LITHIUM

Elemental lithium is used to produce aluminum-lithium alloys and as an ethynylation reagent (Ashford, 1994).
The reaction between lithium and water results in formation of lithium hydroxide (LiOH). This compound is used to control carbon dioxide levels in the ventilation systems of submarines and spaceships (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
The main use of lithium is as a catalyst in various chemical reactions (Lewis, 1998).
Lithium is also used in the production of tritium, reducing and hydrogenating agents and Grignard reagents, in rocket propellants and silver solders, in underwater buoyancy devices and as nuclear reactor coolant (Lewis, 1997), and in heat transfer liquids (Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Lithium is used in the production of various alloys (Sittig, 1991) Zenz, 1994). It is used in the aircraft industry to produce high-strength, low-density aluminum alloys. Alloys of lithium, aluminum and magnesium are extremely durable and of low density. These alloys are used to manufacture armour plates and aerospace components (Budavari, 1996).
Lithium is also used as a catalyst in polymerization processes in the polyolefin plastic industry and in the production of high-strength glass and glass-ceramics (Budavari, 1996) Zenz, 1994), and as scavenger in metal manufacture and organic synthesis processes (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

It is involved in organic synthesis processes such as: polymerization reactions of dienes to form elastomers with properties similar to natural rubber (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Zenz, 1994), and reaction with acetylenic compounds to form lithium acetylides, an important intermediate in the synthesis of vitamin A (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Lithium is used in the manufacture of storage batteries (Sittig, 1991) Zenz, 1994). It is used as the anode in various electrochemical cells and batteries (Budavari, 1996), together with sulfur, selenium, tellurium and chloride (Lewis, 1997).
Lithium-bearing ores are used in combination with sodium carbonate, sulfuric acid and calcium hydroxide to produce lithium carbonate. This compound is used for glass, enamel and ceramics production, as aluminum melt electrolysis adjunct and as psychiatric drug (Ashford, 1997).
Various forms of lithium salts have long been used in human medicine.

They have been used to treat gout, as dietary (sodium) salt substitute, in psychiatry to treat and prevent particular manic states, to treat ischemic heart disease, as prophylaxis of cluster headaches and to ameliorate chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) and to treat alcoholism (Harbison, 1998).
Acute and chronic toxic side effects have limited the use of lithium compounds in medicine (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Currently, mainly lithium carbonate is used in human medicine (Grant, 1993). Since 1949, lithium administration has been considered effective for treatment of certain types of mania and endogenous depression (Baselt & Cravey, 1995; Lewis, 1998) Zenz, 1994). As a mood-stabilizing agent, lithium is administered orally in form of either the carbonate or citrate salt of lithium (Baselt & Cravey, 1995).

FORMS

Lithium metal is available in grades ranging from 99.86 to 99.9999% in the form of ingots, rods, wires, ribbon or pellets (Lewis, 1997).
Elemental lithium exists as a silvery-white metal (Ashford, 1994).
Most common derivatives of elemental lithium are n-butyllithium and lithium hydride (Ashford, 1994), the latter being the most toxic derivative that may be encountered in an industrial setting (Baselt, 1997).
Oxide formation changes the color of the silvery metal to grayish-white (AAR, 1998) or black (Lewis, 1996). Exposure to moist air changes the color to yellowish (Budavari, 1996).
It has two natural isotopes (7Li, 6Li). Its three artificial radioactive isotopes (5Li, 8Li, 9Li) are all unstable (that is half-life is less than 1 second) (Budavari, 1996).

SOURCES

Lithium salts were first discovered in 1817 by Arfvedson. In 1818, Davy and Brande isolated the metal for the first time (Budavari, 1996).
In 1989, the world-wide production of lithium was approximately 12 million tons, with about half of the production coming from companies in the United States (Zenz, 1994).

Major producers in the U.S. are Foote Mineral and Lithium Corporation of America (Lithcoa)(Clayton & Clayton, 1994); major manufacturer is DuPont Chemicals (HSDB , 2000).

This alkali metal occurs in the earth's crust at concentrations of 20 to 30 ppm (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
In nature, lithium is not found in its free form (Clayton & Clayton, 1994), but only as lithium ions or salts (Lewis, 1998). It is recovered from natural brines and it is contained in several minerals, most notably in (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998): spodumene (LiAlS2O6) lepidolite [K(LiAl)3(SiAl)4O10(FOH)2] amblygonite (AlPO4LiF) petalite (LiAlSi4O10) triphylite (LiFePO4) and also in eucryptite (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Lithium can be obtained through melt electrolysis of lithium chloride (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997), through reduction of the oxide with magnesium or aluminum (Budavari, 1996), through high-temperature extraction from spodumene using sodium carbonate or via solar evaporation of lake brines (Lewis, 1997).

