LACTONITRILE

Lactonitrile is an cyanogenic aliphatic nitrile compound. Its toxicity is thought to be mainly due to the metabolic release of cyanide by hepatic biotransformation after absorption. However, some acute toxicity may be due to the parent compound itself. At least one human fatality has been reported from lactonitrile poisoning.

Although the aliphatic nitrile compounds in general cause the same signs and symptoms as seen in cyanide poisoning, the onset of toxicity is likely to be delayed for up to several hours after exposure as some time is required for sufficient hepatic metabolism of the parent compound with release of sufficient amounts of cyanide.

The implication of this slow onset is that PROLONGED OBSERVATION in a CONTROLLED SETTING where cyanide poisoning can be treated is required following exposure.

Chronic occupational exposure to other similar nitrile compounds such as acetonitrile has resulted in interference of iodine uptake by the thyroid and some cases of goiter, presumably by interference of thiocyanate produced during normal cyanide detoxification by the endogenous rhodanese enzyme. Whether this occurs with lactonitrile exposure has not been reported.

HYDROGEN CYANIDE may be released from lactonitrile in the presence of alkali. Both cyanide and oxides of nitrogen fumes may be evolved during thermal decomposition.

The remainder of this discussion relates to CYANIDE POISONING and TREATMENT. The possibility of DELAYED ONSET of SYMPTOMS, up to SEVERAL HOURS AFTER LACTONITRILE EXPOSURE must be kept in mind. PROLONGED OBSERVATION is usually required for initially asymptomatic individuals with aliphatic nitrile exposure.

RELEASED CYANIDE -

Hydrogen cyanide gas exposure may produce death within minutes. Lesser exposures may produce nausea, vomiting, palpitations, confusion, hyperventilation, anxiety, and vertigo. Severe hypoxic signs in the absence of cyanosis suggest the diagnosis. Cyanide release after systemic lactonitrile absorption may take a considerable period, with SYMPTOM ONSET DELAYED for SEVERAL HOURS after exposure.
Patients have survived potentially lethal cyanide exposures with supportive care only, and the absence of a rapidly deteriorating course does not exclude the diagnosis.
Cyanosis is generally a late finding and does not occur until the stage of circulatory collapse and apnea. The patient's clinical state will depend on the extent and time since exposure. Initially the patient may experience flushing, tachycardia, tachypnea, headache, and dizziness. This may progress to agitation, stupor, coma, apnea, generalized convulsions, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, and death.

If systemic CYANIDE POISONING is suspected, IMMEDIATELY BEGIN ADMINISTERING 100% OXYGEN. OBTAIN THE CYANIDE ANTIDOTE KIT AND PREPARE IT FOR USE.

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

From its acute oral LD50 of 87 mg/kg in rats, lactonitrile is a moderately toxic compound. It can be absorbed through intact skin (Sax & Lewis, 1989; EPA, 1985). Application to the eyes has been lethal in experimental animals (Hartung, 1982; HSDB , 1993). At least one human fatality has been reported from lactonitrile poisoning (Nagata et al, 1968), and the compound has been classified as one of the highly toxic aliphatic nitriles (Zuzik, 1983).

An important aspect is possible DELAYED ONSET of appearance of signs and symptoms, due to the time required to release cyanide by hepatic metabolism (Hartung, 1982).

The fatal dose of cyanide salts is estimated to be 200 to 300 milligrams for an adult (Bonnichsen & Maely, 1966; Baselt & Cravey, 1989). As little as 180 milligrams can be rapidly fatal (CHRIS, 1993). Inhalation of 0.2 to 0.3 mg/L (200 to 300 ppm) may be rapidly fatal (ACGIH, 1986). However, individuals have survived much higher exposures to cyanide (Yacoub et al, 1974; Hall et al, 1987; Bismuth et al, 1984; Dodds & McKnight, 1985).

Cyanide causes signs and symptoms including flushing, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, tachycardia, hyperpnea, headache, dizziness, confusion, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias and conduction defects, metabolic acidosis, seizures, anxiety, agitation, tremors, weakness, stupor, and coma (Hall & Rumack, 1986). Death may occur within a few minutes of acute cyanide exposure.

Damage to the optic nerve has been produced in rats within 48 hours after a single injection of sodium cyanide; damage from a single exposure was progressive (Lessell & Kuwabara, 1974). A Parkinsonian-like syndrome has occurred up to several weeks after acute cyanide poisoning (Rosenberg et al, 1989). CNS signs and symptoms may be reversible up to a point (Wuthrich, 1954), but some may persist for many months (Pettigrew, 1977).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies were found on chronic exposure to lactonitrile in humans.

Chronic occupational exposure to other nitrile compounds such as ACETONITRILE has resulted in interference of iodine uptake by the thyroid and some cases of goiter, presumably due to interference by thiocyanate produced during normal cyanide detoxification by the endogenous rhodanese enzyme (Hartung, 1982). Whether this occurs with lactonitrile exposure has not been reported.

Chronic occupational cyanide exposure has been associated with a variety of dermal and mucous membrane irritant complaints, usually attributed to exposure to highly alkaline aerosols or solutions of cyanide salts (Finkel, 1983; (Hartung, 1982; Proctor et al, 1988).

True chronic cyanide toxicity in humans is rare (Proctor et al, 1988), although a variety of complaints including goiter, subclinical thyroid function and B12 and folate abnormalities, headaches, vertigo, chest discomfort, palpitations, eye and respiratory tract irritation, dermatitis, fatigue, poor appetite and sleeping, and epistaxis have been reported in cyanide-exposed workers (Proctor et al, 1998; (Colle, 1972; Saia et al, 1970; Ermans et al, 1972).

Chronic exposure to cyanides has been reported to cause CNS effects such as insomnia, loss of memory, and tremors (Chaumont, 1960). Experimental animal studies have confirmed the central nervous system as a target for chronic cyanide toxicity. Rats fed cyanide for 11 months developed spinal cord damage (Philbrick, 1979). Other neurological effects include degeneration of the optic nerve, resulting in decreased visual acuity or blindness.

In rats, cyanide metabolites may accumulate over long periods of chronic exposure (Tewe & Maner, 1981).

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ANIMAL DATA

LACTONITRILE (HSDB, 1996; (Hartung, 1982) -

In experimental animals, some deaths were noted following oral administration of 10 mg/kg of lactonitrile; the oral LD50 was 21 mg/kg.
Application of 0.05 mL of undiluted lactonitrile to the eye killed all animals within 5 minutes.
Following skin application to experimental animals, the LD50 was less than 1 mg/kg with deaths occurring within one hour.

HYDROGEN CYANIDE -

The average fatal dose of hydrogen cyanide is 50 to 60 mg for an adult (Budavari, 1989).
Exposure to 90 ppm or greater of hydrogen cyanide for 30 minutes or more may be incompatible with life (ACGIH, 1986).
Death may result from a few minutes exposure to 300 ppm of hydrogen cyanide (Budavari, 1989). Air concentrations of 0.2 to 0.3 milligrams/cubic meter (200 to 300 parts per million) are rapidly fatal (ACGIH, 1986).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

CYANIDE COMPOUNDS -

Patients have survived exposure to hydrogen cyanide air concentrations of 500 mg/m(3) (Bonsall, 1984), ingestions of one gram of potassium cyanide (Yacoub et al, 1974; Hall et al, 1987), and complete immersion in solutions of cyanide salts (Bismuth et al, 1984; Dodds & McKnight, 1985).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS78-97-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS78-97-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (RTECS, 1996; EPA, 1985
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS78-97-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS78-97-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS78-97-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS78-97-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS78-97-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS78-97-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS78-97-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS78-97-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS78-97-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Lactonitrile
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1000

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS78-97-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS78-97-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS78-97-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Propanenitrile, 2-hydroxy-

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS78-97-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 78-97-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS78-97-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS78-97-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS78-97-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS78-97-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Lactonitrile
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 3.5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 18
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 150
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS78-97-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS78-97-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

342.34

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Colorless or straw-colored liquid (Lewis, 1996).

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.992 (0/18.4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Soluble in water (Lewis, 1993).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in petroleum ether and carbon disulfide (Lewis, 1993).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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