KEROSENE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
IDENTIFIERS
IMO CLASSIFICATION:3.3 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:33412 (Jet Fuels: JP-1) STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:33421 (Kerosene) STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:33440 (Oils, Fuel: No.1) STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:33429 (Oils, Miscellaneous: Range)
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Ashford, 1994; CHRIS , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Grant, 1993; HSDB , 2000; (RTECS, 2000))
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
The odorized form of kerosene (CAS# 8002-74-2) is used as cooking fuel, jet fuel blending component, mineral floating agent, lubricant in plastics processing and solvent in cutback bitumens and printing inks (Ashford, 1994). It is also used as tractor, turbo and gas engine fuel (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It also finds use as a mold release agent, as a solvent in asphalt coating, for enamels, thinners and varnishes (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Main use of the deodorized form of kerosene (CAS# 8008-20-6) is in household sprays, herbicides, insecticides and pesticides (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Due to its insecticidal activity, kerosene was used to control scale as early as 1865. Today, it is still used as ovicide, and as treatment for fruit trees to control scale and mites (Hayes & Laws, 1991a). It is contained in dormant sprays used to control scale insects, aphid and spider mite eggs, and in summer oils used against aphids, mites and scale crawlers (HSDB , 2000).
It is also found in parasiticides applied to livestock; as carrier for other pesticides and as adjuvant to improve the efficacy of fungicides (HSDB , 2000).
It is used as fuel in kerosene lamps, flares and stoves, as metal degreasing and cleaning fluid, and as solvent in paints, printing inks, floor polishes and coatings (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996a). The deodorized and decolorized form (tradename "Deobase") has been used in the past as solvent in cosmetics and in fly spray (Budavari, 1996a). Mineral seal oil, which is one of the heavier kerosenes, has been used as railway coach and caboose lamp fuel, and it is used medicinally for veterinary decontamination (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It is also used to cure tobacco (HSDB , 2000). In 1975, the vast majority of kerosene was used as jet fuel (83%). A smaller percentage (13%) was used as range oil primarily in space heaters, and only a small amount was used for all other applications (4%) (HSDB , 2000). ILO lists kerosene as a chemical commonly used by gardeners, automobile mechanics, and gluers, and as a chemical that sanitarians may potentially be exposed to (ILO, 1998a).
Kerosene is available in "industrial" and in "deodorized" grades (Grant, 1993). Its color has been described as clear, pale-yellow or nearly colorless (Lewis, 1998). Kerosene exists as a mobile, oily liquid. Without further treatment, the color of kerosene is pale-yellow. Following a deodorizing and decoloring procedure called "Doctor sweetening", its color is water-white. The latter form is commercially available under the tradename Deobase (Budavari, 1996a). "Sweeting" is a term used for mercaptan removal. During sweetening, sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, thiophene and mercaptan are treated to improve color, odor and oxidation stability. This process also reduces the concentration of carbon dioxide in gasoline (ILO, 1998a). "Doctor sweetening" is achieved by washing the liquid first with fuming sulfuric acid and then with sodium plumbite solution and sulfur (Budavari, 1996a; Zenz, 1994a). Deodorization is achieved through hydrogenation, which removes the sulfur from the liquid (Ashford, 1994).
"Kerosine is produced by direct fractionation from the middle distillate fraction" (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It can be generated through refining of straight-run distillate from paraffinic or mixed crude, or from a solvent-treated distillated from aromatic crude (Zenz, 1994a). Kerosene can be manufactured via fractional distillation of petroleum. It appears as the fifth fraction during petroleum distillation, that is after the petroleum ether fraction but before the oil fractions (Budavari, 1996a). Kerosene can be produced through the following methods (Ashford, 1994): From crude oil via atmospheric distillation or from vacuum gas oil via hydrocracking. Following either method, kerosene is co-produced with naphtha and light naphtha, heavy and light gas oil, as well as heavy (long residue) refinery gas. From synthesis gas via Shell MDS process, where it is co-produced with naphtha, heavy gas oil, light wax, and Fischer-Tropsch refinery gas.
SYNONYM EXPLANATION
- "Paraffin" and "paraffin oil" are synonyms for the NOT deodorized form, which has the CAS number 800-74-2 (Ashford, 1994).
- The deodorized form is commercially available as "Deobase" or "Insectisol" (Grant, 1993).
CHRIS, 2000 lists "Kerosene" as synonyms for the following four compounds: "Kerosene" and "Oils, Fuel: No. 1" both with CAS number 800-820-6, and for "Jet Fuel: JP-1" and "Oils, Miscellaneous: Range" with unidentified CAS numbers. Assigned CHRIS Codes are different for all four CHRIS compounds. Because Kerosene is listed as synonyms for all four compounds, information from all four CHRIS documents is included in this document. Unless indicated otherwise, data from CHRIS applies to all four compounds. (CHRIS , 2000). Jet fuels are blends of numerous refinery compounds (including low sulfur and desulfurized kerosine, hydrotreated light coker gas oil, and hydrocracked blending stocks), the percentage of which is determined by the lowest-cost blend to meet limiting specifications, particularly smoke point, and amount of aromatics (Gary JH and Handwerk GE, 1994). Similar to "Kerosene", jet fuels contain C5 to C16 aliphatics, monocyclanes, aromatics and alkenes. Differences in toxic effects however suggest that, in contrast to kerosene, jet fuels contain hexane-like constituents (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Because of these differences, detailed information for jet fuels is not included in this document.