Electrolysis uses lithium chloride as dry feed material; the cell bath is a molten mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride. Electrolysis is performed at 400 to 420 degrees C, using a voltage of 8 to 9 V across the cell. Per pound of lithium produced, approximately 18 kW-hr of current have to be used (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Lithium is found at low concentrations in sea water (11 ppm), mineral waters, and some foods (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Daily intake of lithium from food sources is estimated to be approximately 2 mg.
Body burden of an adult human (70 kg) is only trace amounts (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

ESKALITH, LITHANE, LITHOBID, LITHONATE, LITHOTABS are synonyms for the lithium carbonate form (Grant, 1993). CIBALITH is the synonym for the citrate salt (AR Scialli , 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Metallic lithium is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. It reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide, which is corrosive, and hydrogen, which is flammable. There is little information on toxicity after ingestion, but nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and possibly gastrointestinal burns would be expected.

Acute or chronic poisoning with lithium carbonate may cause tremor, confusion, seizures and coma. It is not known if metallic lithium may cause similar effects.

Inhalation may cause sore throat, cough, and a burning sensation.

The most common toxic effects from chronic exposure are in the renal, cardiac, and endocrine systems.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Lithium metal reacts with moisture to form LITHIUM HYDROXIDE ION, which is irritating or corrosive to tissues.

Acute poisoning from ingestion of lithium salts involves nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Other effects of acute mild overexposure include: impaired concentration, irritability, lethargy, muscle weakness; moderate overexposure includes: confusion, disorientation, drowsiness; severe overexposure includes: renal dysfunction, convulsions, and coma (Budavari, 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Adverse effects in persons administered long-term lithium carbonate therapy for manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder) and chronic lithium poisoning involves lack of appetite, weight loss, weakness, fatigue, dehydration, thirst, nausea, diarrhea, tremor, ataxia, giddiness, drowsiness, slurred speech, blurred vision, twitching, lethargy, stupor, convulsions, and coma (Budavari, 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2001).

There is growing evidence that chronic lithium usage, possibly with concomitant neuroleptics and hyperthermia, is associated with permanent cerebellar syndrome with loss of Purkinje cells (Grignon & Bruguerolle, 1996). There are several cases of a Creutzfeldt-Jakob-like syndrome occurring with lithium therapy, especially in elderly persons despite serum lithium levels being within the therapeutic range (Casanova et al, 1996).

One case of "restless leg syndrome," a peripheral neuropathy involving a creeping sensation with a desire to move or rub the legs, was reported in a man taking lithium carbonate for obsessive-compulsive disorder (Terao et al, 1991).

Lithium is eliminated by the KIDNEY (Harbison, 1998). Decreased renal elimination and/or overdosage of lithium is responsible for chronic lithium poisoning. Long term lithium therapy can negatively affect renal glomerular and tubular function. In the early stages there is increased urine output, followed by reduced output in later stages. Long-term lithium therapy can cause both tubular and glomerular nephropathy (Bendz et al, 1994). Two cases of minimal change disease (heavy proteinuria) with acute tubular necrosis have been attributed to lithium therapy, as the condition was reversible upon discontinuation of lithium (Tam et al, 1996).

The kidneys ability to concentrate the urine decreases during lithium therapy. Schou argues nephrotoxicity is greatly exaggerated (Zenz, 1994). Age, lithium intoxication episodes, pre-exisiting renal disease, and the treatment regime are other factors that may contribute to renal failure and not just the duration of the therapy (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Various types of dermatitis include psoriasis, alopecia, cutaneous ulcers, xerosis cutis, anesthesia of the skin, exfoliate dermatitis, follicular papules, and acne have occurred in persons taking lithium therapy. These dermatologic effects usually resolve when the therapy is temporarily discontinued (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2001).

A female patient developed ulcerated lesions in the vagina and an acne-like eruption on the thighs after taking lithium carbonate for 7 years; these lesions resolved after discontinuation of lithium therapy (Srebrnik et al, 1991).

Sudden loss of vision secondary to papilledema is a rare complication of long-term lithium therapy; vision may be restored after lithium is discontinued (Pelletier et al, 1993).

In an ophthalmologic study conducted of 73 patients on lithium therapy , it was concluded there were no eye diseases that could be attributed to lithium. One case of lithium intoxication reported severe photophobia (Grant, 1993).

A toxic side effect of long-term lithium therapy is development of goiter (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). In a study of 100 bipolar patients, goiter frequency was higher in those patients treated with lithium, and the incidence of goiter was related to the duration of lithium therapy (Perrild et al, 1990).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and seizures, DO NOT induce emesis.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Lithium is not well adsorbed to activated charcoal. Gastric lavage is not recommended because of the potential for gastrointestinal burns.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Due to the great chemical reactivity, especially with moisture, concern for workplace exposure is largely confined to lithium hydride (LiH) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Lithium toxicity (nausea, vomiting, tremor, confusion, coma) may occur at serum concentrations exceeding 2 mmol/L (Baselt, 1997).
At plasma lithium levels of 3 mEq/L or higher, hemodialysis, resuscitation and intubation may be indicated (Harbison, 1993).
Handling of solid lithium can lead to skin and eye burns (CHRIS , 2000; Sittig, 1991). Heated lithium may emit irritating fumes (CHRIS , 2000).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7439-93-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7439-93-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ITI , 1995 RTECS, 2000
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7439-93-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7439-93-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7439-93-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7439-93-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7439-93-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7439-93-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7439-93-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7439-93-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7439-93-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7439-93-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7439-93-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7439-93-2 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1415 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Lithium

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1415
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.

Special Provisions: A7, A19, IB4, IP1, N45

A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion.
A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB4: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N).
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
N45: Copper cartridges are authorized as inner packagings if the hazardous material is not in dispersion.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 15 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1415 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Lithium
UN Number: 1415

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7439-93-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

"Protect containers against physical damage" (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
Keep this compound in tightly closed container, and covered with a layer of kerosene or other inert oils (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
To prevent explosion or ignition, store separately from heavy metal compounds, water, acids, alkalis, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons (ITI, 1995).
Lithium is stable during transport if it is kept isolated from air and moisture (CHRIS , 2000). Keep metal covered with mineral oil or other liquid that does not contain oxygen or water (Lewis, 1996).
Do NOT allow any sources of ignition (such as smoking, flame) where lithium is used, handled or stored (Sittig, 1991).
Shipping containers should consist of hermetically sealed cans placed inside a wooden box. Metal cans, drums or pails may be used. Keep covered with inert gas, mineral oil or kerosene during transport (NFPA, 1997).
Ship in containers equipped with safety relief for venting (CHRIS , 2000).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store at ambient temperature (CHRIS , 2000).
Store in a dry and cool place. Large quantities of this compound should be stored in an isolated building made of non-combustible material (ITI, 1995). Store separately from water (NFPA, 1997).
Use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings in rooms where lithium is used handled, manufactured or stored (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Elemental lithium reacts with water in a violent reaction, releasing heat and the flammable gas hydrogen, and forming the corrosive compound lithium hydroxide. The heat produced in this reaction may be sufficient to cause ignition. Heating lithium metal to its melting point is likely to result in spontaneous ignition (AAR, 1998).
Store away from water, halogenated compounds, oxidizers and inorganic acids (Sittig, 1991; Budavari, 1996), heavy metal compounds, alkalis, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons (ITI, 1995).
For more detailed information on chemical incompatibilities see "Reactivity Hazard" section.

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

When handling this compound, wear leather gloves, large body shield and protective clothing (ITI, 1995).

Clean protective clothing should be provided to workers every day before work (Sittig, 1991).

