 (Atlas of Spectral Data) (HSDB , 1995)
451 (Atlas of Spectral Data) (HSDB , 1995)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

CRITICAL PRESSURE

4.36 mPa (at 384 degrees C) (HSDB , 1995)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

384 degrees C (at 4.36 mPa) (HSDB , 1995)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

4863.73 kJ/mol (at 25 degrees C) (gas at constant pressure) (HSDB , 1995)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.5303 (at 20 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 1995)

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ALPHA-METHYL STYRENE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents