LEWISITE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
ARSINE, DICHLORO(2-CHLOROVINYL)- ARSINE, (2-CHLOROVINYL)DICHLORO- ARSONOUS DICHLORIDE, (2-CHLOROETHENYL)- 1-CHLORO-2-DICHLOROARSINOETHANE (2-CHLOROETHENYL) ARSONOUS DICHLORIDE (2-CHLOROETHENYL)ARSONOUS DICHLORIDE CHLOROVINYLARSINEDICHLORIDE CHLOROVINYLARSINE DICHLORIDE 2- CHLOROVINYLARSONOUS DICHLORIDE beta-CHLOROVINYLBICHLOROARSINE beta-CHLOROVINYL DICHLOROARSINE CHLOROVINYL DICHLOROARSINE 2-CHLOROVINYLDICHLOROARSINE (2-CHLOROVINYL)DICHLOROARSINE DICHLORO(2-CHLOROVINYL)ARSINE EA 1034 L LEWISITE LEWISITE (ARSENIC COMPOUND)
IDENTIFIERS
2810-Lewisite 2810-L (Lewisite)
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- CDC, 2001((HSDB, 2001); Lewis, 2000; RTECS , 2001)SBCCOM, 1999
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Lewisite is an arsenical vesicant warfare poison used by the military as a respiratory and systemic poison. In ambient air, Lewisite is about 10 times more volatile than mustard gas, and can be used as an irritant vapor over large distances. (Budavari, 2000; Goldman & Dacre, 1989; (HSDB, 2001); Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Sidell et al, 2000). It may be mixed with sulfur mustard to lower the freezing point of mustard (Sidell et al, 2000).
Lewisite (b-chlorovinyldichloroarsine) was first synthesized in 1918 by a research team headed by U.S. Army Captain W.L. Lewis (Sidell et al, 2000). Synthesis of Lewisite involves the addition of arsenic trichloride to acetylene, using aluminum chloride as a catalyst. This results in a mixture of L-1 (2-chlorovinyldichloroarsine, Lewisite) with an optimum yield of 20%, L-2 (di-(2-chlorovinyl)-chloroarsine), L-3 (tris- (2-chlorovinyl)-arsine), and an explosive component. A yield of 80-85% of L-1 can be obtained using mercuric chloride as a catalyst, although the catalytic solution is very corrosive (Goldman & Dacre, 1989; Lewis, 1997). No verified use of Lewisite on a battlefield exists, although Japan may have used it against China between 1937 and 1944 (CDC, 2001; (Sidell et al, 2000). The U.S. manufactured the chemical during World War I; however, the war ended while the shipment was being transported and the vessel carrying it sank before reaching its destination. U.S. stockpiles must be destroyed before April 2007, as mandated by the Chemical Weapons Convention. Currently several countries may have a stockpile of this chemical warfare agent (CDC, 2001; (Sidell et al, 2000).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Lewisite is a vesicant or a blistering-type military poison that is extremely toxic by all routes of exposure. As a chemical warfare agent it can cause severe blistering and chemical burns, but may also act systemically to produce: diarrhea, restlessness, hypothermia, weakness, acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and hypotension. The main route of absorption that results in systemic toxicity is through the respiratory tract, however, systemic effects may be seen after ingestion or through dermal contact.
- Lewisite acts first as a vesicant (since first contact is usually through dermal exposure), then as a pulmonary irritant and finally as a systemic poison. It can cause violent sneezing, severe pain and terror. It has similar toxic effects to mustard gas in that its main target organs are the skin, eyes and airways (the main organs affected); however, it differs in that its clinical effects appear within seconds of exposure. Data on human exposure is few; most information on its clinical effects is based on animal studies.
- After inhalation, mucous membranes are affected, causing severe irritation. Vocal cord paralysis and chemical pneumonitis may result. After severe inhalation exposures, acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death due to respiratory failure may occur. Systemic absorption can result in increased capillary permeability, causing loss of fluid from the vasculature, resulting in hemoconcentration, shock, and death.
- Dermal contact results in immediate stinging and burning sensations, and erythema within 30 minutes. Formation of sharply circumscribed, painful blisters, may occur in 2 to 13 hours after exposure. As little as five minutes of dermal exposure may result in a gray area of dead epithelium similar to that seen with corrosive burns. Itching and irritation may occur for about 24 hours, whether or not a blister is seen.
- Severe burns can result from dermal exposure. Skin burns are generally deeper than those with mustard gas. Skin penetration can result from contact with either liquid or vapor forms. Very small amounts (0.5 mL) can produce systemic effects; as little as 2 mLs can be fatal.
- Eye exposure results in rapid damage. Contact causes an immediate stinging and burning sensation. Blepharospasm may occur instantly, however, conjunctival and lid edema, iris inflammation, and corneal haziness occurs over several hours.
- Temporary blindness due to blistering and swelling of the eyelids and mucous membranes can occur. Erosion of the corneal epithelium may heal spontaneously, however, corneal scars may develop after initial recovery and reduce visual acuity. Moreover, permanent blindness is possible without prompt decontamination (within 1 minute).
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Lewisite is toxic by the dermal, inhalation, or oral exposure routes (EPA, 1985). From its acute dermal LD50 of 15 mg/kg in rats (RTECS, 1993), Lewisite is a HIGHLY TOXIC SUBSTANCE. It was 6.5 times more acutely toxic than sodium arsenite in rabbits, on an arsenic equivalent basis (Inns et al, 1988).
- Lewisite can cause severe dermal vesication and burns. Eye contact with the vapor or liquid produces an immediate searing sensation. Profuse tearing and blepherospasm may protect the eyes from vapor exposure, but not from direct contact with the liquid (Grant, 1986). Permanent loss of sight occurs if Lewisite is allowed to be in contact with the eye for more than one minute (EPA, 1985).
- Vapor inhalation can produce severe respiratory irritation and death within 10 minutes (EPA, 1985). Pulmonary edema may develop in persons who survive the initial exposure (EPA, 1985).
- Contact with the skin produces an immediate stinging sensation followed by reddening within 30 minutes (EPA, 1985). Severe vesication develops approximately 13 hours after contact with the skin (EPA, 1985).
- Other symptoms of acute Lewisite exposure include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, weakness, hypotension, and hypothermia (EPA, 1985).
- Acute ARSENIC ingestion generally produces symptoms within 30 to 60 minutes, but onset of symptoms may be delayed for several hours if ingested with food (Morgan, 1989; Sittig, 1985). A metallic or garlic taste and garlic-like odor of the breath, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and profuse watery (rice-like) and sometimes bloody diarrhea may occur (Sittig, 1985; Finkel, 1983; EPA, 1988).
- Dehydration, intense thirst, and fluid-electrolyte disturbances are common (Morgan, 1989). Hypovolemia from capillary leaking ("third spacing" of fluids) is a common early sign (Morgan, 1989; EPA, 1988; HSDB , 1993). Cardiac arrhythmias may occur, but these may be secondary to electrolyte imbalances (Peterson & Rumack, 1977; Goldsmith, 1980; St Peter et al, 1970; Sittig, 1985).
- The primary target organs initially are the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain, and kidneys (Sittig, 1985; Morgan, 1989; Finkel, 1983; HSDB , 1993). Eventually, the skin, bone marrow, and peripheral nervous system may be significantly damaged (Finkel, 1983; Morgan, 1989; Sittig, 1985; HSDB , 1993). Hemolysis, pancytopenia, and anemia may occur after acute arsenic or arsine poisoning (Kyle & Pease, 1965; Kjeldsberg & Ward, 1972).
- MEE'S LINES, transverse white lines in the nails, may be seen after acute exposure. Mee's lines commonly take 5 weeks to appear above the cuticle and advance 1 mm per week afterwards, allowing an approximation of the time of acute exposure (Heyman et al, 1956).
- Permanent encephalopathy may ensue from acute exposure to arsenic compounds, and may result in atrophy of the cerebral cortex one to six months after exposure (Fincher & Koerker, 1987) causing loss of many higher functions.
- Peripheral neuropathy of both the sensory and motor type can appear in a similar pattern, regardless of the route of exposure to arsenic compounds (Finkel, 1983). It commonly begins one to 3 weeks after acute exposure (Le Quesne & McLeod, 1977; Heyman et al, 1956), usually as paresthesias of the soles of the feet, then the hands, progressing proximally over the next few days (Heyman et al, 1956). Muscle weakness and wasting then develop, causing severe disability (Le Quesne & McLeod, 1977).
- Arsenic-induced peripheral neuropathy may initially be confused with Guillain-Barre' syndrome (Donofrio et al, 1987). Paresthesias may be painful, and are frequently described as severe burning pain in a "stocking and glove" distribution.
- Physical findings of arsenic-induced peripheral neuropathy include prominently decreased sensation to touch, pinprick, and temperature, frequently in a stocking and glove distribution (Heyman et al, 1956). Loss of vibration sense is also common. Profound muscle weakness and wasting, distal more so than proximal, is also seen (Donofrio et al, 1987; Heyman et al, 1956). Wrist drop, foot drop, and fasciculations may also occur (Heyman et al, 1956).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- In poison gas workers, chronic Lewisite exposure has been linked with bronchitis, obstructive lung disease, and lung cancer (Nishimoto et al, 1970) 1986). Lewisite has also been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis (Foussereau et al, 1982).
- As little as 3 to 4 mg of arsenic per day can cause chronic poisoning (HSDB , 1993). Effects of chronic arsenic poisoning include hyperpigmentation of the skin (especially on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet), blackfoot disease, anemia, cirrhosis of the liver, hair loss, and nail changes (ILO, 1983) Finkel, 1983).
