MALONONITRILE

It is used as additive for lubricating oils, as a leaching agent for extraction of gold from ores, in the synthesis of thiamine and pteridine-type cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and in the synthesis of acrylic fibers, dyestuffs, and photosensitizers (Sittig, 1985) CHRIS, 1993; (EPA, 1985; Sax & Lewis, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1987; Budavari, 1989; HSDB , 1993). It was also previously used as a pharmaceutical for the treatment of schizophrenia and depression (Sittig, 1985; Hartung, 1982; HSDB , 1993).

FORMS

Malononitrile is an odorless white or yellow powder (HSDB , 1993).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Malononitrile is a cyanogenic aliphatic nitrile compound, previously used as a treatment for schizophrenia and depression.

When administered to humans intravenously for the treatment of mental illness in doses of 1 to 6 milligrams/kilogram, symptoms of tachycardia, local redness, nausea, vomiting, headaches, shivering and muscle spasms, a sensation of numbness, convulsions, and cardiac collapse were noted.
Restlessness, severe dyspnea, cyanosis, lethargy, tremors, incoordination, and convulsions have been seen in experimental animals administered fatal or near-fatal doses of malononitrile. Oral administration to mice caused gastric mucosal injury.

Pathologic lesions in the spinal ganglia, corpus callosum, and optic nerves and tracts have been seen in rats poisoned with malononitrile, and postulated to be due to tissue anoxia caused by metabolically released cyanide. These effects have not been reported in exposed humans.

The systemic toxicity of malononitrile is due to metabolic release of cyanide by hepatic metabolism following absorption. The onset of symptoms is generally delayed for up to several hours after exposure, thus making a PROLONGED PERIOD OF OBSERVATION in a CONTROLLED SETTING NECESSARY.

Malononitrile causes severe eye irritation and has caused irritation of the gastric mucosa in experimental animals following ingestion; it also causes skin irritation, and has caused liver and renal injury in experimental animals. Pulmonary irritation has occurred in mice inhaling malononitrile vapors.

Chronic occupational exposure to other similar nitrile compounds such as acetonitrile has resulted in interference of iodine uptake by the thyroid and some cases of goiter, presumably by interference of thiocyanate produced during normal cyanide detoxification by the endogenous rhodanese enzyme. Whether this occurs with malononitrile exposure is unknown.

The remainder of this discussion relates to CYANIDE POISONING and TREATMENT. The possibility of DELAYED ONSET of SYMPTOMS, up to SEVERAL HOURS AFTER MALONONITRILE EXPOSURE must be kept in mind. PROLONGED OBSERVATION is usually required for initially asymptomatic individuals with aliphatic nitrile exposure.

Lesser cyanide exposures may produce nausea, vomiting, palpitations, confusion, hyperventilation, anxiety, and vertigo. Severe hypoxic signs in the absence of cyanosis suggest the diagnosis. Patients have survived potentially lethal cyanide exposures with supportive care only, and the absence of a rapidly deteriorating course does not exclude the diagnosis.

Cyanosis is generally a late finding and does not occur until the stage of circulatory collapse and apnea. Initially the patient may experience flushing, tachycardia, tachypnea, headache, and dizziness. This may progress to agitation, stupor, coma, apnea, generalized convulsions, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, and death.

If systemic CYANIDE POISONING is suspected, IMMEDIATELY BEGIN ADMINISTERING 100% OXYGEN. OBTAIN THE CYANIDE ANTIDOTE KIT AND PREPARE IT FOR USE.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

From its acute oral LD50 of 19 mg/kg in mice (RTECS, 1993), malononitrile is an EXTREMELY TOXIC compound. It is a skin irritant and a severe eye irritant (RTECS, 1993; (Sax & Lewis, 1989; Hartung, 1982). Vapor inhalation caused lung irritation in mice (Alarie, 1981). Malononitrile can be absorbed through intact skin, leading to systemic cyanide poisoning (Hartung, 1982; Sax & Lewis, 1989; HSDB , 1993).

When administered to humans intravenously for the treatment of mental illness in doses of 1 to 6 mg/kg, symptoms of tachycardia, local redness, nausea, vomiting, headaches, shivering, muscle spasms, a sensation of numbness, seizures, and cardiac collapse were noted (Hartung, 1982; HSDB , 1993). Restlessness, severe dyspnea, cyanosis, lethargy, tremors, incoordination, and seizures have been seen in experimental animals administered fatal or near-fatal doses of malononitrile (Hartung, 1982). Oral administration caused gastric mucosal injury in mice (Hartung, 1982).

