Contact Us    Contact Us     |     Feedback
MOBILE VIEW  | 

ALLYL CHLORIDE

Export To Excel

Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Allyl chloride is a volatile, highly reactive, unsaturated chlorinated aliphatic compound prepared by chlorination of propylene at temperatures of 300 degrees C or greater.
    B) It is a mucous membrane irritant, causing eye, nasal and respiratory tract irritation on exposure. Acute ingestions may result in unconsciousness. Chronic occupational exposures may result in liver and kidney injury and peripheral neuropathies.

Specific Substances

    1) Allile (cloruro di) (Italian)
    2) Allylchlorid (German)
    3) Allyl Chloride
    4) Allyle (chlorure d') (French)
    5) Chlorallylene
    6) 3-Chloroprene
    7) 1-Chloropropene-2
    8) 3-Chloropropene-1
    9) 3-Chloropropene
    10) 1-Chloro-2-propene
    11) 3-Chloropropylene
    12) 3-Chloropropen (German)
    13) NCI-c 04615
    14) Propene, 3-chloro-
    15) alpha-Monochloropropylene
    16) CAS 107-05-1
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C3-H5-Cl

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Allyl chloride is a colorless, to yellowish brown, yellow, purple, red, or brown liquid which floats on water (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2000; Harbison, 1998; NIOSH , 2000).
    B) SOURCES
    1) Allyl chloride is manufactured by chlorination of propylene at high temperatures (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000).
    2) Allyl chloride is prepared from diphenylphosphite, allyl alcohol, and benzyl chloride (Budavari, 2000).
    C) USES
    1) Allyl chloride is used as a chemical intermediate or raw material in the manufacture of epichlorhydrin, epoxy resin, glycerol, pesticides such as Cartap (Pandan), allyl alcohol, other allyl compounds (as used for production of varnishes, adhesives, glycerin, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, resins, plastics, and insecticides), and sodium allyl sulfonate (ACGIH, 1991; He et al, 1980; He & Zhang, 1985) Howard et al, 1996; (HSDB , 2000; ITI, 1995; Plunkett, 1976).
    2) It is used in the production of barbiturate and hypnotic agents (such as aprobarbital, butalbital methohexital sodium, secobarbital, talbutal, and thiamyl sodium) (HSDB , 2000).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Allyl chloride is an eye, skin, throat and respiratory tract mucosa irritant. Eye contact can produce orbital/ocular pain, redness, conjunctivitis, photophobia, blurred vision and burns. Severe irritation with corneal injury can result in permanently impaired vision or blindness.
    B) Brief contact with the skin can cause pain, redness, numbness and first-degree burns; longer exposure can cause second-degree burns. A "deep-bone ache" may occur several hours after skin contact. Allyl chloride is rapidly absorbed through the skin and can produce systemic effects.
    C) Inhalation can produce a cough, sore throat, headache, dizziness, abdominal cramps, burning sensation, vomiting, labored breathing, and unconsciousness. Pulmonary hemorrhage and edema may result from exposure. Ingestion can result in abdominal pain and vomiting. Absorption through the respiratory tract can produce systemic effects.
    D) Peripheral neuropathy, with weakness, numbness and paresthesia, as well as respiratory damage and impairment, mild hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity have occurred in chronically exposed workers.
    E) Exposed experimental animals have developed severe liver and kidney injuries, pulmonary edema and hemorrhages, and peripheral neuropathies.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Eye irritation and corneal burns may occur.
    B) Irritation of the nose and throat may occur.
    0.2.5) CARDIOVASCULAR
    A) Higher cardiovascular mortality rates have been reported for workers presumed to have prolonged and higher exposure to epichlorohydrin which is produced from allyl chloride.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Irritation of the mucosa of the respiratory tract may be seen. Pulmonary edema and hemorrhages have been reported in exposed experimental animals.
    B) Decreased maximum ventilation capacity was observed in exposed female workers.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Chronically exposed workers have developed peripheral polyneuropathies.
    B) Headache, dizziness, vertigo, and unconsciousness may occur with acute allyl chloride exposure.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Nausea and vomiting may occur.
    0.2.9) HEPATIC
    A) Chronically exposed workers have had subclinical abnormalities of liver function tests.
    0.2.10) GENITOURINARY
    A) Chronically exposed workers have had subclinical proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. Exposed experimental animals have had severe kidney injury.
    0.2.12) FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
    A) Chronically exposed workers have had subclinical electrolyte elevations and increased glomerular filtration rates.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Direct skin exposure causes irritation and a deep-seated pain at the exposure site. Occasionally, burns and internal injuries ensue.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no reproductive studies were found for allyl chloride in humans.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) A study of more than 1000 workers exposed to epichlorohydrine and allyl chloride found no increase in mortality from malignant neoplasms.
    0.2.22) OTHER
    A) Odor of garlic on the breath and body was a common complaint among exposed employees.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Monitor liver and renal function tests and urinalysis. Arterial blood gases and chest x-ray should be obtained in serious inhalation exposures.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Due to the irritating properties of allyl chloride, INDUCED EMESIS SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    C) Evaluate carefully for signs of gastrointestinal tract irritation, and hepatic, renal, and peripheral nerve injury.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The minimum lethal human exposure has not been determined. 25 ppm or less causes nasal irritation. 50 and 100 ppm causes eye irritation. Chronic exposure (2.5 to 72 months), to concentrations from 2.6 to 6650 mg/m(3), has caused peripheral neuropathy.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Allyl chloride is an eye, skin, throat and respiratory tract mucosa irritant. Eye contact can produce orbital/ocular pain, redness, conjunctivitis, photophobia, blurred vision and burns. Severe irritation with corneal injury can result in permanently impaired vision or blindness.