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- The toxic responses to kerosene will vary vastly according to the compound's origin and use. The deodorized and refined kerosenes are the least toxic.
- Ingestion is the more hazardous route because of the risk of aspiration. Ingestion itself causes local irritation with a burning sensation in the mouth, throat and stomach, cherry-red lips, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Rapid absorption leads to systemic effects: drowsiness, central nervous system depression, stupor and convulsions.
- Kerosene produces more serious effects when aspirated after ingestion, resulting in severe lung irritation, with coughing and gagging or strangling, rapid breathing and heartbeat, cyanosis, and rapid pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, infiltration and death. The resultant chemical pneumonitis can progress to secondary bacterial infection. Survival is followed by complete recovery of pulmonary function.
- Severe and untreated aspiration exposure can lead to confluent pneumonia, heart enlargement, liver and spleen enlargement, and symptoms of heart failure. Kidney involvement can produce urinary changes. Kerosene exposure may cause degenerative hemorrhagic changes of the liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow.
- Inhalation results in transient euphoria/excitement, dizziness, a burning sensation in the chest, headache, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, unsteady gait, nausea, weakness, restlessness, poor muscle control, nerve inflammation, incoordination. confusion, disorientation, drowsiness, extremity cyanosis. More severe exposure can result in coma, possibly convulsions, and rare sudden death from ventricular fibrillation or respiratory arrest.
- Kerosene vapor is irritating to the eyes and nose. Dermal contact can lead to irritation, redness, blistering, dermatitis and infection (through its defatting action). Eye contact with industrial-grade kerosene causes immediate strong stinging and lacrimation; the deodorized grade causes no eye irritation.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Because of its relatively low volatility, overexposure by inhalation of kerosene is uncommon, but can occur in poorly ventilated areas (such as in tank cleaning operations) (Anon, 1967) or by inhalation of MISTS or AEROSOLS (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Symptoms of inhalation overexposure include central nervous system (CNS) depression (transient euphoria, headache, ringing in the ears, weakness, incoordination, confusion, disorientation, drowsiness, seizures, coma, and death) (HSDB). A sensation of burning in the chest has also been reported (HSDB).
- In one study, smaller aerosol particles were more harmful than larger particles (presumably because they were respirable) (Volkova, 1969). As with many other solvents, kerosene may exert some effect on the HEART, decreasing the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine (HSDB).
- The greatest hazard of acute kerosene ingestion is accidental PULMONARY ASPIRATION which can cause potentially fatal CHEMICAL PNEUMONITIS and NONCARDIOGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA (HSDB; (Anon, 1967). PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE (Gerarde, 1963) and KIDNEY INVOLVEMENT (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) have also been reported. Headache, breathing difficulty, vomiting, abdominal pain, and a feeling of intense malaise have also occurred (Truffa & Montalenti, 1969).
- Most fatal cases of kerosene pulmonary aspiration have been in children. The estimated fatal dose by ingestion is in the range of 1/2 ounce to 4 ounces (HSDB).
- Kerosene can cause defatting dermatitis (Hass & Ladefoged, 1985; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Chronic exposure to kerosene may cause headache, neuralgia, memory loss, decreased blood counts, respiratory impairment, and polyneuritis (Anon, 1967). One case of fatal hypoplastic anemia has been reported in a person with chronic kerosene exposure (Johnson, 1955).
- Kerosene can cause defatting dermatitis, erythema, and eczema-like skin lesions with chronic exposure (Jee, 1986). It can cause respiratory tract irritation (Noro, 1961) and may possibly induce occupational asthma (Rodriguez De La Vega, 1981).
- Chronic exposure to kerosene may result in protein in the urine and kidney damage following inhalation exposure in rats (Starek & Kaminski, 1982), bronchoconstriction in rabbits (Casaco, 1983), an inflammatory response in the lungs of guinea pigs (Noa, 1985), and an increase in the allergic response of guinea pigs to egg albumin following inhalation of kerosene SMOKE (Casaco, 1985). Nonspecific airway responsiveness to acetylcholine was increased in guinea pigs exposed to kerosene space heater emissions for 3 hours/day for 1 week or 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Pulmonary macrophages also had a 51 percent enhanced phagocytic activity (Chen et al, 1996).
- Both kerosene mist and kerosene smoke induced aortic plaques in guinea pigs (Noa & Illnait, 1987).
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. However, as recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), individuals who wear contact lenses in the workplace must combine them with appropriate industrial safety eyewear. DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention. INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).