- Workers chronically exposed to arsenic by inhalation and dermal contact have developed a hoarse voice, nasal irritation, perforation of the nasal septum, irritation of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and rarely, cirrhosis of the liver (ACGIH, 1986; Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985; Proctor et al, 1988; Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Nausea and vomiting are infrequent complaints among arsenic workers (Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Painful ulceration of the wrist and scrotal skin, lips, and nostrils may develop with chronic exposure to arsenic dust (Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985).
- Chronic arsenic poisoning involves alopecia and enlargement of the liver, in addition to the signs and symptoms mentioned in the EFFECTS OF ACUTE EXPOSURE section (Finkel, 1983). Aplastic anemia has also been described after chronic arsenic exposure (Kjeldsberg & Ward, 1972).
- Treatment-related necrosis of the stratified squamous epithelium was seen in the forestomachs of rats treated by gavage with lewisite at doses up to 2 mg/kg/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. Serum protein, creatinine, SGOT and SGPT were decreased in males, and lymphocytes and platelets were increased in females. The estimated NOEL for oral exposure was between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg (Sasser et al, 1996).
- Arsenic compounds can cause cancer in humans. (Refer to CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS section for more information.)
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
Activated charcoal is of unknown benefit in Lewisite ingestion, but should be considered after significant ingestions. PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002). In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis. The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
CHARCOAL DOSE Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005). Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information. Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Prompt decontamination is of UTMOST IMPORTANCE. Immediately wash skin and clothes with 5% solution of sodium hypochlorite or diluted liquid household bleach, within one minute if possible. Wash contaminated skin with soap and water afterwards. Topical 5% BAL compounded ointment or solution may decrease vesicant effects.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility. A 5% BAL compounded ophthalmic ointment or solution applied within 2 minutes may prevent permanent eye damage.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response. Treat tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation with fluid replacement, DC countershock and standard antiarrhythmic agents. Monitor arterial blood gases or pulse oximetry, chest x-ray, and fluid-electrolyte status. Administration of supplemental oxygen, fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy, and antibiotics for secondary infection may be required. CHELATION INDICATIONS - for systemic treatment include: (1) cough with dyspnea and frothy sputum and signs of pulmonary edema; (2) skin burn the size of the palm of the hand or larger caused by liquid Lewisite and not decontaminated within the first 15 minutes;(3) skin contamination by liquid Lewisite covering 5% or more of the body surface in which there is evidence of immediate skin damage or erythema within 30 minutes; and asymptomatic patients when urine arsenic level is 200 mcg/L or above. Three chelators have been recommended for the treament of Lewisite poisoning: the sodium salt of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS), Succimer(DMSA), and Dimercaprol (BAL). Although, possibly the most effective DMPS is not currently available in the United States. THERAPEUTIC END-POINT - Repeat courses of chelation therapy should be prescribed in severe poisonings until the 24-hour urine arsenic level falls below 50 micrograms/liter. BAL has been shown to increase urinary arsenic concentration by about 40%, with maximum excretion occurring within 2 to 4 hours after BAL dosing. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. Hemodialysis should be performed in the presence of any degree of renal failure.
DERMAL EXPOSURE Prompt decontamination is of utmost importance. DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response. Treat tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation with fluid replacement, DC countershock and standard antiarrhythmic agents. Monitor arterial blood gases or pulse oximetry, chest x-ray, and fluid-electrolyte status. Administration of supplemental oxygen, fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy, and antibiotics for secondary infection may be required. Administer arsenic chelation agent in asymptomatic patients when urine arsenic level is 200 mcg/L or above, until the 24-hour urine arsenic level falls below 50 mcg/L. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. Hemodialysis should be performed in the presence of any degree of renal failure.
EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility. A 5% BAL compounded ophthalmic ointment or solution applied within 2 minutes may prevent a significant reaction; application at 30 minutes will lessen the ocular reaction but does not prevent permanent damage. Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If significant eye irritation is present, prolonged early flushing and early ophthalmologic consultation are advisable. All patients with substantial eye exposure should be carefully monitored for possible development of systemic signs and symptoms. Follow treatment recommendations in the dermal exposure section where appropriate.
ORAL EXPOSURE Do not induce emesis. DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting. PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002). In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis. The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
Although arsenic is commonly listed as being effectively adsorbed to charcoal, data are lacking. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response. Treat tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation with fluid replacement, DC countershock and standard antiarrhythmic agents. Monitor serum electrolytes and administer replacement therapy as indicated. Administer arsenic chelation agent (dimercaprol, D-penicillamine) in asymptomatic patients when urine arsenic level is 200 mcg/L or above, until the 24-hour urine arsenic level falls below 50 mcg/L. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. Hemodialysis should be performed in the presence of any degree of renal failure.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
Lewisite is not detoxified in the body. High concentrations can cause death within 10 minutes (USACHPPM , 2001). Lewisite at 150 mg/min/m(3) causes 1% lethality (USACHPPM , 2001).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
The TWA for the workplace is 0.003 mg/m(3). This is currently based on the technologically feasible detection limits. To date, OSHA has not promulgated a permissible exposure concentration for lewisite (CDC, 2001; SBCCOM, 1999; (USACHPPM , 2001). The 72-hour TWA for the General Population is 0.003 mg/m(3) (CDC, 2001; (USACHPPM , 2001). No deaths occur at 100 mg/min/m(3) (USACHPPM , 2001).