    B) Brief contact with the skin can cause pain, redness, numbness and first-degree burns; longer exposure can cause second-degree burns. A "deep-bone ache" may occur several hours after skin contact. Allyl chloride is rapidly absorbed through the skin and can produce systemic effects.
    C) Inhalation can produce a cough, sore throat, headache, dizziness, abdominal cramps, burning sensation, vomiting, labored breathing, and unconsciousness. Pulmonary hemorrhage and edema may result from exposure. Ingestion can result in abdominal pain and vomiting. Absorption through the respiratory tract can produce systemic effects.
    D) Peripheral neuropathy, with weakness, numbness and paresthesia, as well as respiratory damage and impairment, mild hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity have occurred in chronically exposed workers.
    E) Exposed experimental animals have developed severe liver and kidney injuries, pulmonary edema and hemorrhages, and peripheral neuropathies.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eye irritation and corneal burns may occur.
    B) Irritation of the nose and throat may occur.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) Direct eye contact may cause irritation (Grant & Schuman, 1993). Allyl chloride vapors cause conjunctival irritation with exposure to concentrations between 50 and 100 ppm or greater (Grant & Schuman, 1993). Photophobia and pain may occur (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
    B) Corneal burns with reddening of the eyelids have been observed in men with intense vapor exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) Irritation of the mucosa of the nose and throat occurs with only a few minutes of exposure to allyl chloride vapor concentrations of 3,300 ppm (ACGIH, 1986). Irritation may occur with exposure to concentrations as low as 25 ppm or less (Finkel, 1983) Hathaway, 1996).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) Irritation of the mucosa of the nose and throat occurs with only a few minutes of exposure to allyl chloride vapor concentrations of 3,300 ppm (ACGIH, 1986). Irritation may occur with exposure to concentrations as low as 25 ppm or less (Finkel, 1983) Hathaway, 1996).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.1) SUMMARY
    A) Higher cardiovascular mortality rates have been reported for workers presumed to have prolonged and higher exposure to epichlorohydrin which is produced from allyl chloride.
    3.5.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DEAD
    1) INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITIES - A cohort of 863 workers with exposure to epichlorohydrin (ECH) produced from allyl chloride were followed up from 1948 to 1983 (Enterline et al, 1990). Workers estimated to have higher exposures had higher cardiovascular standardized mortality rates.
    2) Another study of more than 1000 workers exposed to epichlorohydrin and allyl chloride found no increase in mortality from circulatory or heart diseases (Olsen, 1994).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Irritation of the mucosa of the respiratory tract may be seen. Pulmonary edema and hemorrhages have been reported in exposed experimental animals.
    B) Decreased maximum ventilation capacity was observed in exposed female workers.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Irritation of the upper respiratory tract is common with vapor inhalation exposure (Finkel, 1983; Plunkett, 1976) Lewis, 1996).
    B) RESPIRATORY FAILURE
    1) Decreased maximum ventilation capacity has been observed in exposed female workers (Aleskerov, 1977).
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) PULMONARY EDEMA
    a) Pulmonary edema and hemorrhages have been reported in experimental animals exposed to high concentrations of vapors (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Plunkett, 1976).
    2) DEATH
    a) INCREASED MORTALITY FROM PULMONARY INFECTIONS - After a single 3 hour exposure to allyl chloride at 1 ppm, mice had an increased mortality from experimentally-induced pulmonary streptococcal infection (Aranyi et al, 1986).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Chronically exposed workers have developed peripheral polyneuropathies.
    B) Headache, dizziness, vertigo, and unconsciousness may occur with acute allyl chloride exposure.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SECONDARY PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
    1) Workers with chronic inhalation exposure to allyl chloride have developed peripheral polyneuropathies which improved with removal from exposure and relapsed with re-exposure in some cases (He et al, 1980; He & Zhang, 1985).
    B) HEADACHE
    1) Headache, dizziness, and vertigo may occur in allyl chloride exposures (ITI, 1995; Plunkett, 1976)
    C) SYNCOPE
    1) Loss of consciousness can occur with exposure to high concentrations of allyl chloride (Lewis, 1996).
    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) NEUROPATHY PERIPHERAL
    a) Peripheral neuropathies have been produced in experimental animals exposed to allyl chloride (He et al, 1980; He et al, 1981; Nagano et al, 1993). Neuropathies consisted of spreading and dragging of hind limbs and urinary incontinence. This chemical is known to produce a neurofilamentous axonopathy (Nagano et al, 1993).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nausea and vomiting may occur.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) NAUSEA AND VOMITING
    1) Nausea and vomiting may occur (ITI, 1995; Plunkett, 1976).

Hepatic

    3.9.1) SUMMARY
    A) Chronically exposed workers have had subclinical abnormalities of liver function tests.
    3.9.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ABNORMAL LIVER FUNCTION
    1) Workers chronically exposed to allyl chloride vapors have been reported to develop reversible subclinical abnormalities of liver function tests (NIOSH, 1976).
    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE
    a) Exposed experimental animals have developed severe liver injury (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Genitourinary

    3.10.1) SUMMARY
    A) Chronically exposed workers have had subclinical proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. Exposed experimental animals have had severe kidney injury.
    3.10.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ABNORMAL RENAL FUNCTION
    1) Workers chronically exposed to allyl chloride vapors have been reported to develop mild, reversible proteinuria and microscopic hematuria (NIOSH, 1976).
    3.10.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) NEPHROPATHY TOXIC
    a) Exposed experimental animals have developed severe kidney injury (ACGIH, 1983; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Direct skin exposure causes irritation and a deep-seated pain at the exposure site. Occasionally, burns and internal injuries ensue.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ERUPTION
    1) Direct dermal exposure to allyl chloride can produce skin irritation and a deep-seated "bone" pain at the site of exposure (ITI, 1995) Hathaway, 1996).
    B) VASOSPASM
    1) Local vasoconstriction and numbness follow skin contact and lead to rapid absorption and distribution throughout the body. If no remedial measures are taken promptly, burns and internal injuries ensue (Lewis, 1996).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no reproductive studies were found for allyl chloride in humans.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) CONGENITAL ANOMALY
    1) RATS - Intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg of allyl chloride to pregnant rats on days 1 through 15 of gestation produced an increased incidence of cranio-facial defects and edema in the offspring, as well as toxicity in the dams (ACGIH, 1991; John et al, 1983). Fetal death has occurred in mice exposed prenatally (RTECS, 1997).
    B) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) Pregnant rabbits and rats exposed to 30 or 300 ppm of allyl chloride by inhalation for 7 hours daily during the period of major organogenesis showed only a slight delay in skeletal development in the offspring of some rats exposed at the 300 ppm concentration (John et al, 1983).
    a) As this same concentration also produced maternal toxicity, the authors concluded that allyl chloride was not teratogenic in either rabbits or rats at these concentrations and by this route of exposure, which they felt more closely approximated the industrial situation (John et al, 1983).
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) MATERNAL TOXICITY - Intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg or inhalation exposure for 7 hours daily to 300 ppm of allyl chloride produced maternal toxicity in pregnant rats (John et al, 1983).
    2) In experimental animals, allyl chloride exposure affected the maternal heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys, and was fetotoxic (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991).
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available about the possible excretion of allyl chloride in breast milk.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS107-05-1 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) IARC Classification
    a) Listed as: Allyl chloride
    b) Carcinogen Rating: 3
    1) The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) A study of more than 1000 workers exposed to epichlorohydrine and allyl chloride found no increase in mortality from malignant neoplasms.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) CARCINOMA
    1) A study of more than 1000 workers exposed to epichlorohydrine and allyl chloride found no increase in mortality from malignant neoplasms (Olsen, 1994).
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) CARCINOMA
    1) Allyl chloride was active in a two-stage carcinogenesis assay in mice, but only produced skin tumors when applied with the tumor-promoting agent PMA (van Duuren et al, 1979).
    a) Repeated dermal application of allyl chloride alone to mice did not produce an increased incidence of skin tumors (van Duuren et al, 1978).
    2) Allyl chloride has shown some carcinogenic activity in the forestomachs of mice administered the material orally (van Duuren et al, 1979).
    3) Allyl chloride has had some carcinogenic activity in the forestomachs of mice (van Duuren et al, 1979; Hathaway et al, 1991) RTECS, 1997). A National Cancer Institute (NCI) carcinogenesis assay was negative in rats (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    4) Allyl chloride is metabolized to EPICHLOROHYDRIN (He et al, 1995) which is a carcinogen.

Genotoxicity

    A) Allyl chloride is metabolized to ACROLEIN and EPICHLOROHYDRIN (He et al, 1995) which are genotoxic.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Monitor liver and renal function tests and urinalysis. Arterial blood gases and chest x-ray should be obtained in serious inhalation exposures.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) There are no reports of measurement of allyl chloride levels in exposed humans. Measuring levels is thus presently of unknown value.
    2) Patients with significant acute exposure should have baseline liver and renal function tests. Periodic and post-exposure measurement of liver and renal functions is suggested for workers with chronic exposure (Finkel, 1983; HSDB , 2000).
    B) ACID/BASE
    1) Patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation should have baseline arterial blood gases.
    C) HEMATOLOGIC
    1) A complete blood count should be done annually among employees exposed to allyl chloride at potentially hazardous levels (HSDB , 2000).
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINALYSIS
    1) Proteinuria and microscopic hematuria have occurred in some chronically exposed workers. Urinalysis should be obtained in chronic or severe acute exposures.
    B) OTHER
    1) Allyl mercapturic acid has been isolated from the urine of rats dosed with allyl chloride (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) In addition to periodic clinical neurologic examinations, electroneuromyography has been suggested as a way to identify mild, early cases of peripheral neuropathy (i.e., subclinical cases) in chronically exposed workers (Finkel, 1983; He et al, 1980; He & Zhang, 1985).
    2) Air monitoring in the workplace should be accomplished to ensure that exposure to excessive vapor concentrations does not occur (NIOSH, 1999).

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) Patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation should have a baseline chest x-ray.
    2) Periodic pulmonary function testing and chest x-ray have been suggested for workers with chronic vapor inhalation exposure (Finkel, 1983; HSDB , 2000).

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) Electron-capture gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods have been developed to measure allyl chloride in rat blood with a detection limit of 24 nanograms per milliliter (Kropscott et al, 1983). There are no reports of these methods being applied in cases of human exposure.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.3) DISPOSITION/INHALATION EXPOSURE
    6.3.3.5) OBSERVATION CRITERIA/INHALATION
    A) Patients with significant inhalation exposure or mild respiratory tract irritation should be observed in a controlled setting for several hours and advised to return to the health care facility immediately if further respiratory symptoms develop after discharge.

Monitoring

    A) Monitor liver and renal function tests and urinalysis. Arterial blood gases and chest x-ray should be obtained in serious inhalation exposures.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) EMESIS/ NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Due to the irritating properties of allyl chloride, emesis should not be induced.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Monitor liver and renal functions and urinalysis. Evaluate for the presence of peripheral neuropathy.
    B) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Evaluate carefully for the presence of gastrointestinal irritation.
    C) FLUID/ELECTROLYTE BALANCE REGULATION
    1) If significant vomiting and gastrointestinal fluid losses should occur, administer adequate replacement fluids and electrolytes.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) OXYGEN
    1) Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required.
    B) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Baseline chest x-ray and arterial blood gases should be obtained in patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation.
    2) Pulmonary function testing might be a useful procedure for patient assessment in chronic or severe acute inhalation exposure.
    C) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) ONSET: Onset of acute lung injury after toxic exposure may be delayed up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    2) NON-PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: The treatment of acute lung injury is primarily supportive (Cataletto, 2012). Maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation with frequent monitoring of arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry. If a high FIO2 is required to maintain adequate oxygenation, mechanical ventilation and positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be required; ventilation with small tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) is preferred if ARDS develops (Haas, 2011; Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    a) To minimize barotrauma and other complications, use the lowest amount of PEEP possible while maintaining adequate oxygenation. Use of smaller tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) and lower plateau pressures (30 cm water or less) has been associated with decreased mortality and more rapid weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS (Brower et al, 2000). More treatment information may be obtained from ARDS Clinical Network website, NIH NHLBI ARDS Clinical Network Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary, http://www.ardsnet.org/node/77791 (NHLBI ARDS Network, 2008)
    3) FLUIDS: Crystalloid solutions must be administered judiciously. Pulmonary artery monitoring may help. In general the pulmonary artery wedge pressure should be kept relatively low while still maintaining adequate cardiac output, blood pressure and urine output (Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    4) ANTIBIOTICS: Indicated only when there is evidence of infection (Artigas et al, 1998).
    5) EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY: Partial liquid ventilation has shown promise in preliminary studies (Kollef & Schuster, 1995).
    6) CALFACTANT: In a multicenter, randomized, blinded trial, endotracheal instillation of 2 doses of 80 mL/m(2) calfactant (35 mg/mL of phospholipid suspension in saline) in infants, children, and adolescents with acute lung injury resulted in acute improvement in oxygenation and lower mortality; however, no significant decrease in the course of respiratory failure measured by duration of ventilator therapy, intensive care unit, or hospital stay was noted. Adverse effects (transient hypoxia and hypotension) were more frequent in calfactant patients, but these effects were mild and did not require withdrawal from the study (Wilson et al, 2005).
    7) However, in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, and masked trial, endotracheal instillation of up to 3 doses of calfactant (30 mg) in adults only with acute lung injury/ARDS due to direct lung injury was not associated with improved oxygenation and longer term benefits compared to the placebo group. It was also associated with significant increases in hypoxia and hypotension (Willson et al, 2015).
    D) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Enhanced Elimination

    A) SUMMARY
    1) Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion have not been evaluated for the treatment of allyl chloride poisoning, but are unlikely to be of benefit.