GENERAL Irrigate eyes with water; wash contaminated skin areas with soap and water; administer artificial respiration and oxygen. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
DERMAL EXPOSURE EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
LDLo - (ORAL) HUMAN: 500 mg/kg ((RTECS, 2000)) LDLo - (UNREPORTED) HUMAN: 1176 mg/kg ((RTECS, 2000)) LDLo - (ORAL) HUMAN: 0.5 ounces (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) LD50 - (ORAL) HUMAN: 3-4 ounces (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) In general, the deodorized form of kerosene is less toxic than the unpurified form, both with respect to eye and respiratory irritation and leukocytosis. Also, kerosene has low toxicity when ingested and retained in the stomach. Aspiration into the lungs however causes extensive tissue damage and possibly death (Zenz, 1994). Aspiration of kerosene is estimated to be 18-140 times more lethal than ingestion without aspiration (Hayes & Laws, 1991). Ingestion of kerosene often induces gagging, coughing or vomiting, which in turn increases the risk for aspiration into the lungs. Hence, aspiration typically occurs at the time of ingestion, or due to vomiting within the first hour after ingestion (Hayes & Laws, 1991). Infusion of 0.1 to 0.2 mL of kerosene into the trachea can be fatal (Zenz, 1994). Instilling a fraction of a milliliter of kerosene into the trachea of a rat causes pulmonary edema and death within a few minutes (HSDB , 2000). Death may result from ingestion of as little as one fluid ounce. Following aspiration in the lungs, as little as 1/30 ounce may be fatal (Sittig, 1991). Although the mean lethal dose cannot be established with certainty, a reasonable estimate for oral exposure for an average adult is 3 to 4 ounces (assuming aspiration). It must be noted though that exposure to twice this amount has been tolerated, and exposure to less than 0.5 ounce has caused death (HSDB , 2000). Death has been reported following ingestion of 30 mL as result of aspiration (Hayes & Laws, 1991). One report attributed the development of fatal hypoplastic anemia to long-time occupational exposure to kerosene that was used to degrease machine parts (HSDB , 2000). One case of fatal bone marrow depression was associated with therapeutic use of kerosene (applied externally) (HSDB , 2000).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
TDLo - (ORAL) HUMAN: 3570 mg/kg -- cough; nausea or vomiting; increased body temperature ((RTECS, 2000)) TDLo - (IV) HUMAN: 403 mg/kg -- general depressed activity; hallucinations, distorted perceptions ((RTECS, 2000)) TD - (ORAL) HUMAN: 8 ounces (highest non-lethal dose) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) TD - (ORAL) HUMAN: < 1 mL (with aspiration into lungs) -- may cause chemical pneumonitis; systemic symptoms including CNS effects (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) NOEL - (INHL) HUMAN: 14 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Volunteers exposed to deodorized kerosene for 15 minutes at a mean vapor concentration of 140 mg/m(3) (20 ppm) did not show signs of sensory irritation. A slight decrease in olfactory acuity was observed in two subjects. Subjects considered this concentration acceptable as an 8-hour workday exposure (Zenz, 1994). Skin irritation is more likely to occur from exposure to naphthenic-type kerosene than from exposure to paraffin-type kerosene (Zenz, 1994). Dermal exposure to a 40% solution of kerosene has been shown to be innocuous to human skin. Dermatitis resulted from exposure to a solution containing 55%, 70% and 85% of kerosene in 24, 85 and 100 %, respectively, of the volunteers (Zenz, 1994). Survival has been reported following ingestion of 1 liter of kerosene (Hayes & Laws, 1991). Following exposure to 3-4 mL of Energine cleaning fluid (99.9% kerosene) intravenously, a 21 year old male showed initially increased levels of creatine phosphokinase. After 24 hours, there were no signs of arrythmia, increased CNS depression or convulsions. Fever, increase in erythema, and tenderness were noted. Edema located in the left antecuboital fossa progressed to a sterile abscess (HSDB , 2000). Ingestion of 5 mL of kerosene resulted in doubling of gastric fluid levels, as seen in a frontal chest radiograph (HSDB , 2000). It is unknown what is the lowest air concentration capable of producing acute symptoms by inhalation (Hayes & Laws, 1991). Repeated skin contact with kerosene over many years can cause muscular weakness, anemia, changes in white blood cell counts, fever and death (Sittig, 1991). Toxicity of skin-sensitizing agents may be augmented following dermal exposure to kerosene (Zenz, 1994). The use of kerosene as a therapeutic agent has been associated with three cases of non-fatal bone marrow depression. Kerosene was either rubbed on the skin or ingested with sugar (HSDB , 2000). A large case-control study in Montreal, Canada found an association between exposure to kerosene and the development of stomach cancer. Another three case-control studies conducted in Hong Kong suggestincreased lung cancer risk, when using kerosene cooking stoves (HSDB , 2000).