Protective gloves, boots and goggles should be worn, especially when handling broken packages. Material contacting the skin should be wiped off immediately, then washed away for at least 15 minutes using large amounts of water or soap and water. Contaminated clothing items and shoes should be removed and isolated at the spill site (AAR, 1998).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear full face piece respiratory protection when working with powders or dust. Alternatively, use dust-proof goggles and face shield (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Whenever the exposure to lithium is possible, a MSHA/NIOSH approved full face piece respirator with high efficiency particulate filter or a powdered-air purifying respirator should be worn. If high exposure to lithium is expected, a MSHA/NIOSH approved supplied-air respirator equipped either with full face piece (operate in positive pressure mode) or with full face piece, hood, or helmet (operated in continuous flow mode) should be used. Alternatively, a MSHA/NIOSH approved self-containing breathing apparatus with full face piece (operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode) can be used (Sittig, 1991).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7439-93-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Produce flammable gases on contact with water.
- May ignite on contact with water or moist air.
- Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
- Some are transported in highly flammable liquids.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
"Corrosive and flammable solid. Water reactive" (NFPA, 1997).
Combustion may result in release of irritants and toxic gases (NFPA, 1997).
This compound presents a very dangerous fire and explosion hazard, especially when it is exposed to heat or flame. Metal in solid form will ignite spontaneously at temperatures above 180 degrees C. Metal in powdered form will ignite spontaneously when exposed to air (Lewis, 1996).
Elemental lithium reacts with water in a violent reaction, releasing heat and the flammable gas hydrogen, and forming the corrosive compound lithium hydroxide. The heat produced in this reaction may be sufficient to cause ignition. Heating lithium metal to its melting point is likely to result in spontaneous ignition. Dust and fumes released from burning material should not be breathed in (AAR, 1998).
Lithium metal is a dangerous fire and explosion hazard when brought in contact with water, nitrogen, acids or oxidizing agents (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7439-93-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Elemental lithium reacts with water in a violent reaction, releasing heat and the flammable gas hydrogen, and forming the corrosive compound lithium hydroxide. The heat produced in this reaction may be sufficient to ignite the generated hydrogen. Heating lithium metal to its melting point is likely to result in spontaneous ignition (AAR, 1998).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER or FOAM.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

LITHIUM OR MAGNESIUM FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Magnesium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or Met-L-X® powder.

Lithium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder, copper powder or Lith-X® powder.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7439-93-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Do NOT use water, carbon dioxide or halogenated extinguishing agents to fight lithium fires (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Never use water spray or carbon tetrachloride (ITI, 1995).

To combat fires involving lithium, do NOT use water, foam or carbon dioxide. Use graphite, soda ash, powdered sodium chloride, or other suitable dry powder agents. Also, do NOT use water or foam if the surrounding is on fire. Attempt to keep the lithium dry and keep any source of ignition (such as sparks or flames) away from it. Do NOT allow lithium to enter water sources or sewers (AAR, 1998; CHRIS , 2000).

Lithium will burn in oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Fire CANNOT be extinguished with sand or sodium carbonate. Do NOT use water, foam, carbon dioxide, halocarbons (including carbon tetrachloride), sodium carbonate, sodium chloride (Urben, 1995; (Lewis, 1996) or common dry powder fire extinguishers; their use may lead to explosion. Molten lithium will react with sand, concrete and ceramics. To combat fires, use special mixtures containing dry chemical, soda ash and graphite (Lewis, 1996).

Fires may be extinguished using dry graphite or special metal fire extinguishing powder (Sittig, 1991). Combat fires with dry chemicals, such as the graphite-based dry chemical extinguishing agent "Lith-X" (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

An approved Class D fire extinguisher can be used. Fire may be smothered with DRY sand, DRY clay or DRY ground limestone (NFPA, 1997).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion may result in release of irritants and toxic gases (NFPA, 1997) and corrosive fumes (HSDB , 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Lithium represents a fire and explosion hazard when it is heated to near its melting point, or when it comes in contact with water, nitrogen, acids or oxidizing agents (Budavari, 1996).

Combustion may result in release of irritants and toxic gases (NFPA, 1997) and corrosive fumes (HSDB , 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Combustion may result in release of irritants and toxic gases (NFPA, 1997) and corrosive fumes (HSDB , 2000).

Aerosols produced during burning of lithium have been shown to react with atmospheric water and carbon dioxide. The chemical form of combustion products in the aerosol depended on the concentrations of both atmospheric water and carbon dioxide. At low levels of carbon dioxide and less than 25% relative humidity, the aerosol contained mainly lithium monoxide (Li2O), some lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and about 12% lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). At relative humidity levels of 75% or more, the aerosol consisted primarily of lithium hydroxide, with approximately 23% lithium carbonate. Both types of aerosols were about equally toxic to nasal and respiratory tract mucosa (Clayton & Clayton, 1994), and they were found to be strong irritants of the eyes (Grant, 1993).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Fire or explosion is likely to occur between lithium and water, strong oxidizers, acids (Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991), halogenated compounds such as hydrocarbons, halogens, halons (Sittig, 1991; ILO, 1998) and nitrogen (ITI, 1995).