Vesication may occur with 14 mcg of liquid on the skin. Blister fluid due to Lewisite exposure is non-irritating, but does contain 0.8-1.3 mg/mL of arsenic (Sidell et al, 2000). Nasal irritation occurs at concentrations of 8 mg/min/m(3), but Lewisite odor is not detected until concentrations reach about 20 mg/min/m(3) (U.S. Army, 1996).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS541-25-3 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS541-25-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
References: Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2001 Sidell et al, 2000; SBCCOM, 1999; USACHPPM, 2001 U.S. Army, 1997 ICt50- (OCULAR)HUMAN: LC50- (INHALATION)CAT: LC50- (INHALATION)DOG: LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT: LC50- (INHALATION)RAT: LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG: 50 g/m(3) for 30M - diarrhea, dyspnea, hypermotility, changes to kidney, ureter and bladder
LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: LCt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN: LCt50- (SKIN)HUMAN: LCt50- (INHALATION)RAT: LCtLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)DOG: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG: LD50- (SKIN)DOG: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG: LD50- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG: LD50- (SKIN)HUMAN: 2.8 g/kg (liquid) (U.S. Army, 1996) 30 mg/kg (Sidell et al, 2000)
LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT: 500 mcg/kg 2 mg/kg (SBCCOM, 1999)
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT: 4 mg/kg 6 mg/kg (SBCCOM, 1999)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: LD50- (SKIN)RAT: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT: LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG: LDLo- (SKIN)HUMAN: 37,600 mcg/kg 20 mg/kg (SBCCOM, 1999) 37,600 mcg/kg
TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT: TDLo- (ORAL)RAT: female, 20 mg/kg at 6-15D of pregnancy -- fetal death 32,500 mcg/kg for 13W- intermittent -- biochemical changes to transaminases and other proteins, and death
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS541-25-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS541-25-3 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS541-25-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS541-25-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS541-25-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS541-25-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS541-25-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS541-25-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS541-25-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Lewisite Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): b b: The calculated TPQ changed after technical review as described in a technical support document for the final rule, April 22, 1987. d: Revised TPQ based on new or re-evaluated toxicity data, April 22, 1987.
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS541-25-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS541-25-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS541-25-3 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2810 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid Symbol(s): D, G D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved. G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)
Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: NA2810 Packing Group: I Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27 T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 201 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: NA2810 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP27 IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 153 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: NA2810 Packing Group: III Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28 IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672). T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling. TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 153 Non-bulk packaging: 203 Bulk packaging: 241
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s Symbol(s): G Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: UN2810 Packing Group: I Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27 T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 201 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: UN2810 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP13, TP27 IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 153 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: UN2810 Packing Group: III Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28 IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672). T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling. TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 153 Non-bulk packaging: 203 Bulk packaging: 241
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone A Symbol(s): G Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: UN2810 Packing Group: I Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: 1, B9, B14, B30, B72, T22, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP44 1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter. B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized. B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet. B30: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331 and DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig: and d. Have a bolted manway cover. B72: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105J, 106, or 110. T22: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP. TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet. TP44: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 226 Bulk packaging: 244
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone B Symbol(s): G Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: UN2810 Packing Group: I Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: 2, B9, B14, B32, B74, T20, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP45 2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter. B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized. B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet. B32: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331, DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig; and d. Have a bolted manway cover. B74: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105S, 106, 110, 112J, 114J or 120S. T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP. TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet. TP45: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for portable tank shells and heads must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 227 Bulk packaging: 244
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2810 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS541-25-3 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
Use the buddy system when handling chemical agents. No smoking, eating, or drinking is permitted in areas where the chemical is present (SBCCOM, 1999). "Locations where chemical agents and munitions are stored, handled, used, and processed require the use of chemical hazard symbols. These symbols shall be used by themselves or in conjunction with fire symbols as appropriate" (U.S. Army, 1997). "When equipment, tools, or others items or materials come into contact with liquid agent they will be marked, tagged or segregated to indicate the degree of contamination." (U.S. Army, 1997). For additional information refer to AR 385-61, the "Army Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Program", and DA Pam 385-61, "Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Standards" (SBCCOM, 1999).
HANDLING
- Decontamination equipment should be readily located and marked (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Hands should be washed before meals. Personnel should shower thoroughly with special attention to hair, face, neck, and hands using plenty of soap and water before leaving at the of the work day (SBCCOM, 1999).