Pulmonary lesions and death occurred more frequently when anesthetized rats were exposed to 0.2 mL of kerosene with lower viscosity (liquid was placed into the animal's mouth). To be considered safe, kerosene with a viscosity of 32 had to blended to form solutions with viscosities of 70 or greater (HSDB , 2000). Exposure of mongrel dogs to kerosene smoke resulted in significantly increased heart rate. Histologically, roughening and thickening was seen in the intima, and plaque formation in the media of the aorta wall. Other findings included changes in the cardiac valves, pneumonitis, pulmonary edema and emphysematous changes (HSDB , 2000). CNS manifestions seen in baboons exposed to kerosene via various routes are likely to be due to hypoxia secondary to aspiration pneumonia, and not due to direct toxic effects of kerosene. In primate, both the liver and the lung micro-circulations lower blood concentrations of kerosene sufficiently to prevent toxic effects on the brain (HSDB , 2000). "Animal experiments demonstrate the low toxicity to the rat, rabbit, and chicken, especially the deodorized kerosine. Aspiration in to the lungs may increase the oral LD50 by a factor of 1:140, as seen in the rat." (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Animal data (HSD-ICR mice) suggests that cleaning the skin with kerosene after a 5 day dermal exposure to (carcinogenic and/or mutagenic) used gasoline engine oil significantly increases the formation of DNA-adducts in the lung. In contrast, a reduction of DNA-adduct formation compared to control animals was observed in the skin of these animals (Lee et al, 2000). Results from experiments performed in rats suggest that simultaneous exposure to chrysotile asbestos and kerosene or kerosene soot may result in greater pulmonary toxicity than exposure to either one of these compounds individually (Arif et al., 1997).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS8008-20-6 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Kerosene/Jet fuels, as total hydrocarbon vapor A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Kerosene MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS8002-74-2 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Paraffin wax fume EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Paraffin wax fume MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS8008-20-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS8002-74-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
References: Budavari, 1996 Hayes & Laws, 1991 HSDB, 2000 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2000 NOAEL- (INHALATION)RAT: NOEL- (INHALATION)CAT: 14 ppm (0.1 mL/L) for 8H/13W -- no discomfort in saturated vapor (deodorized kerosine)(Clayton & Clayton, 1994) 6.4 mg/L for 6H/4D (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
NOEL- (INHALATION)DOG: NOEL- (INHALATION)HUMAN: NOEL- (OCULAR)RABBIT: NOEL- (INHALATION)RAT: 14 ppm (0.10 mg/L) for 8H -- no signs of distress (deodorized kerosine) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) 3.4 mg/L for 4H (Hayes & Laws, 1991) 14 ppm (0.1 mL/L) for 8H/13W -- no discomfort in saturated vapor (deodorized kerosine) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
References: Budavari, 1996 Hayes & Laws, 1991 HSDB, 2000 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2000 LD- (INTRATRACHEAL)DOG: LD- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG: LD- (ORAL)MOUSE: LD- (ORAL)RABBIT: 28 g/kg -- lethal to some animals (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) 64mL/kg -- lethal to four of ten animals (deodorized kerosine) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
LD- (SKIN)RABBIT: LD- (ORAL)RAT: LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG: 20 g/kg -- muscle weakness; respiratory stimulation; hypoglycemia 20 mL/kg -- exposure without aspiration (Hayes & Laws, 1991) 20 g/kg (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT: LD50- (INTRATRACHEAL)RABBIT: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT: LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT: 2835 mg/kg -- muscle weakness; respiratory stimulation; hypoglycemia 28 g/kg (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) 28 mL/kg -- exposure without aspiration (Budavari, 1996; Hayes & Laws, 1991)
LD50- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: LDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)DOG: LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG: LDLo- (ORAL)DOG: LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN: LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT: LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: LDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT: TD- (INTRAPERITONEAL)DOG: TD- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: TD- (ORAL)HUMAN: 8 ounces (highest non-lethal dose) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) < 1 mL (with aspiration into lungs) -- may cause chemical pneumonitis; systemic symptoms including CNS effects (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
TD- (ORAL)MOUSE: TD- (INTRATRACHEAL)PRIMATE: TD- (INTRAVENOUS)PRIMATE: TD- (SKIN)RABBIT: TD- (INHALATION)RAT: 75 mg/m(3) for 14D -- liver steatosis with incease in free fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol esters, and decrease in triglycerides (deodorized kerosene, applied as mist) (HSDB, 2000) 300 mg/m(3) for 14D -- liver steatosis with incease in free fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol esters, and decrease in triglycerides (deodorized kerosene, applied as mist) (HSDB, 2000) 300 mg/m(3) for 14-75W -- cyto- enzymatic changes in lung, altered acid-base equilibrium (HSDB, 2000)
TD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT: 0.5 mL/kg for 6D per W /35D -- increase in weights of liver, spleen, peripheral lymph nodes; increases in DNA, RNA, protein and lipid contents in liver and spleen (HSDB, 2000)
TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)HUMAN: TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN: TDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT: TDLo- (ORAL)RAT: TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS8008-20-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS8002-74-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS8008-20-6 (AIHA, 2006):
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS8002-74-2 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS8008-20-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
Listed as: Kerosene REL: IDLH: Not Listed
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS8002-74-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS8008-20-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS8002-74-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS8008-20-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS8002-74-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS8008-20-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS8002-74-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS8008-20-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS8002-74-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS8008-20-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS8002-74-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS8008-20-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS8002-74-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS8008-20-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS8002-74-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS8008-20-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS8002-74-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS8008-20-6 (EPA, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS8002-74-2 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1223 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1223 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS8008-20-6 (NFPA, 2002):
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS8002-74-2 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Wax, Paraffin Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 1 Flammability Rating (Red): 1 Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
- Construction and operation of pipelines used to transport petroleum products must meet safety and environmental standards established by the Department of Transportation (DOT), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). In addition, industry organizations, such as the American Petroleum Industry (API), publish recommended practices for pipeline operations (ILO, 1998).