Violent reaction also occurs with nitrogen, organic matter, oxygen, phosphorus, rubber, silicates, carbon monoxide in combination with water (Lewis, 1996).

Heating of lithium metal to its melting point is likely to result in spontaneous ignition (AAR, 1998; Lewis, 1997).

Elemental lithium reacts with water to produce an exothermic result, releasing the flammable gas hydrogen and forming the corrosive compound lithium hydroxide (AAR, 1998; CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; HSDB , 2000).

The heat produced in this reaction may be sufficient to ignite the generated hydrogen (AAR, 1998; Lewis, 1997).
Vigor of the reaction between lithium and water depends on both subdivision of the metal and water temperature. Powdered metal will always react explosively and may ignite spontaneously. The reactivity of metal shavings is moderate with cold water and violent with hot water (Urben, 1995; (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; HSDB , 2000).

Reacts violently with inorganic acids (Budavari, 1996), such as nitric acid (Urben, 1995; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Expect hot or burning lithium to react with all gases except with those of the helium-argon group (CHRIS , 2000).

Reaction between lithium and hydrogen readily takes place at temperatures above 300 degrees C. Ignition may occur (Urben, 1995; (Lewis, 1996).
Incandescence occurs when nitryl fluoride, heated to 200 to 300 degrees C, is passed over lithium (Urben, 1995). Incandescence also occurs in the reactions between lithium and ethylene in the presence of heat, and lithium and nitrogen in the presence of metal chlorides (Lewis, 1996).
Ignition may occur when lithium is exposed to diborane gas (Urben, 1995).
Exposure of lithium to diazomethane may cause explosion (Urben, 1995; (Lewis, 1996).
When ethylene gas is passed over heated lithium, the metal incandesces, and lithium hydride and lithium acetylide are generated (Urben, 1995).

The reaction between lithium and acetonitrile is exothermic. The heat generated in this reaction may be sufficient to initiate other reactions (Urben, 1995; (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Corrosion of glass-to-metal seals and subsequent formation of shock-sensitive lithium-aluminum alloys may cause violent reactions in lithium-sulfur dioxide batteries (Urben, 1996).

Vigorous reaction occurs between silica or glass and lithium at 250 degrees C (Urben, 1995).

Pregrinding more than 10% carbon with lithium may result in ignition or explosion upon contact with the electrolyte mixture (sulfinyl chloride) in an electric battery (Urben, 1995; (Lewis, 1996).

Addition of bromobenzene to finely divided lithium in ether may lead to an explosion (Urben, 1995; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Explosion may also result from vigorous stirring of this mixture (HSDB , 2000).

In the presence of up to 2% of sodium, reactivity between lithium and organohalides is increased. A vigorous reaction and possibly ignition may be expected (Urben, 1995).

Impact and friction-sensitive and explosive mixtures are produced upon mixing lithium with halogens (such as bromine, iodine) above 200 degrees C (Urben, 1995; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; HSDB , 2000), and with the following halocarbons (Urben, 1995; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997): bromoform, carbon tetrabromide, carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetraiodide, chloroform, dichloromethane, diiodomethane, fluorotrichloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane.

Mixtures of lithium and bromine may explode upon heavy impact. Mixtures of lithium and iodine react violently at temperatures above 200 degrees C (Urben, 1995).
The reaction between lithium and chlorine tri- or pentafluoride is extremely violent, both at ambient and slightly elevated temperatures. Vigor of the reaction is influenced by the state of subdivision of the metal (Urben, 1995).
Bromine pentafluoride may also ignite when exposed to lithium powder (Lewis, 1996).
When finely divided lithium is mixed with shredded Viton poly(1,1-difluoroethylene- hexafluoropropylene), ignition may occur following heating to 369 degrees C and exposure to water, or following heating to 354 degrees C under argon (Urben, 1995).
Lithium and trifluoromethyl hypofluorite react with each other at temperatures around 170 degrees C. The heat generated may be sufficiently high to melt containers made of glass (Urben, 1995; (Lewis, 1996).

Mixtures of lithium and carbon disulfide may explode upon impact but not upon heating (Urben, 1995).

Ignition may occur when lithium is melted together with the following metals: aluminum, bismuth, calcium, lead, silicon, strontium, thallium, tin (Urben, 1995) and mercury (Urben, 1995; (Lewis, 1996).