STORAGE
Containers should be inspected periodically (visual or detector kit inspection) (SBCCOM, 1999). Ton containers should be kept painted and free from rust to enhance visual detection of leakage at the valves and plugs. Some agents (Mustard, Lewisite, GB, VX) act as a solvent on most paints. This may cause peeling, dissolution, blistering, and discoloring at the leak area (U.S. Army, 1997).
Laboratory agent containers should be stored in a single containment system within an approved laboratory hood (SBCCOM, 1999). Storage of larger quantities should be in a double containment system (SBCCOM, 1999). Large quantities should be stored in one ton steel containers, or other approved containers (SBCCOM, 1999; U.S.Army, 1997). "Ton containers of bulk agents will be stored in a horizontal position with the container oriented so that the valves are in vertical alignment"(U.S. Army, 1997). Glass is appropriate for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDTE) quantities (SBCCOM, 1999). Lewisite is stable in glass or steel containers at temperatures below 50 degrees C (CDC, 2001; SBCCOM, 1999).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Exits must be clearly marked to allow for rapid evacuation (SBCCOM, 1999). Chemical showers and eye wash stations must be provided (SBCCOM, 1999). "Structures used for the storage of agent-filled items will have floors and floor surfacing which can de decontaminated" (U.S. Army, 1997). "Sites should be selected that are not in proximity to surface water sources and which are not located over underground water sources that could become contaminated" (U.S. Army, 1997). "Construction materials such as wood or other porous materials that absorb agent are difficult to decontaminate and should not be used in the construction of buildings where agent is to be stored, handled, or processed" (U.S. Army, 1997). "Buildings and/or equipment will be arranged according to the sequence of operations. Such an arrangement will make it possible to keep handling of agents at a minimum and will minimize the necessity for transferring of agents through nonagent areas" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Lewisite is incompatible with steel. It corrodes at a rate of 1X10(-5) to 5X10(-5) inches/month (at 65 degrees C) (SBCCOM, 1999; (USACHPPM , 2001). Rubber, porous materials, and varnish absorb lewisite ((HSDB, 2001)).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- When responding to fires where chemical agents are stored, full firefighter protective clothing should be worn. Rescue/reconnaissance personnel should wear appropriate levels of protective clothing (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Laboratory operations require lab coats and gloves be worn. An approved respirator should be readily available. If handling contaminated animals, wear foot and head covers, and clean smocks (SBCCOM, 1999).
- "The use of personnel protective clothing and equipment (PCE) is the least desirable method of complying with airborne exposure limits. Efforts will be made to reduce dependence upon PCE in agent operating environments through the increased use of engineering and administrative controls such as ventilation, isolation, remote operations, remove monitoring, and elimination of a nonessential entries into agent areas" (U.S. Army, 1997).
- "Do not allow an individual to reenter the area to conduct the operation after the maximum wear time has been reached. However, the local medical authority may use discretion to vary the wear time" (U.S. Army, 1997).
- Contaminated clothing and shoes should be removed at the site and isolated. Decontaminate using alcoholic caustic carbonates or bleach. Seal in plastic bags and place in drums and hold for shipment back to the DA issue point (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Real-time, low-level monitors with an alarm are required. If a monitor is not present, it should be assumed the atmosphere is Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (SBCCOM, 1999).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Chemical goggles are minimal protection and should be worn. If there is a potential situation for splash hazards, use goggles and a face shield (SBCCOM, 1999).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Respiratory protection is required (SBCCOM, 1999).
- When there is a potential danger of oxygen deficiency, and when directed by a chemical accident/incident operations officer or by a fire chief, a NIOSH-approved positive-pressure, full face piece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) will be worn (SBCCOM, 1999).
- "The protective mask canister/filter will not be used for more than two hours when the mask has been worn in an area known to be above the AEL" (U.S. Army, 1997).
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 541-25-3.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
- Local exhaust is mandatory. It must to filtered and scrubbed to limit excessive concentrations, and meet local, state and federal regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Laboratory hoods need to have an average inward face velocity of 100 linear feet per minute plus or minus 20% with the velocity at any point not deviating from the average face velocity by more than 20% (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Exisiting laboratory hoods should have an inward face velocity of 150 linear feet per minute, plus or minus 20% (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Cross-drafts should not exceed 20% of the inward face velocity (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Laboratory operations should be performed at least 20 cm inside the hood face (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Visual smoke tests can be administered to evaluate the performance of the hood. Hood performance tests should be conducted semiannually, after any maintenance procedures, or after modifications have been installed (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Recirculation of exhaust air from chemical areas is prohibited. Connection between areas through the ventilation system is also prohibited (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Emergency back up power must be provided (SBCCOM, 1999).
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Evacuate all persons not envolved in the fire-fighting efforts (SBBCOM, 1999). Contain warfare agent fires to prevent spreading to uncontrolled areas (SBCCOM, 1999). When responding to fires where chemical agents are stored, full firefighter protective clothing should be worn. Rescue/reconnaissance personnel should wear appropriate levels of protective clothing (SBCCOM, 1999).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS541-25-3 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS541-25-3 (NFPA, 2002):
- Fog, foam, water mist, and CO2 are effective fire extinguishing agents. Do not use any fire-fighting methods that may cause the agent to splash or spread (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Fire may destroy most of the agent but measures must be taken to prevent the agent or contaminated liquids from entering the sewers and other areas (SBCCOM, 1999).