- Prior to entry, hot work or cold work performed in confined spaces of marine vessels carrying petroleum products, a set of tests (oxygen, flammable vapors, toxic substances) must be conducted. It is recommended to establish and implement a permit system for all confined space entries, indicating safe exposure levels and information on personal protective equipment requirements (ILO, 1998).
STORAGE
Store in tightly closed containers, isolated from sources of ignition (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). All potential sources of ignition (such as smoking, open flame or fire) must be eliminated from areas where kerosene is used, handled or stores. Operate only non-sparking tools and equipment in the vicinity of kerosene containers, and especially to open and close containers of kerosene (Sittig, 1991). Steel may rust when exposed to kerosene (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Railroad tank cars may be constructed of carbon steel or aluminum. Tank trucks are typically constructed of carbon steel, aluminum or plasticized fibreglass. Petroleum products may be shipped by rail box cars and package vans in metal, fibre and plastic containers of various sizes. Company and regulatory requirements determine the size, shape, design, configuration, and operation of storage tanks (ILO, 1998).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store in well-ventilated area (Sittig, 1991). If possible, store in outdoor or detached storage unit. For indoor storage, use a standard storage room or cabinet suitable for liquid combustibles (ITI, 1995). Containers of kerosene can be shipped at ambient temperatures. The venting system during shipment should be open and should be equipped with a flame arrester. Supply of inert atmosphere is not required (CHRIS , 2000).
Kerosene is incompatible with strong oxidizers (Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2000). It is incompatible with nitric acid. Steel may rust when exposed to kerosene (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Eyes and skin exposed to kerosene show signs of irritation. Swallowing kerosene is harmful (CHRIS , 2000).
- Skin contact with kerosene should be avoided. The defatting action of the liquid may lead to irritation, infection, and dermatitis (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Hayes & Laws, 1991).
- Clean protective suits, gloves, footwear and headgear should be provided to workers every day. Workers should dress in protective gear before starting to work. ACGIH recommends the use of gloves made of neoprene, nitrile rubber or polyvinyl alcohol (Sittig, 1991).
- NEVER siphon kerosine by mouth (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
- When working with kerosene, wear appropriate skin and eye protection. Contaminated skin should be washed immediately with soap and water. Wet or significantly contaminated work clothing should be removed and replaced, and contaminated skin should be flushed with water. Where exposure to kerosene is possible, facilities with sufficient quantity or flow of water should be provided in the immediate work area to allow for quickly drenching the body. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this compound. Persons who inhaled large amount of this chemical should quickly be moved to fresh air, and kept warm and at rest. Perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if breathing stopped. Persons who swallowed this chemical should immediately seek medical attention (NIOSH , 2000).
- When working with this chemical, avoid breathing the vapors and stay upwind. Wear appropriate gloves, boots and goggles, especially when handling broken packages. If kerosene and isopropanol mixture or hydro-treated light distillate were spilled, consider wearing positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 1998).
- Contaminated skin can be washed with copious amounts of water or soap and water. In spill or leak situations, move exposed persons to fresh air. Give artificial respiration or oxygen if person has difficulty breathing or breathing has stopped. Seek medical attention immediately (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).
- Following skin or eye exposure, flush immediately with running water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing items and shoes, and keep them in an isolated location for later disposal (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 2000).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- It is recommended to wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield, or full face-piece respiratory protection when working with kerosene (Sittig, 1991).
- It is unclear whether wearing contact lenses is beneficial or detrimental when working with kerosene. Eye protection equipment should always be used, even when contact lenses are worn (HSDB , 2000).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
- When exposure to concentrations of kerosene above 100 mg/m(3) is expected, it is recommended to either use an MSHA/NIOSH approved supplied-air respirator with full face-piece (operated in positive pressure mode), or with a full face-piece, hood or helmet (operated in continuous flow mode), or to use an MSHA/NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus with full face-piece (operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode) (Sittig, 1991).
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 8008-20-6.
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 8002-74-2.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.
Kerosene presents a moderate fire hazard (Lewis, 1997). ITI considers it a severe fire hazard (ITI, 1995). Exposure to oxidizers may result in fire and explosion. Accumulation of static electrical charges may occur, which in turn may result in ignition of kerosene vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Water may be ineffective to fight the fire, but it can be used to cool containers (CHRIS , 2000). Try to extinguish fire only if the flow can be stopped. Use water fog to fight the fire and apply it from a safe distance. Do NOT aim a solid stream of water directly at the fire; this approach may spread the fire. Cool containers exposed to the heat of the fire with flooding quantities of water. Run-off water should not be allowed to enter sewers or water sources (AAR, 1998).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS8008-20-6 (NFPA, 2002):
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS8002-74-2 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Wax, Paraffin Flammability Rating: 1
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing a high percentage of an alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS8008-20-6 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Fuel Oil No Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed Listed as: Kerosene, Deodorized Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS8002-74-2 (NFPA, 2002):
- Use water fog, foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide to fight the fire (AAR, 1998; Lewis, 1996; (Sittig, 1991).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Kerosene vapors are moderately explosive when exposed to heat or open flame (Lewis, 2000).
- At temperatures above 38 degrees C (100 degrees F), kerosene forms explosive mixtures with air. Exposure to oxidizers may result in fire and explosion (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Due to the high resistivity of kerosene, accumulation of static electrical charges may occur, which in turn may result in ignition of kerosene vapors (ILO, 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Electric charges may be generated during transport flow (for example through pipework, pumps or valves), passage through fine filters, or during flow-filling of tanks (ILO, 1998).
- Although kerosene is not volatile enough to constitute an acute inhalation hazard, it may cause mucous membrane irritation and chemical pneumonitis when heated or emitted as aerosol or mist, or in enclosed spaces (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Sittig, 1991).
- "Toxic by inhalation" (Lewis, 1997).
- Inhalation of high concentrations may result in headache, tiredness, stupor, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea and coma (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
- Exposure to kerosene vapors will produce narcotic effects, producing depression which is possibly preceded by excitement (Hayes & Laws, 1991).
- Kerosene vapors are moderately explosive when exposed to heat or open flame. Heating kerosene to decomposition will result in emission of acrid smoke and fumes (Lewis, 2000).
- Improperly ventilated kerosene stoves may release high levels of carbon monoxide (Lewis, 1998).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Exposure to oxidizers may result in fire and explosion. Kerosene and nitric acid are incompatible (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- Kerosene does not react with common materials and is stable during transport (CHRIS , 2000).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS8008-20-6 (AIHA, 2006):
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS8002-74-2 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS8008-20-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Kerosene; (Fuel Oil No 1) TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 200 TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 290 TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1100 TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 1100 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS8002-74-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Paraffin, n- TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 2 TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 6 TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 100 TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS8008-20-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- AEGL Values for CAS8002-74-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS8008-20-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS8002-74-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) Following a spill, isolate spill area from sources of ignition (such as sparks and flames). Try to stop the leak, if this can be done without putting personnel at risk. If necessary, build dikes to contain the flow. Water spray may be used to knock-down vapors. Material must be kept out of sewers and water sources (AAR, 1998). In land spill situations, dig a pit, pond, lagoon or holding area to contain the chemical. To dike surface flow, use soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane or foamed concrete (AAR, 1998). In water spill situations, use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit dispersion. Trapped material can be removed using suction hoses (AAR, 1998). Collect discharged material through skimming, clean the shoreline and salvage waterfowl (CHRIS , 2000). Following a spill or leak, kerosene can be absorbed on paper and then evaporated on either a glass or an iron dish under the hood. The paper may be burned (ITI, 1995). Only persons wearing protective gear should enter spill or leak areas for clean-up. Ventilate the spill or leak area, and prevent leakage of kerosene into confined spaces (including sewers) that are not designed to prevent build-up of explosive vapor concentrations. Absorb spilled kerosene in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar materials. Keep the kerosene-absorbent mixture in a sealed container for final disposal (Sittig, 1991). In emergency situations, keep people away for the site, avoid skin contact with kerosene, and shut off all potential sources of ignition. Call the fire department and notify local health and pollution control agencies (CHRIS , 2000).
Kerosene waste may be sprayed into a furnace for disposal. Mixing it with a more flammable solvent may improve the incineration process (ITI, 1995). The suggested method for disposal is incineration (Sittig, 1991; CHRIS , 2000). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Kerosene is produced as a petroleum fraction during distillation of petrochemical feedstock, and may be released into the atmosphere as fugitive emission during its production, formulation and use. It is unknown whether it is also generated by natural sources (HSDB , 2000).
- Following a spill of kerosene-range hydrocarbons into a Pennsylvania stream, the following environmental concentrations were measured (HSDB , 2000):
Surface water: Sediment: Saturated (3 months after removal of point source) 9.3 to 18 ppm (14 months later) Less than 1 ppm (approximately 2 years later)
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Kerosene released into the atmosphere may undergo oxidation via gas-phase reaction with photo-chemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Estimated rate constants for oxidation ranged from 1.2 to 2.2 X 10 (-11) cm/mole-sec at 25 degrees C. Using an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concentration (5 X 10(5) molec/cm(3)), this translates to an atmospheric half-life of 2 to 3.4 days for kerosene (HSDB , 2000).
SURFACE WATER Kerosene released to water is expected to biodegrade under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (HSDB , 2000). Soil adsorption coefficients of 1500 to 17,000 suggest that kerosene may strongly adsorb to both the sediment and organic matter (HSDB , 2000). Disregarding adsorptive processes, the estimated half-life for volatilization from a model river was 3 to 6 hours. The model river was 1 m deep, flowing at 1 m/sec, the wind speed was 3 m/sec (HSDB , 2000). Estimated half-life for volatilization of kerosene from a model lake was greater than 130 days. This model accounted for adsorptive processes (HSDB , 2000).
TERRESTRIAL Kerosene released to soil is expected to biodegrade under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (HSDB , 2000). Based on estimated log octanol/water coefficients of 3.3 to 5.25, soil absorption coefficients of 1500 to 17,000 were calculated. This indicates that some components of kerosene may display low soil mobility, while others will be essentially immobile in the soil (HSDB , 2000). Based on its vapor pressure of 0.48 mmHg, it is expected that kerosene will rapidly volatilize from dry soil to the atmosphere. However, this process may be attenuated by kerosene's strong adsorption to soil (HSDB , 2000). Laboratory experiments evaluating the stability of kerosene in various soils showed that all components of kerosene volatilized to a greater degree from dune sand and loamy sand soils than from silty loam soil. Kerosene components with high carbon numbers formed the main fraction of kerosene residues remaining in the soil after a 50 day incubation period (HSDB , 2000). In a laboratory column experiment, volatilization of kerosene from three inert materials (fine, medium and coarse sand) showed a gradual change in composition of kerosene. Light components (C9 to C13) were gradually lost, leading to an increase in viscosity of the remaining kerosene, which in turn reduced the infiltration rate (HSDB , 2000).
OTHER The downward movement of a simulated large kerosene spill through five different types of soil types ranged from 24.5 to 102 cm after 12 hours (HSDB , 2000). When kerosene is released on the soil surface in bulk quantities, it will infiltrate the soil faster than heavy oils, and approximately at the same speed as gasoline. As with all oils, a spill on a flat permeable surface will spread in all directions at constant film thickness (Dragun, 1988). The effect of kerosene in bulk quantities on the hydraulic conductivity (hc) and the intrinsic permeability (ip) of various soil and clay types is as follows (Dragun, 1988): Anthony silt loam soil: 6x increase in intrinsic permeability 10% bentonite-sand: 4100x increase in hydraulic conductivity 16% bentonite-sand: 3500x increase in hydraulic conductivity Canelo clay loam soil: 33x increase in intrinsic permeability Chalmers sandy clay loam soil: 6.2x increase in intrinsic permeability Fanno clay soil: 100x increase in hydraulic conductivity and 67x increase in intrinsic permeability Lake bottom clay: 2x increase in hydraulic conductivity and 20 x increase in intrinsic permeability 26% mica-sand: 3600x increase in hydraulic conductivity Nicholson clay soil: 67x increase in hydraulic conductivity
Results from a laboratory study using uniformly packed soil beds comprised of 90% sand and 10% soil showed that the downward migration of surface-applied kerosene by intermittently applied water could be quantified using the following equation, where Qv is the mean rate of increase of kerosene contaminated soil (cm(3) x min(-1)), and t is time in days: Following a spill, downward migration of light hydrocarbons in the soil will continue until the hydrocarbons encounter water-saturated large pores. Then, migration will continue laterally, eventually resulting in a layer of hydrocarbons shaped like a "pancake". The maximum spread of this pancake-layer over the groundwater table can be grossly estimated using the formula: S = (1000/F) (V -[Ad/K]); where S = maximum spread of the pancake in m(2); F = thickness of pancake in mm; V = volume if infiltrating bulk hydrocarbon in m(3); A = area of infiltration in m(2); d = depth of groundwater in m; K = constant dependent upon soil's retention capacity for oil and upon oil viscosity (Dragun, 1988). For kerosene, typical values for "K" are as follows (Dragun, 1988): Stone and coarse gravel: 200 Gravel and coarse sand: 125 Coarse and medium sand: 66 Medium and fine sand: 40 Fine sand and silt: 25
It is important to note that the distribution of hydrocarbons in the unsaturated soil zone resulting from a small leak occurring over a longer period of time is significantly different from that seen following major spills or tanker ruptures. Following small, continuous leaks, migration is mainly vertically through soil macropores, with only minimal movement in the lateral direction. This primarily vertical movement will continue as long as the flow volume remains small (Dragun, 1988).
BIODEGRADATION
- Bacteriological studies have shown that kerosene is utilized as the sole source of carbon by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas pseudomallei and mutant strains of Candida lipolytica, whereas kerosene inhibits the growth of Blakeslea trispora (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
- When tested in land treatment systems, 100% of kerosene in saturated soil degraded within 2 years (Dragun, 1988).
BIOACCUMULATION
Based on estimated log octanol/water coefficients of 3.3 to 5.25, estimated bioconcentration factors range from 190 to 5800, indicating that some components of kerosene may substantially bioconcentrate in fish and aquatic organisms (HSDB , 2000). The following concentrations of kerosene-range hydrocarbons were measure in fish skeletal muscle 6 months after a spill into a Pennsylvania stream (HSDB , 2000): Brook trout: 1.45 to 4.6 ppm Rainbow and Brook trout: 2.6 to 14.2 ppm White suckers: 2.55 to 8.73 ppm Sculpins: 0.57 ppm Control - Brook trout: 0.30 ppm Control - Bluegill sunfish: 0.20 ppm Control - Large mouth bass: 0.20 ppm
Kerosene does not have the potential to concentrate through the food chain (CHRIS , 2000). Bioconcentration factors range from 190 to 5800, indicating that some components of kerosene may significantly bioconcentrate in fish and aquatic organisms (HSDB , 2000).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- "In marine species, kerosine is less toxic than diesel oil and lower fractions" (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
- Primates and fish readily absorb kerosene through their gastrointestinal tract. Once absorbed, it is quickly distributed to fatty tissue (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
- High concentrations of kerosene are dangerous to aquatic life, and may result in fouling of the shoreline (CHRIS , 2000).
- Signs of fuel oil poisoning in cattle and other species include anorexia, depression and deteriorating condition, possible followed by vomiting, weakness, collapse and death. Pneumonia may occur following aspiration. Lactating cows may suffer from udder-congestion (HSDB , 2000).
- Biological oxygen demand: 53%, 5 days (CHRIS , 2000)
- TLm - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 2990 ppm for 24H; fresh water (CHRIS , 2000)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
- Approximately 170 (NIOSH , 2000)
- Approximately 180 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
Jet fuels are blends of numerous refinery compounds (including low sulfur and desulfurized kerosine, hydrotreated light coker gas oil, and hydrocracked blending stocks), the percentage of which is determined by the lowest-cost blend to meet limiting specifications, particularly smoke point, and amount of aromatics (Gary & Handwerk, 1994). Similar to "Kerosene", jet fuels contain C5 to C16 aliphatics, monocyclanes, aromatics and alkenes. Differences in toxic effects however suggest that, in contrast to kerosene, jet fuels contain hexane-like constituents (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Because of these differences, detailed information for jet fuels is not included in this document.
- Although composition of individual kerosenes varies, they consist mainly of linear and branched alkanes, alkenes, cyclanes, and aromatics, containing from 6 or 10 to 16 carbon atoms (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Dragun, 1988).
- Kerosene is a refined petroleum solvent and consists of a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, mainly of the methane series. Length of individual hydrocarbon chains ranges from 9 or 10 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1998; NIOSH , 2000).
- Derivatives of kerosene include its deodorized (hydrogenated) form, naphthenic acid and n-paraffins (C10-C13; C11-C14; C14-C18) (Ashford, 1994).
- Chemical analysis of a kerosene fraction from Midcontinent crude oil typically shows n-dodecane, three alkyl derivatives of benzene, naphthalene, 1- and 2-methyl-5,6,7,8- tetrahydronaphthalene (Budavari, 1996).
- Typically, it contains 25% normal paraffins, 11% branched paraffins, 30% monocycloparaffins, 12% dicycloparaffins, 1% tricycloparaffins, 16% mononuclear aromatics and 5% dinuclear aromatics (NIOSH , 2000).
- It has a strong, characteristic but not unpleasant odor (Budavari, 1996; NIOSH , 2000).
- Because this liquid is lighter than water, it floats on water (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 2000). Its vapor is heavier than air (AAR, 1998).
- Kerosene's combustion properties are improved by a proprietary hydrotreating process which utilizes a selective catalyst (Lewis, 1997).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 0.480 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
KEROSENE and JET FUELS: JP-1: 0.80 (at 15 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2000) OILS, FUELS: NO.1: 0.81-0.85 (at 15 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2000) OILS, MISCELLANEOUS: RANGE: 0.80-0.85 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2000)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-50 degrees F (NIOSH, 2000) ) OILS, FUEL: NO.1; OILS, MISCELLANEOUS: RANGE: -43 to -48 degrees C; -45 to -55 degrees F; 230-225 K (CHRIS , 2000) ) JET FUELS: JP-1: -43 to -49 degrees C; -45 to -55 degrees F; 316-321 K (CHRIS , 2000) KEROSENE: -45.6 degrees C; -50 degrees F; 227.6 K (CHRIS , 2000)
BOILING POINT
- 175-325 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Hayes & Laws, 1991; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000)
- 347-617 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)
- 150-235 degrees C (C9 to C14 cut) (Ashford, 1994)
- 180-300 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
- 151-301 degrees C (304-574 degrees F) (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)
- 200-260 degrees C; 392-500 degrees F; 473-533 K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2000)
- OILS, FUEL: NO.1: 193-293 degrees C; 380-560 degrres F; 466-566 K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2000)
- 163-288 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
FLASH POINT
- 65-85 degrees C (150-185 degrees F) (Budavari, 1996; Hayes & Laws, 1991; ITI, 1995)
- 37.7-65.5 degrees C (100-150 degrees F) (Lewis, 1997)
- About 38-74 degrees C (100-165 degrees F) (closed cup) (Zenz, 1994)
- 38-72 degrees C (NFPA, 1997)
- 43-72 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)
- 49-52 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
- 100-162 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000) NFPA, 1997)
- KEROSENE: 100 degrees F or higher (closed cup) (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 2000)
- JET FUELS: JP-1; OILS, MISCELLANEOUS: RANGE; OILS, FUEL: No.1: 100 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2000)
- Less than 75 degrees F (when mixed with isopropanol) (AAR, 1998)
- Near 115 degrees F (hydrotreated light distillate ) (AAR, 1998)
- 150-185 degrees F (Lewis, 2000)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 228 degrees C (444 degrees F) (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 1997)
- About 255 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
- 210 degrees C (410 degrees F) (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
0.7% (by volume, in air) (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991) 1.2% (ITI, 1995)
5% (by volume, in air) (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991) 6% (ITI, 1995)
SOLUBILITY
Insoluble in water (AAR, 1998; (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2000). Sparingly soluble in water (ITI, 1995).
Miscible with other petroleum solvents (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000). Miscible with non-polar organic solvents (Hayes & Laws, 1991). Miscible with alcohol and other organic solvents (ITI, 1995)
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow = 3.3 to 5.25 (estimated) (HSDB , 2000)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- Approximately 6.7 X 10 to 3.7 X 10(-4) atm-m(3)/ mole (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
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