Abstracts

Case Reports

    A) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
    1) INHALATION: Two groups of workers with chronic inhalation exposure to allyl chloride developed peripheral neuropathies. These workers had been exposed for times ranging from 2.5 to 72 months. Air level monitoring in some work locations showed allyl chloride concentrations of 0.2 to 6,650 mg/m(3) (He et al, 1980; He & Zhang, 1985).
    a) The onset was insidious in all cases, and most workers complained of upper respiratory tract and eye irritation which gradually diminished with continued exposure. Weakness and tingling in the extremities were common early complaints. Weakness, paresthesias in the extremities, stocking-glove type sensory impairment, and decreased ankle reflexes were noted. Electromyography and nerve conduction velocity testing indicated a dying-back pattern of axonal degeneration.
    b) In addition to removal from exposure, some of these patients received various vitamins and a variety of traditional Chinese medicine treatments. After removal from exposure for 2 to 4 months, some patients had improvement, but complete recovery was not noted in most until 9 to 11 months after cessation of exposure. Five patients who returned to work with allyl chloride suffered relapses of the polyneuropathy.
    2) INHALATION: An epidemiologic study of workers exposed to between 1 and 113 ppm of allyl chloride vapors during a 16 month period found some subclinical abnormalities of liver function tests and a few cases of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria (NIOSH, 1976).
    a) When this manufacturing facility was redesigned such that allyl chloride air concentrations were from 1 or less ppm to 15 to 36 ppm, these abnormalities in liver and renal function tests returned to normal over 6 months.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The minimum lethal human exposure has not been determined. 25 ppm or less causes nasal irritation. 50 and 100 ppm causes eye irritation. Chronic exposure (2.5 to 72 months), to concentrations from 2.6 to 6650 mg/m(3), has caused peripheral neuropathy.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) LCLo (INHL) HUMAN - 3,000 ppm (RTECS , 2000)
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) 2-hour lethal concentrations of 22.5 mg/L for rabbits and 10.5 mg/L for cats has been reported (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    2) There are reports of mortality to rats of an inhalation exposure as low as 300ppm. More recent studies show mortality did not occur until concentrations reached 1000ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) HUMAN DATA
    1) Workers chronically exposed to allyl chloride air concentrations of 2.6 to 6,650 mg/m(3) for periods of 2.5 to 72 months developed peripheral neuropathies (He & Zhang, 1985).
    2) Workers exposed to levels of allyl chloride vapors at 1 to 113 ppm for 16 months were found to have subclinical liver and renal function abnormalities which returned to normal after reducing the exposure level (NIOSH, 1976; HSDB , 2000).
    3) Exposure to between 50 and 100 ppm of allyl chloride vapor causes eye irritation in humans (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Grant & Schuman, 1996; (Hathaway et al, 1996; ITI, 1995).
    4) Nasal irritation and airway discomfort are noted in humans exposed to allyl chloride vapors at concentrations less than 25 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Finkel, 1983; Hathaway et al, 1996; ITI, 1995).
    5) At the level of 250 ppm, it is considered immediately dangerous to life or health (HSDB , 2000).
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) Rats survived a single exposure to allyl chloride vapor at concentrations of 290 ppm for 3 hours, 2,900 ppm for 1 hour, and 29,300 ppm for 15 minutes. Guinea pigs survived exposure to allyl chloride vapors at concentrations of 290 ppm for 8 hours, 2,900 ppm for 3 hours, and 29,300 ppm for one-half hour (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2000).
    2) Rats and mice showed adverse-effects at 50 ppm given for 7 hours daily for 90 days (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    3) Rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits chronically exposed 7 hours daily, for 1 month to 8 ppm of allyl chloride vapor survived but developed severe liver and kidney damage. In a similar exposure pattern to 3 ppm of allyl chloride vapor, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs survived exposures with no apparent ill effects in the animals except female rats, wherein slight reversible liver changes occurred (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    4) Repeated oral doses of 0.015 mg/kg per day were initially noted not to cause any morphological changes in rats treated for 8 months, but subsequent reports showed changes in conditioned reflexes after 6 months at the same dose (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS107-05-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Allyl chloride
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 1 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL: 2 ppm
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A3
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions:
    a) A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr; liver and kidney dam
    d) Molecular Weight: 76.5
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:
    1) See Notice of Intended Changes; Adopted values enclosed in parentheses are those for which changes are proposed in the Notice of Intended Changes.
    b) Notice of Intended Changes
    1) Allyl chloride
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 1 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL: 2 ppm
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A3
    2) Codes: Skin
    3) Definitions:
    a) A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
    b) Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr; liver and kidney dam
    d) Molecular Weight: 76.5
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS107-05-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Allyl chloride
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 1 ppm (3 mg/m(3))
    b) STEL: 2 ppm (6 mg/m(3))
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 250 ppm
    b) Note(s): Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS107-05-1 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Allyl chloride
    a) A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
    2) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Allyl chloride
    a) A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
    3) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: Allyl chloride
    a) C : Possible human carcinogen.
    4) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Allyl chloride
    a) 3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
    5) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Allyl chloride
    6) MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Allyl chloride
    a) Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)
    7) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS107-05-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Allyl chloride
    2) Table Z-1 for Allyl chloride:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm: 1
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 3
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: Budavari, 2000 ITI, 1995 OHM/TADS, 2000 RTECS, 2000
    1) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    a) 155 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 425 mg/kg
    3) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 460 mg/kg
    b) 700 mg/kg (Budavari, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2000)
    4) TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
    a) Female, 300 ppm for 7H at 6-15D of pregnancy -- caused developmental musculoskeletal abnormalities
    b) 8 ppm for 7H/35D-intermittent -- caused changes in liver, urinary system, and spleen weight
    c) 250 ppm for 6H/90D-intermittent -- caused changes in urinary system

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Allyl chloride is a direct irritant of skin, conjunctiva, and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract (Lewis, 1996; (ITI, 1995; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    B) Allyl chloride causes hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity when systemically absorbed (ACGIH, 1986; (NIOSH, 1976), but the mechanism of these toxic effects is unknown.
    C) Mice exposed to approximately 1 ppm of allyl chloride vapors had an increased mortality from experimentally induced streptococcus pulmonary infections, although no significant decrease in bacteriocidal activity of alveolar macrophages was found (Aranyi et al, 1986).
    D) Allyl chloride is a known neurotoxin which produces an accumulation of neurofilament proteins in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The exact mechanism of this reaction remains unknown (Nagano et al, 1993).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Allyl chloride is a colorless to yellowish-brown, yellow, purple, red, or brown liquid which floats on water (CHRIS , 2000; Harbison, 1998; NIOSH , 2000).
    B) It has an unpleasant, sharp, pungent, irritating odor sometimes described as similar to that of garlic (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2000).