An important aspect of the acute toxicity of nitriles is the possible DELAYED ONSET of signs and symptoms, due to the time required to form cyanide by metabolism (Hartung, 1982). When malononitrile was injected into mice, most deaths occurred about 5 to 7 hours afterwards (Willhite et al, 1981).

The fatal dose of cyanide salts is estimated at 200 to 300 milligrams for an adult (Bonnichsen & Maely, 1966; Baselt & Cravey, 1989). As little as 180 milligrams can be rapidly fatal (CHRIS, 1993). Inhalation of 200 to 300 ppm is rapidly fatal (ACGIH, 1986). However, individuals have survived exposure to much higher airborne concentrations or ingested doses of cyanide, as well as complete immersion in cyanide solutions (Yacoub et al, 1974; Hall et al, 1987; Bismuth et al, 1984; Dodds & McKnight, 1985).

Cyanide causes signs and symptoms of flushing, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, rapid heartbeat and breathing, headache, dizziness, confusion, hyperventilation, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias and conduction defects, metabolic acidosis, seizures, anxiety, agitation, tremors, weakness, stupor, respiratory depression, and coma (Hall & Rumack, 1986). Death may occur within a few minutes following CYANIDE exposure, but may be delayed for hours following nitrile exposures.

Damage to the optic nerve has also been produced in rats within 48 hours after a single injection of sodium cyanide; damage from a single exposure was progressive (Lessell & Kuwabara, 1974). A Parkinsonian-like syndrome has also occurred up to several weeks after acute cyanide exposure (Rosenberg et al, 1989). CNS symptoms may be reversible up to a point (Wuthrich, 1954), but some symptoms can persist for many months following exposure (Pettigrew, 1977).

Pathologic lesions in the spinal ganglia, corpus callosum, and optic nerves and tracts have been seen in rats poisoned with malononitrile (Hartung, 1982; Grant, 1986; HSDB , 1993; Hicks, 1950). The lesions were postulated to be due to tissue anoxia caused by metabolically released cyanide (Hicks, 1950). These effects have not been reported in exposed humans.

Acute exposure to malononitrile has caused liver and renal injury in experimental animals (HSDB , 1993).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies were found on chronic malononitrile exposure in humans.

Chronic occupational exposure to other similar nitrile compounds such as ACETONITRILE has resulted in interference of thyroid iodine uptake by the cyanide metabolite, thiocyanate, and some cases of goiter (Hartung, 1982). Whether this occurs with chronic malononitrile exposure is unknown.

Chronic occupational cyanide exposure has been associated with a variety of dermal and mucous membrane irritant complaints, usually attributed to exposure to highly alkaline aerosols or solutions of cyanide salts (Finkel, 1983; (Hartung, 1982; Proctor et al, 1988).

True chronic cyanide toxicity in humans is rare (Proctor et al, 1988), although a variety of complaints including goiter, subclinical thyroid function, B12, and folate abnormalities, headaches, vertigo, chest discomfort, palpitations, eye and respiratory tract irritation, dermatitis, fatigue, poor appetite and sleeping, and epistaxis have been reported in cyanide-exposed workers (Proctor et al, 1998; (Colle, 1972; Saia et al, 1970; Ermans et al, 1972; Blanc et al, 1985).

Chronic exposure to cyanides has been reported to cause CNS effects, such as insomnia, loss of memory, and tremors (Chaumont, 1960). Experimental animal studies have confirmed the central nervous system as a target for chronic cyanide toxicity. Rats fed cyanide for 11 months had damage to the spinal cord (Philbrick, 1979). Other neurological effects include degeneration of the optic nerve resulting in decreased visual acuity or blindness.