Fire may produce irritating and toxic gases of hydrogen chloride and arsenic (CDC, 2001; (Lewis, 2000). Heating lewisite will yield arsenic trichloride, bis-(2-chlorovinyl) chloroarsine, and tris-(2-chloro-vinyl)arsine (CDC, 2001).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Prolonged heat from a fire may cause containers to violently explode or rocket (AAR, 2000; (EPA, 1985; Sittig, 1991).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Avoid breathing vapors, and use water spray to decrease or "knock down" the fumes (SBCCOM, 1999).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Toxic hydrogen chloride vapors evolve from contact with acid or acid fumes (CDC, 2001; ((HSDB, 2001)).
- When lewisite hydrolyses in acidic solutions, it produces hydrocloric acid and a nonvolatile solid, chlorovinylarseniousoxide. Chlorovinylarseniousoxide is a less potent vesicant than lewisite (USACHPPM , 2001).
- When lewisite hydrolyses in alkaline solutions it produces acetylene and trisodium arsenate. The by-product contains toxic arsenic (CDC, 2001; (USACHPPM , 2001).
- Lewisite is neutralized and inactivated by sodium hypochlorite (Budavari, 2000; EPA, 1985).
- Strong alkalies and moisture cause Lewisite to decompose to a non- vesicant product ((Anon, 1996); Budavari, 2000) SBCCOM, 1999)
- Lewisite can be oxidized by hypochlorous acid, hydrogen peroxide, chloramines, iodine, and seawater (Munro et al, 1999).
- Anhydrous Lewisite reacts with chlorine and forms arsenic trichloride and dichloroethylene (Munro et al, 1999).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)
Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used. Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages. Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- Evacuate all persons not envolved in the fire-fighting efforts (SBBCOM, 1999).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS541-25-3 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS541-25-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Chlorovinylarsine dichloride; (Lewisite 1) TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.12 TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.12 TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 0.12 TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 0.74 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS541-25-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS541-25-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
"At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices" ((HSDB, 2001)).
Laboratory Spill: "Areas where liquid agent has been spilled will be clearly identified and controlled to prevent inadvertent access by unauthorized personnel" (U.S. Army, 1997). Laboratory Spill: Only personnel in full protective clothing are allowed in areas where there has been a spill or release of chemical agents (SBCCOM, 1999). Laboratory Spill: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the AEL." (U.S. Army, 1997). Laboratory Spill: A 10 wt.% alcoholic sodium hydroxide or 5.25% sodium hypochlorite can be applied to small spills. 200g of decontamination solution is required for each liter of lewisite. The contaminated object and alcoholic sodium hydroxide should be agitated for at least an hour. Check the pH level. If the level is not above 11.5, add more decon. Alcoholic sodium carbonate can be substituted for sodium hydroxide. It still requires an agitation time of 1 hour, but the contact time should be increased to 3 hours. The optimal pH level should be above 10 (SBCCOM, 1999). Laboratory Spill: Place the neutralized substance and contaminated clothing into a DOT- approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM, 1999). Laboratory Spill: Scoop the neutralized substance into a DOT-approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM, 1999). Laboratory Spill: Leaking containers should be placed in a double containment system with a sorbent material between the interior and exterior container (SBCCOM, 1999). Laboratory Spill: Dispose of the decontaminate according to local, state and Federal regulations (SBCCOM, 1999). Laboratory Spill: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the AEL." (U.S. Army, 1997). Editor's Note: The decontamination solutions listed are not for dermal use.
Field Procedures: "Areas where liquid agent has been spilled will be clearly identified and controlled to prevent inadvertent access by unauthorized personnel" (U.S. Army, 1997). Field Procedures: Only personnel in full protective clothing are allowed in areas where there has been a spill or release of chemical agents (SBCCOM, 1999). Field Procedures: "Personnel who have been in areas of possible chemical agent exposure (normally, personnel downwind of an agent release or personnel who were in areas of known agent contamination) will remain at the installation for at least 30 minutes after leaving the area. They will then be observed for signs of agent exposure, and agent-related symptoms by the supervisor or his designated representative before departing the installation. If signs of possible exposure are noted the worker will be referred immediately to the medical family" (U.S. Army, 1997). Field Procedures: Cover spills with diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, clay, or fine sand (SBCCOM, 1999). Field Procedures: Neutralize the mixture immediately with copious amounts of DS2, alcoholic caustic, or carbonate. DS2 is a combination of diethylenetriamine (70%), ethylene glcol monomethyl ether (28%), and sodium hydroxide (2%). Household bleach can be used if it is stirred to ensure contact (SBCCOM, 1999). Field Procedures: Scoop the neutralized substance into a DOT-approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM, 1999). Field Procedures: Leaking containers should be placed in a double containment system with a sorbent material between the interior and exterior container (SBCCOM, 1999). Field Procedures: Dispose of the decontaminate according to local, state and Federal regulations (SBCCOM, 1999). Field Procedures: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the AEL." (U.S. Army, 1997). Editor's Note: The decontamination solutions listed are not for dermal use.
Some decontamination solutions are considered hazardous waste and must be disposed of according to RCRA and local health department regulations (SBCCOM, 1999). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
Open pit burning, or burying the chemical agent and items contaminated with the agent is strictly prohibited (U.S. Army, 1997). Detoxified chemical agents (using recommended army procedures) can be destroyed in an EPA approved incinerator according to provisions listed by the Federal, State, or local Resource Conservation and Recovery Act regulations (RCRA) (SBCCOM, 1999). Thermal decomposition is allowed in an EPA-approved incinerator equipped with a scrubber to remove chlorides, and an electrostatic precipitator, or other filtering device (SBCCOM, 1999).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Lewisite (L) may have entered various chemical facility waste streams during its former production as a military warfare agent (HSDB, 2005).
- A chemical agent's stability in the environment mainly determines its human or environmental exposure potential. Like other military chemical vesicants (blister agents), Lewisite's stability largely depends on weather variables such as wind speed and direction, temperature gradients, humidity, and precipitation. The magnitude of the effect of each variable on downwind hazards and exposure are further influenced by local topography, vegetation, and soil conditions (U.S. Army, 2002).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Lewisite is about 10 times more volatile than mustard gas in ambient air. It persists for shorter periods of time in a hot climate, but reaches higher vapor concentrations more rapidly. Alkalinity and higher temperatures increase its rate of hydrolysis. At temperate climates in open areas with minimal wind, Lewisite can persist beyond 1 week (Goldman & Dacre, 1989). Atmospheric conditions including temperature, temperature gradient, wind speed, and direction strongly influence the effectiveness and persistency of chemical agents like Lewisite (U.S. Army, 2002). Increases in temperature and high winds tend to increase evaporation rates and dissipation of liquid chemical agents (U.S. Army, 2002). High winds increase the evaporative rate of liquid chemical agents and dissipate chemical clouds more rapidly than low winds (U.S. Army, 2002). Wind speed and direction along with surface terrain features control migration of chemical clouds. Chemical agent clouds may pass over and around rather than penetrate heavily wooded areas. Agent clouds also tend to flow over rolling terrain, around large hills, and up and down valleys (U.S. Army, 2002).
When released into the atmosphere, vapor-phase Lewisite degrades by reacting with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. Reaction with ozone also causes degradation, but at a slower rate than with hydroxyl radicals (HSDB, 2005). Based on a vapor pressure of 0.58 mmHg at 25 degrees C, Lewisite typically remains in a vapor phase at ambient temperatures (HSDB, 2005).
SURFACE WATER Hydrolysis typically occurs when Lewisite is exposed to moisture and air. However, water can float on Lewisite, thereby blocking hydrolysis. Lewisite has no reported environmental rate constant for hydrolysis (HSDB, 2005). Hydrolysis in acidic media rapidly breaks down Lewisite to hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the less potent, non-volatile, water-soluble arsenical compound, dihydroxy arsine (2-chlorovinyl arsonous acid). Arsenical compounds can persist in the environment and bioaccumulate through aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Lewisite oxide may also form during hydrolysis (HSDB, 2005; Munro et al, 1999; USACHPPM , 2001). Bioconcentration and adsorption to suspended solids and sediment are not considered important fate processes for Lewisite, due to its propensity to rapidly hydrolyze in water and volatilize from water surfaces (HSDB, 2005). Estimated environmental volatilization half-lives for Lewisite are 8 hours in a model river and 7 days in a model lake, assuming a Henry's Law constant of 3.2 x 10(-4) atm-m(3)/mole (HSDB, 2005).
TERRESTRIAL Lewisite is moderately persistent in soil because of its low solubility in water (Munro et al, 1999; Goldman & Dacre, 1989). Under moist soil conditions, Lewisite either readily evaporates from soil surfaces or rapidly converts by hydrolysis to 2-chlorovinyl arsonous acid. The presence of soil minerals enhances the degradation rate, while alkaline soils can neutralize Lewisite (HSDB, 2005; Munro et al, 1999). Under dry soil conditions, Lewisite is expected to either volatilize or degrade to its nonvolatile and persistent oxide form (HSDB, 2005). Lewisite's potential for volatilization from dry soil is based on its vapor pressure of 0.58 mm Hg . Evaporation from dry soil is generally a slow process that ceases once Lewisite converts to its oxide form. Results from one study showed approximately 20% of Lewisite applied to warm soil (51 degrees C) evaporated in the first hour (HSDB, 2005). While Lewisite is regarded as highly mobile in soil based on an estimated Koc value of 125, leaching is not considered an important fate process due to Lewisite's rapid reaction with water (HSDB, 2005).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Upon release into the atmosphere, Lewisite will disperse and subsequently enter soil and water media (HSDB, 2005).
- Estimated atmospheric half-lives for Lewisite's vapor phase are 1.3 and 1.2 days for the cis- and trans-isomers, respectively. These half-lives are calculated from the rate constants for Lewisite's reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals of 1.0 x 10(-11) and 1.3 x 10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-sec (cis- and trans-isomers, respectively), given an atmospheric temperature of 25 deg C and a concentration of 5 x 10(+5) hydroxyl radicals per cm(3) (HSDB, 2005).
- Other estimated half-lives for Lewisite are 92 and 46 days (cis- and trans-isomers, respectively). These half-life estimates are based on ozone rate constants of 1.2 x 10(-15) and 2.5 x 10(-15) cm(3)/molecule-sec (cis- and trans-isomers, respectively), given an atmospheric temperature of 25 degrees C and an ozone concentration of 7 x 10(+11) molecules per cm(3) (HSDB, 2005).
- A specific hydrolysis rate for Lewisite has not been determined, although it is generally thought to be rapid. Lewisite readily converts to lewisite oxide and HCL through hydrolysis (HSDB, 2005; Munro et al, 1999).
- Lewisite does not absorb UV light above 290 nm (in cyclohexane solution at 10 ppm), hence degradation by photolysis in sunlight is unlikely (HSDB, 2005).
- Lewisite forms arsenical compounds regardless of the degradation pathway (Munro et al, 1999).
BIODEGRADATION
- Microbial degradation of Lewisite in soil results in metabolites that are toxic due to their epoxy bond and arsine group (Munro et al, 1999).
BIOACCUMULATION
Lewisite has an estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 20, based on a log octanol water partition coefficient (Kow) of 2.56 (HSDB, 2005). Lewisite is not expected to bioaccumulate in terrestrial food chains. However, the arsenical compounds that result from its hydrolysis can persist and bioaccumulate (Munro et al, 1999).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
Lewisite vapors are reportedly extremely toxic to plants (Munro et al, 1999). In a static, 30-day aquatic study using 5 mg/L Lewisite with phytoplankton and aquatic plants (water milfoil, water crowfoot, and parrot's feather), phytoplankton growth was inhibited and the milfoil and water crowfoot died. At 50 mg/L Lewisite, all the aquatic plants died within 30 days (Munro et al, 1999).
- AQUATIC ECOTOXICITY VALUES
LC0 - SUNFISH: 6.5 mg/L for 24H -- signs of stress observed (Munro et al, 1999) LCLo - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 0.5 mg/L for 30D (Munro et al, 1999) LCLo - LARGEMOUTH BASS: less than 2.0 mg/L for 30D (Munro et al, 1999) LCLo - SMALL BLACK BULLHEADS: 0.2 mg/L for 30D (Munro et al, 1999) LCLo - TADPOLES: 0.5 mg/L for 30D (Munro et al, 1999)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Lewisite, is an oily, liquefied gas with a characteristic odor of geraniums. Freshly distilled or pure lewisite is a colorless liquid, but impurities and age cause the color to range from amber to black or from violet to brown, or an olive-green. At lower temperatures Lewisite remains a liquid and is persistent in colder climates. Lewisite hydrolyzes rapidly, thus maintaining a biologically active concentration on a humid day is difficult (AAR, 2000; ((HSDB, 2001); Lewis, 2000; Sidell et al, 2000).
- Synthesized Lewisite is composed of cis- and trans- isomers at a 10:90 ratio (Munro et al, 1999).
- Lewisite has several impurities: bis(2-chlorovinyl) chloroarsine, tris- (2-chlorovinyl)arsine and arsenic trichloride (Munro et al, 1999).
- The vinyl double bond and dichloroarsine group stabilizers are normally added to prevent decomposition (Munro et al, 1999).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 0.35 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (SBCCOM, 1999; (USACHPPM , 2001)
- 0.22 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (SBCCOM, 1999; (USACHPPM , 2001)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-1 degrees C (trans-isomer) (USACHPPM , 2001) -45 degrees C (cis-isomer) (USACHPPM , 2001) -18.2-0.1 degrees C (depending on purity) (SBCCOM, 1999)
BOILING POINT
- 190 degrees C; 374 degrees F (calculated) (SBCCOM, 1999)
- 197 degrees C (Trans); 170 degrees C (Cis) (USACHPPM , 2001)
FLASH POINT
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
Soluble in ordinary organic solvents (SBCCOM, 1999; (USACHPPM , 2001) Insoluble in dilute mineral acids (SBCCOM, 1999) Soluble in oils (SBCCOM, 1999) Soluble in alcohol (SBCCOM, 1999)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 3.2x10(-4) (Munro et al, 1999)
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