Molecular Weight

    A) 76.53

References

General Bibliography

    1) 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    3) 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
    4) 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
    5) 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
    6) 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    7) 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    8) 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    9) 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
    10) 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
    11) 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
    12) 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
    13) AAR: Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation, Bureau of Explosives, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, 1998.
    14) ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.
    15) AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
    16) Alaspaa AO, Kuisma MJ, Hoppu K, et al: Out-of-hospital administration of activated charcoal by emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:207-12.
    17) Aleskerov FA: Tr Azerb Nauchno-Issled Inst Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1977; 11:77.
    18) Alizade GA: Azerb Med ZH 1976; 53:54.
    19) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.
    20) Ansell-Edmont: SpecWare Chemical Application and Recommendation Guide. Ansell-Edmont. Coshocton, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.ansellpro.com/specware. As accessed 10/31/2001.
    21) Aranyi C, O'Shea WJ, & Graham JA: The effects of inhalation of organic chemical air contaminants on murine lung host defenses. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1986; 6:713-720.
    22) Artigas A, Bernard GR, Carlet J, et al: The American-European consensus conference on ARDS, part 2: ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies, and issues related to recovery and remodeling.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1332-1347.
    23) Ashford R: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications Ltd, London, England, 1994.
    24) Bata Shoe Company: Industrial Footwear Catalog, Bata Shoe Company, Belcamp, MD, 1995.
    25) Best Manufacturing: ChemRest Chemical Resistance Guide. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com. As accessed 10/8/2002.
    26) Best Manufacturing: Degradation and Permeation Data. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com/DomesticPrep2/. As accessed 04/09/2004.
    27) Bignami M, Conti G, & Conti L: Mutagenicity of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in Salmonella typhimurium, Streptomyces coelicolor and Aspergillus nidulans. Chem Biol Interact 1980; 30:9-23.
    28) Boss Manufacturing Company: Work Gloves, Boss Manufacturing Company, Kewanee, IL, 1998.
    29) Brower RG, Matthay AM, & Morris A: Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Eng J Med 2000; 342:1301-1308.
    30) Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed, Merck & Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.
    31) Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed, Merck & Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA, 2000.
    32) Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.
    33) CHRIS : CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. US Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires October/2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
    34) Carere A, Ortali VA, & Cardamone G: Mutagenicity of dichlorvos and other structurally related pesticides in Salmonella and Streptomyces. Chem Biol Interact 1978; 22:297-308.
    35) Cataletto M: Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute(ARDS). In: Domino FJ, ed. The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2012, 20th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2012.
    36) ChemFab Corporation: Chemical Permeation Guide Challenge Protective Clothing Fabrics, ChemFab Corporation, Merrimack, NH, 1993.
    37) Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al: Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43(2):61-87.
    38) Clayton GD & Clayton FE: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol 2E, Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1994.
    39) Comasec Safety, Inc.: Chemical Resistance to Permeation Chart. Comasec Safety, Inc.. Enfield, CT. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.comasec.com/webcomasec/english/catalogue/mtabgb.html. As accessed 4/28/2003.
    40) Comasec Safety, Inc.: Product Literature, Comasec Safety, Inc., Enfield, CT, 2003a.
    41) DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.
    42) Dagnone D, Matsui D, & Rieder MJ: Assessment of the palatability of vehicles for activated charcoal in pediatric volunteers. Pediatr Emerg Care 2002; 18:19-21.
    43) Derooij BM, Boogaard PJ, & Rijksen DA: Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine upon garlic consumption by human volunteers. Arch Toxicol 1996; 70:635-639.
    44) DuPont: DuPont Suit Smart: Interactive Tool for the Selection of Protective Apparel. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/protectiveapparel/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp. As accessed 10/31/2002.
    45) DuPont: Permeation Guide for DuPont Tychem Protective Fabrics. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2003. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/en/pdf/tyvektychem/pgcomplete20030128.pdf. As accessed 4/26/2004.
    46) DuPont: Permeation Test Results. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.tyvekprotectiveapprl.com/databases/default.htm. As accessed 7/31/2002.
    47) EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.
    48) ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.
    49) Elliot CG, Colby TV, & Kelly TM: Charcoal lung. Bronchiolitis obliterans after aspiration of activated charcoal. Chest 1989; 96:672-674.
    50) Enterline PE, Henderson V, & Marsh G: Mortality of workers potentially exposed to epichlorohydrin. Br J Ind Med 1990; 47:269-276.
    51) FDA: Poison treatment drug product for over-the-counter human use; tentative final monograph. FDA: Fed Register 1985; 50:2244-2262.
    52) Finkel AJ: Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wright, PSG Inc, Boston, MA, 1983.
    53) Golej J, Boigner H, Burda G, et al: Severe respiratory failure following charcoal application in a toddler. Resuscitation 2001; 49:315-318.
    54) Graff GR, Stark J, & Berkenbosch JW: Chronic lung disease after activated charcoal aspiration. Pediatrics 2002; 109:959-961.
    55) Grant WM & Schuman JS: Toxicology of the Eye 4th ed, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1993, pp 94.
    56) Grant WM: Toxicology of the Eye, 3rd ed, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1986.
    57) Guardian Manufacturing Group: Guardian Gloves Test Results. Guardian Manufacturing Group. Willard, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.guardian-mfg.com/guardianmfg.html. As accessed 12/11/2001.
    58) Guenther Skokan E, Junkins EP, & Corneli HM: Taste test: children rate flavoring agents used with activated charcoal. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155:683-686.
    59) HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires July/1/2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
    60) Haas CF: Mechanical ventilation with lung protective strategies: what works?. Crit Care Clin 2011; 27(3):469-486.
    61) Harbison RM: Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 5th ed, Mosby, St. Louis, MO, 1998.
    62) Harris CR & Filandrinos D: Accidental administration of activated charcoal into the lung: aspiration by proxy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1470-1473.
    63) Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 3rd ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1991.
    64) Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 4th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.
    65) He F & Zhang S: Effects of allyl chloride on occupationally exposed subjects. Scand J Work Environ Health 1985; (Suppl 4):43-45.
    66) He F, Jacobs JM, & Scaravilli F: The pathology of allyl chloride neurotoxicity in mice. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1981; 55:125-133.
    67) He F, Shen D, & Guo Y: Toxic polyneuropathy due to chronic allyl chloride intoxication: A clinical and experimental study. Chinese Med J 1980; 93:177-182.
    68) He Y, Nagano M, & Yamamoto H: Modifications of neurofilament proteins by possible metabolites of allyl chloride in vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol 1995; 18(4):315-331.
    69) IARC : International Agency for Research on Cancer. Monographs Database on Carcinogenic Risk to humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2000. Available from URL: http://www.iarc.fr.
    70) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide), 97, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2008.
    71) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.
    72) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying, 95, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010a.
    73) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, 89, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.
    74) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, 92, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.
    75) IARC: List of all agents, mixtures and exposures evaluated to date - IARC Monographs: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Volumes 1-88, 1972-PRESENT. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, FranceAvailable from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html. As accessed Oct 07, 2004.
    76) ICAO: Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2003-2004. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002.
    77) ILC Dover, Inc.: Ready 1 The Chemturion Limited Use Chemical Protective Suit, ILC Dover, Inc., Frederica, DE, 1998.
    78) ILO: JM Stellman (ed): Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol 1-4, 4th ed (CD-ROM version), International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
    79) ITI: Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual, The International Technical Information Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 1988.
    80) ITI: Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual, The International Technical Information Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 1995.
    81) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: list of classifications, volumes 1-116. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Lyon, France. 2016. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php. As accessed 2016-08-24.
    82) International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. As accessed 2015-08-06.
    83) John JA, Gushow TS, & Ayres JA: Teratologic evaluation of inhaled epichlorhydrin and allyl chloride in rats and rabbits. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1983; 3:437-442.
    84) Kappler, Inc.: Suit Smart. Kappler, Inc.. Guntersville, AL. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.kappler.com/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp?select=1. As accessed 7/10/2001.
    85) Kimberly-Clark, Inc.: Chemical Test Results. Kimberly-Clark, Inc.. Atlanta, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.kc-safety.com/tech_cres.html. As accessed 10/4/2002.
    86) Kollef MH & Schuster DP: The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:27-37.
    87) Kropscott BE, Kastl PE, & Hermann EA: Quantitative determination of allyl chloride (3-chloropropene) in rat blood by electron-capture gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selective ion monitoring. J Chromatogr 1983; 269:108-113.
    88) LaCrosse-Rainfair: Safety Products, LaCrosse-Rainfair, Racine, WI, 1997.
    89) Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, New York, NY, 1997.
    90) MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/pro/ChemicalSearch.asp. As accessed 4/21/2003.
    91) MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/ProductSearch.cfm?id=1. As accessed 6/10/2004.
    92) Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc: Product Literature, Protective Apparel, Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc., McBee, SC, 1995.
    93) Marigold Industrial: US Chemical Resistance Chart, on-line version. Marigold Industrial. Norcross, GA. 2003. Available from URL: www.marigoldindustrial.com/charts/uschart/uschart.html. As accessed 4/14/2003.
    94) McCoy C: Genetic activity of allyl chloride. Mutat Res 1978; 57:11.
    95) Memphis Glove Company: Permeation Guide. Memphis Glove Company. Memphis, TN. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.memphisglove.com/permeation.html. As accessed 7/2/2001.
    96) Montgomery Safety Products: Montgomery Safety Products Chemical Resistant Glove Guide, Montgomery Safety Products, Canton, OH, 1995.
    97) NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002.
    98) NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1997.
    99) NHLBI ARDS Network: Mechanical ventilation protocol summary. Massachusetts General Hospital. Boston, MA. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.ardsnet.org/system/files/6mlcardsmall_2008update_final_JULY2008.pdf. As accessed 2013-08-07.
    100) NIOSH : Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
    101) NIOSH: Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Allyl Chloride, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, 1976, pp 19-48.
    102) NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 1, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.
    103) NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 2, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.
    104) NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 3, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003.
    105) NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 4, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004.
    106) Nagano M, Yamamoto H, & Harada K: Comparative study of modification and degradation of neurofilament proteins in rats subchronically treated with allyl chloride, acrylamide, or 2,5-hexanedione. Environmental Research 1993; 63:229-240.
    107) Naradzay J & Barish RA: Approach to ophthalmologic emergencies. Med Clin North Am 2006; 90(2):305-328.
    108) Nat-Wear: Protective Clothing, Hazards Chart. Nat-Wear. Miora, NY. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.natwear.com/hazchart1.htm. As accessed 7/12/2001.
    109) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    110) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    111) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Butylene Oxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648083cdbb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    112) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Dibromoethane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802796db&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.
    113) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    114) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037904e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    115) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Acrylonitrile (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648028e6a3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    116) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    117) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.
    118) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    119) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    120) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    121) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    122) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Biphenyl (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1b7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    123) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    124) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    125) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    126) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    127) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    128) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    129) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    130) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    131) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    132) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    133) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    134) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    135) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    136) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    137) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    138) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    139) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    140) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    141) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    142) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    143) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    144) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    145) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    146) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    147) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    148) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    149) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    150) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c646&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    151) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN1 CAS Reg. No. 538-07-8) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    152) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN2 CAS Reg. No. 51-75-2) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    153) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN3 CAS Reg. No. 555-77-1) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    154) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Tetroxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091855b&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    155) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Trifluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    156) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008o. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e32&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    157) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    158) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    159) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008p. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dd58&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    160) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    161) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    162) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    163) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene (Draft-Revised). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a08a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    164) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    165) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    166) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    167) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    168) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    169) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    170) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    171) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    172) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    173) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    174) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    175) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tellurium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e2a1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    176) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tert-Octyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008r. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5c7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    177) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tetramethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-17.