Violent reactions have also been described between lithium and arsenic, beryllium, chromium, carbides, chlorine, cobalt alloys, manganese alloys, nickel alloys, iron alloys, sodium nitrite, tantalum (V) oxide, vanadium (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Intermetallic compounds are formed in a violent reaction between lithium and platinum when the temperature reaches 520 to 560 degrees C (Urben, 1995; (Lewis, 1996).

Mixtures of lithium and metal oxides initially react at moderate temperatures, but the reactions become extremely exothermic and rapid. Temperatures of up to 1400 degrees C may be reached. This type of reaction has been shown for chromium(III) oxide, molybdenum trioxide, niobium pentoxide, titanium dioxide, tungsten trioxide, vanadium pentoxide, and also iron(II) sulfide and manganese telluride (Urben, 1995; (Lewis, 1996).

Ignition may occur in nitrogen atmosphere when lithium is exposed to anhydrous chromium trichloride or zirconium tetrachloride (Urben, 1995; (HSDB , 2000).

Reaction between lithium and non-metal oxides may be explosive at high temperatures or when molten lithium is used (Urben, 1995).

Molten lithium will burn in the presence of carbon dioxide (Urben, 1995).

Do not use sodium carbonate or sodium chloride to combat lithium fires. It will result in generation of even more reactive sodium (Urben, 1995).

The reaction between lithium and sulfur will be very vigorous, even in the presence of inert diluents or liquid ammonia (Urben, 1995; (Lewis, 1996).

Reaction between lithium and tetralin or ethylenediamine may become violent at temperatures above 85 degrees C. Hydrogen gas may be released in the process (Urben, 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate the area before entry.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7439-93-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7439-93-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Lithium
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 4
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 12.5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 75
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 400
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7439-93-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7439-93-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
POWDER SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry.
- DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
To contain spills or leaks, mix this compound first with dry sodium carbonate, then scatter it into a large steel pan placed in a remote location. Cover the mixture with scrap wood or paper and burn it (ITI, 1995).
Persons without protective equipment should not be allowed at the spill site. Powdered material should be collected using proper precautions, deposited and sealed in containers. Do NOT allow lithium to enter confined spaces (such as sewers), unless this space is designed to prevent the build-up of concentrations sufficiently high to initiate an explosion (Sittig, 1991).
To clean up a lithium spill, cover the spill with a mixture of equal weights of sodium carbonate (or calcium carbonate), clay cat litter (bentonite) and sand. Carefully scoop this mixture into a pail. Under the hood, slowly add a large volume of 95% ethanol while stirring the mixture. Treat any solid residue as normal refuse (HSDB , 2000).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

"At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices" (HSDB , 2000).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Dispose of this compound by burning it in an open furnace. (ITI, 1995).
Carefully package waste into labeled containers, limiting the weight to 100 g per package. Under the fume hood, equip a 3-necked round-bottom flask with stirrer, dropping funnel, condenser and heating mantle. After flushing the flask with nitrogen, place small pieces of lithium in it, and slowly add 30 ml of 95% ethanol per gram of lithium. Adjust the flow rate for ethanol to cause rapid reflux. Stir the mixture as soon as the volume of added ethanol makes it feasible. Continue stirring and heating under reflux until all lithium is dissolved. Turn off the heat and add water (volume equal to the volume of ethanol added). Adjust heat to allow for only mild reflux. Let mixture cool down, neutralize it with 6M hydrochloric acid (HSDB , 2000).
Lithium residues should be flushed with water and then neutralized with dilute acetic acid (CHRIS , 2000).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

This alkali metal occurs in the earth's crust at a concentrations of 20 to 30 ppm (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

It has two natural isotopes (7Li, 6Li). Its three artificial radioactive isotopes (5Li, 8Li, 9Li) are all unstable (that is half-life is less than 1 second) (Budavari, 1996).

In nature, lithium is not found in its free form (Clayton & Clayton, 1994), but only as lithium ions or salts (Lewis, 1998). It is recovered from natural brines and it is contained in several minerals, most notably in (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998): spodumene (LiAlS2O6) lepidolite [K(LiAl)3(SiAl)3O10(FOH)2] amblygonite (AlPO4LiF) petalite (LiAlSi4O10) triphylite (LiFePO4) and also in eucryptite (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Lithium is found at low concentrations in sea water (11 ppm), mineral waters and some foods (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Physiological serum lithium concentrations in humans range from 0.0001 to 0.0003 mmol/L. Average plasma lithium concentrations of 0.003 to 0.012 mmol/L were found in individuals living areas of Chile with unusually high drinking water concentrations of lithium. Employees at a lithium carbonate manufacturing facility had serum lithium levels of less than 0.05 mmol/L following exposure to lithium carbonate in the air at levels of 0.42 to 4.4 mg/m(3) (Baselt, 1997; Baselt & Cravey, 1995).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Does not have the potential to bioconcentrate (CHRIS , 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

6.94

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Elemental lithium is a silvery-white metal (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2000; ILO, 1998; Sittig, 1991). Exposure to moisture changes the color to yellowish (Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1997). Exposure to air results in the formation of a gray to black oxidation layer (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998).