In rats, cyanide metabolites may accumulate over long periods of chronic exposure (Tewe & Maner, 1981).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

CYANIDE POISONING

The treatment of malonitrile poisoning is essentially that for cyanide intoxication.
Establish respiration; avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if possible during CPR to prevent self-poisoning. Immediately begin therapy with 100% oxygen. Be prepared for endotracheal intubation if necessary.
Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high airborne concentrations of this agent without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid becoming secondary victims. Avoid direct dermal contact with cyanide contaminated patient or gastric contents.
Administer 100% oxygen: Establish secure large-bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
The Cyanide Antidote Kit is administered as follows:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

Rarely, clinically significant excessive methemoglobinemia has occurred following sodium nitrite therapy. If excessive methemoglobinemia occurs, some authors have suggested that methylene blue should not be used because it could cause the release of cyanide from the cyanmethemoglobin complex. Such authors have suggested that emergency exchange transfusion is the treatment of choice. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy could be used to support the patient while preparations for exchange transfusion are being made.
However, methylene or toluidine blue have been used successfully in this setting without worsening the course of the cyanide poisoning. There is some controversy over whether or not the induction of methemoglobinemia is the sodium nitrite mechanism of action in cyanide poisoning. As long as intensive care monitoring and further antidote doses (if required) are available, methylene blue can most likely be safely administered in this setting.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS may be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES

Dicobalt-EDTA (Kelocyanor(R)) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

In symptomatic patients, skip these steps until other major emergency measures including use of Cyanide Antidote Kit and other life support measures have been instituted.

Perform gastric lavage with a large bore tube after endotracheal intubation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

Administer 100% oxygen. Establish secure large bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
The Cyanide Antidote Kit is administered as follows:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS may be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Whole blood cyanide levels may be obtained to document the poisoning and response to treatment.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

Rarely, clinically significant excessive methemoglobinemia has occurred following sodium nitrite therapy. If excessive methemoglobinemia occurs, some authors have suggested that methylene blue should not be used because it could cause the release of cyanide from the cyanmethemoglobin complex. Such authors have suggested that emergency exchange transfusion is the treatment of choice. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy could be used to support the patient while preparations for exchange transfusion are being made.
However, methylene or toluidine blue have been used successfully in this setting without worsening the course of the cyanide poisoning. There is some controversy over whether or not the induction of methemoglobinemia is the sodium nitrite mechanism of action in cyanide poisoning. As long as intensive care monitoring and further antidote doses (if required) are available, methylene blue can most likely be safely administered in this setting.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES: Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA. See Treatment Sections in the Cyanide Meditext(R) Medical Management for more information.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Probable oral lethal dose for humans is 5 to 50 milligrams/kilogram, or between 7 drops and 1 teaspoonful, for a 70 kilogram (150 pound) person (EPA, 1985).

ANIMAL DATA

Fifty percent of rats exposed to a concentration of 200 to 300 milligrams/cubic meter of malononitrile for 2 hours died (Hartung, 1982).
A subcutaneous dose of 14 milligrams/kilogram malononitrile was nearly fatal in rats (Hartung, 1982).
When malononitrile was injected into mice, most deaths occurred about 5 to 7 hours afterwards (Willhite et al, 1981).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

Oral exposure to malononitrile likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effect during a lifetime is 0.02 micrograms/kilogram/day (EPA, 1986).
When administered to humans intravenously for the treatment of mental illness in doses of 1 to 6 milligrams/kilogram, symptoms of tachycardia, local redness, nausea, vomiting, headaches, shivering and muscle spasms, a sensation of numbness, convulsions, and cardiac collapse were noted (Hartung, 1982).

ANIMAL DATA

No rats exposed to a malononitrile concentration of 36 milligrams/cubic meter, 2 hours daily for 35 days died (Hartung, 1982).
Pathologic changes in the spinal ganglia and corpus callosum were noted in rats given 6 to 8 milligrams/kilogram malononitrile (Hartung, 1982).
In rats, a subcutaneous dose of 14 milligrams/kilogram caused severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and convulsions (Hartung, 1982).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS109-77-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Malononitrile
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS109-77-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (RTECS, 1997)
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS109-77-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS109-77-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS109-77-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Malononitrile
REL:

TWA: 3 ppm (8 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS109-77-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS109-77-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS109-77-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Propanedinitrile
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Malononitrile
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS109-77-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS109-77-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Malononitrile
P or U series number: U149
Footnote:
Listed as: Propanedinitrile
P or U series number: U149
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS109-77-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Malononitrile
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1000

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS109-77-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Malononitrile
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/94
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS109-77-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS109-77-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Propanedinitrile

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2647 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Malononitrile

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2647
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 12

12: Keep as cool as reasonably practicable.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2647 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Malononitrile
UN Number: 2647

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS109-77-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Storage temperature: Ambient (CHRIS , 1990)

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Avoid inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing for fire fighting and safe handling (EPA, 1985).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respiratory protection (positive pressure breathing apparatus) is recommended for fire fighting and safe handling of malononitrile (EPA, 1985).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 109-77-3.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
When heated to decomposition, malononitrile emits highly toxic fumes. Effects of inhalation of toxic fumes will be related to cyanide. For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon, water spray, or standard foam to extinguish. For large fires, use water spray, fog or standard foam to extinguish. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS109-77-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS109-77-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

When heated to decomposition, malononitrile emits highly toxic fumes of cyanide and nitrogen oxides (EPA, 1985; Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Malononitrile is metabolized by the body to cyanide and thiocyanate. The effects of inhalation of toxic fumes will be related to cyanide (EPA, 1985).

Special fire fighting procedures: Move container from fire area is you can do so without risk. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing (EPA, 1985).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, malononitrile emits highly toxic fumes of cyanide and nitrogen oxides (Sax & Lewis, 1989). The effects of inhalation of toxic fumes will be related to cyanide (EPA, 1985).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Malononitrile may polymerize violently on heating at 130 degrees C, or in contact with strong bases at lower temperatures (Bretherick, 1985).

No violent decomposition below 100 degrees C has been recorded. However, a partially filled drum of malononitrile stored in an oven at 70 to 80 degrees C for two months exploded violently (Bretherick, 1985).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, malononitrile emits highly toxic fumes of cyanide and nitrogen oxides (Sax & Lewis, 1989). The effects of inhalation of toxic fumes will be related to cyanide (EPA, 1985).

Inhalation of dust is poisonous (HSDB , 1990).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Conditions to avoid: prolonged heating at 130 degrees C or contact with strong bases at lower temperatures (EPA, 1985; Bretherick, 1985).

When heated to decomposition, malononitrile emits highly toxic fumes of cyanide and nitrogen oxides (EPA, 1985; Lewis, 1996).

Hazardous polymerization of malononitrile may occur at high temperatures (EPA, 1985).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

There was no specific information on evacuation procedures for malononitrile in available references at the time of this review. Generally, the area of release should be isolated and access to the area should be denied (EPA, 1985).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS109-77-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS109-77-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Propanedinitrile (Malononitrile)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 3
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 3
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 4.9
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 10
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS109-77-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS109-77-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Isolate area and deny entry. Isolate spilled material for later disposal. For small spills, use sand or other noncombustible absorbent material. For large spills, dike far ahead of spill for later disposal (EPA, 1985).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Do not touch spilled material. Stop leak if you can do so without risk. Stay upwind and out of low areas. Isolate area and deny entry (EPA, 1985).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Do not touch spilled material. Stop leak if you can do so without risk. Stay upwind and out of low areas. Isolate area and deny entry (EPA, 1985).
Dike far ahead of large spills for later disposal (EPA, 1985).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Malononitrile may be dangerous if it enters water intakes (CHRIS , 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- There was no information on environmental kinetics for malononitrile in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Malononitrile is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 1990).

Aquatic toxicity data for malononitrile (CHRIS , 1990)

LC50 (fresh water, rainbow trout): 1.6 mg/L/96h
LC50 (salt water, fish): 1.3 to 1.6 mg/L/96h

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

66.06 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Malononitrile is a colorless, whitish, or yellowish, odorless, crystalline or powder solid aliphatic nitrile compound (EPA, 1985) Budavari, 1996; (Sittig, 1985).

No information found at the time of this review.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.1910 (at 20/4 degrees C) (EPA, 1985)
1.049 (at 34/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

30.5-32 degrees C (EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1990; Sax & Lewis, 1989)
90-93 degrees F (CHRIS , 1990; EPA, 1985)

BOILING POINT

218-220 degrees C (EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1990; Sax & Lewis, 1989)

424-426 degrees F (EPA, 1985)

FLASH POINT

130 degrees C (EPA, 1985)

266 degrees F (EPA, 1985; Sax & Lewis, 1989)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Malononitrile is poorly soluble in water (Budavari, 1996). Malononitrile's solubility in water is 13 g/100 mL (EPA, 1985).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Malononitrile is very soluble in alcohol and ether (Budavari, 1996). Malononitrile is also soluble in benzene (Hartung, 1982; HSDB , 1997) and acetone, acetic acid, and chloroform (HSDB , 1997).

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.0 x 10(-7) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

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62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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