    178) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    179) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7d608&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    180) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethylacetyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008t. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5cc&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    181) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Zinc Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    182) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for n-Butyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064808f9591&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    183) National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute: Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute. Bethesda, MD. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf.
    184) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 2007.
    185) National Research Council : Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 5, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.
    186) National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 6, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2008.
    187) National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 7, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009.
    188) National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 8, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.
    189) Neese Industries, Inc.: Fabric Properties Rating Chart. Neese Industries, Inc.. Gonzales, LA. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.neeseind.com/new/TechGroup.asp?Group=Fabric+Properties&Family=Technical. As accessed 4/15/2003.
    190) Neudecker T & Henschler D: Mutagenicity of chloro-olefins in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. I. Allyl chloride mutagenicity re-examined. Mutat Res 1985; 157:145-148.
    191) Neudecker T & Henschler D: Mutagenicity of chloroolefins in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. III. Metabolic activation of the allylic chloropropenes allyl chloride, 1,3-dichloropropene, 2,3-dichloro-1-propene, 1,2,3-trichloropropene, 1,1,2,3-tetrachloro-2-propene and hexachloropropene by S9 mix via two different metabolic pathways. Mutat Res 1986; 170:1-9.
    192) None Listed: Position paper: cathartics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42(3):243-253.
    193) North: Chemical Resistance Comparison Chart - Protective Footwear . North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.linkpath.com/index2gisufrm.php?t=N-USA1. As accessed April 30, 2004.
    194) North: eZ Guide Interactive Software. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.northsafety.com/feature1.htm. As accessed 8/31/2002.
    195) OHM/TADS : Oil and Hazardous Materials/Technical Assistance Data System. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
    196) OSHA: Personal Protective Equipment for General Industry. 59 FR 16334-16364, 59, Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC, 2000, pp 16334-16364.
    197) Olsen GW: Retrospective cohort mortality study of workers with potential exposure to epichlorohydrin and allyl chloride. Am J Ind Med 1994; 25:205-218.
    198) Omura M, Itonaga Y, & Komatsu H: The acute toxicity of allyl chloride by subcutaneous injection in mice. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 1993; 84(10):427-432.
    199) Peate WF: Work-related eye injuries and illnesses. Am Fam Physician 2007; 75(7):1017-1022.
    200) Playtex: Fits Tough Jobs Like a Glove, Playtex, Westport, CT, 1995.
    201) Plunkett ER: Handbook of Industrial Toxicology, Chemical Publishing Co, Inc, New York, NY, 1976.
    202) Pohanish RP & Greene SA: Rapid Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1997.
    203) Pollack MM, Dunbar BS, & Holbrook PR: Aspiration of activated charcoal and gastric contents. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10:528-529.
    204) RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
    205) Rau NR, Nagaraj MV, Prakash PS, et al: Fatal pulmonary aspiration of oral activated charcoal. Br Med J 1988; 297:918-919.
    206) River City: Protective Wear Product Literature, River City, Memphis, TN, 1995.
    207) Safety 4: North Safety Products: Chemical Protection Guide. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.safety4.com/guide/set_guide.htm. As accessed 8/14/2002.
    208) Sax NI & Lewis RJ: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 7th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1989.
    209) Servus: Norcross Safety Products, Servus Rubber, Servus, Rock Island, IL, 1995.
    210) Sittig M: Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1991.
    211) Spiller HA & Rogers GC: Evaluation of administration of activated charcoal in the home. Pediatrics 2002; 108:E100.
    212) Standard Safety Equipment: Product Literature, Standard Safety Equipment, McHenry, IL, 1995.
    213) Stolbach A & Hoffman RS: Respiratory Principles. In: Nelson LS, Hoffman RS, Lewin NA, et al, eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th ed. McGraw Hill Medical, New York, NY, 2011.
    214) Thakore S & Murphy N: The potential role of prehospital administration of activated charcoal. Emerg Med J 2002; 19:63-65.
    215) The Chemical Society: Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals, 3, The Chemical Society, London, UK, 1975.
    216) Tingley: Chemical Degradation for Footwear and Clothing. Tingley. South Plainfield, NJ. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.tingleyrubber.com/tingley/Guide_ChemDeg.pdf. As accessed 10/16/2002.
    217) Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Chemical and Biological Tests (database). Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/. As accessed 10/18/2002.
    218) Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Trellchem Chemical Protective Suits, Interactive manual & Chemical Database. Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2001.
    219) U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management: Protective Action Criteria (PAC) with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs: Rev. 26 for chemicals of concern. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.hss.doe.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/Chem_Safety/teel.html. As accessed 2011-06-27.
    220) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project : 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEXA5E1.HTM?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932. As accessed 2011-06-27.
    221) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities 2010b; 40CFR(261.33, e-f):77-.
    222) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2011. Available from URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList&list_type=date. As accessed 2011-06-21.
    223) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010a. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
    224) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
    225) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: The list of extremely hazardous substances and their threshold planning quantities (CAS Number Order). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010c. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-part355.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
    226) U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Part 1910 - Occupational safety and health standards (continued) Occupational Safety, and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Subpart Z - toxic and hazardous substances. CFR 2010 2010; Vol6(SEC1910):7-.
    227) U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA): Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 29 CFR 2010 2010; 29(1910.119):348-.
    228) United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Vinyl Acetate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6af&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    229) Urben PG: Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, Volume 1, 5th ed, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford, England, 1995.
    230) Wells Lamont Industrial: Chemical Resistant Glove Application Chart. Wells Lamont Industrial. Morton Grove, IL. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.wellslamontindustry.com. As accessed 10/31/2002.
    231) Willson DF, Truwit JD, Conaway MR, et al: The adult calfactant in acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) trial. Chest 2015; 148(2):356-364.
    232) Wilson DF, Thomas NJ, Markovitz BP, et al: Effect of exogenous surfactant (calfactant) in pediatric acute lung injury. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293:470-476.
    233) Workrite: Chemical Splash Protection Garments, Technical Data and Application Guide, W.L. Gore Material Chemical Resistance Guide, Workrite, Oxnard, CA, 1997.
    234) Zhao M: Testicular toxicity of allyl chloride. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 1997; 88:49-55.
    235) van Duuren BL, Goldschmidt BM, & Loewengart G: Carcinogenicity of halogenated olefinic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979; 63:1433-1439.