When exposed to dry air, lithium remains untarnished. Thin films developing on the surface are opaque to visible light but are transparent to UV light (HSDB , 2000).
Exposure of this lustrous metal to air results in the formation of lithium nitride (Li3N), lithium oxide (Li2O), lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) (Lewis, 1996).

At 15 degrees C and 1 atm pressure, lithium exists in the solid state (CHRIS , 2000).

It is a soft solid (CHRIS , 2000), but it is the hardest of the alkali metals (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000), and has the lowest atomic weight of all metals (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It is also the least reactive of the alkali metals (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1996).

Microscopic shape has been described as a body-centered cubic structure (Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998).

Lithium has the atomic number 3, and carries a valence of +1. On the periodic table, it belongs to the Group IA alkali metals (Budavari, 1996).

Important physical properties of lithium include a high heat capacity, large temperature range in liquid phase, high thermal conductivity, low viscosity and very low density (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Among the solid elements, lithium has the highest specific heat capacity (HSDB , 2000).

Lithium is also highly electro-positive and has a high ionization potential (HSDB , 2000).

It rarely participates in the formation of coordinate covalent compounds (HSDB , 2000).

Lithium burns with an intense white flame when heated to temperatures above its melting point, forming a dense white smoke (HSDB , 2000).

At room temperature, lithium does not react with oxygen. When heated to 100 degrees C or higher, it reacts with oxygen, forming lithium oxide (Li2O) (Budavari, 1996).

When heated to about 200 degrees C, the liquid metal is corrosive and will attack glass and porcelain (HSDB , 2000).

In the reaction between lithium and hydrogen (at about 500 degrees C) lithium hydride is formed. Lithium is the only alkali metal that forms a hydride that is stable enough to melt without decomposing (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

At high temperature and high humidity, lithium reacts exothermically with nitrogen in the air (Lewis, 1997).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.133 kPa (at 723 degrees C) (ILO, 1998)

1mmHg (at 723 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; HSDB , 2000)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.534 kg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.534 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.53 kg/L (Ashford, 1994; NFPA, 1997)
0.534 kg/L (water=1) (ILO, 1998)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

180 degrees C (Ashford, 1994a; Sittig, 1991a)
180.54 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998a; HSDB , 2000)
180.5 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996)
179 degrees C (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997)
181 degrees C, 357 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

BOILING POINT

1334 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

1347 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

1336 +/- 5 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995)

1336 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

1342 degrees C, 2448 degrees F (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 2000)

1317 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

1340 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

179 degrees C, 354 degrees F (CHRIS , 2000; NFPA, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Reacts with water, thereby releasing hydrogen gas and forming lithium hydroxide (AAR, 1998; Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Decomposes in water (NFPA, 1997)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Decomposes in alcohol (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER

Soluble in liquid ammonia (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997), forming blue to blue-black solution (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).
Reacts violently with inorganic acids (Budavari, 1996).
Reacts slowly with cold sulfuric acid (Budavari, 1996).
Soluble in acids (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

VISIBLE

670.8 nm (red) and 610.4 nm (orange) (HSDB , 2000)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AAR: Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation, Bureau of Explosives, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, 1998.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

AR Scialli : The REPROTOX(R) System. Georgetown University Medical Center and Reproductive Toxicology Center, Columbia Hospital for Women Medical Center. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Amsterdam JD: Psychoneuroendocrinology (Oxford) 1981; 6:359-363.

Ashford R: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications Ltd, London, England, 1994.

Ashford RD: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications, London, United Kingdom, 1994a.

Banerji TK: Brain Res 1986; 380:176-180.

Barr RD, Clarke WB, & Clarke RM: Regulation of lithium and boron levels in normal human blood -- environmental and genetic considerations. J Lab Clin Med 1993; 121:614-619.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents