ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

Isopropanol is a raw material used for the synthesis of acetone, glycerin, and other chemicals; it is also used as a solvent for oils, gums, creosote, and resins, and as a deicing agent for liquid fuels. A 70% solution of isopropanol in water is widely used as rubbing alcohol. It is also found in skin lotions, hair care and shaving products, some home aerosols, and pharmaceuticals (ACGIH, 2001; Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 2001) .

NOTE: Not all rubbing alcohol contains isopropanol; some rubbing alcohol contains ethanol.

Isopropanol is also used in perfumes, soaps, and window cleaners (AAR, 2000). It is used in foods as a synthetic flavoring adjuvant and in nonalcoholic beverages, candy, and baked goods (HSDB, 2003).
Isopropanol is used for medicinal purposes as an antiseptic, disinfectant, in various liniments, tinctures, and tonics, and as a bathing solution for surgical sutures and dressings (HSDB, 2003).
Isopropanol may be found in the following products: Frost remover (25% to 100%); liquid detergent (0% to 12%); disinfectant cleaners (6% to 15%); glass window cleaner (0% to 25%); jewelry cleaner (10% to 15%); rubbing alcohol (70%); stain spot remover (10% to 30%) (Zaman et al, 2002a).
FOLK MEDICINE: Isopropyl alcohol toxicity developed in a 4-year-old girl who was bathed in a preparation of chamomile and isopropyl alcohol during a Mexican folk healing ritual (curanderismo, to treat evil spirits) (DeBellonia et al, 2008).

FORMS

Isopropanol is a colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant odor resembling rubbing alcohol and a slightly bitter taste (ACGIH, 2001; Ashford, 2001; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000)

SOURCES

NOTE: Not all rubbing alcohol contains isopropanol; some rubbing alcohol contains ethanol.
Isopropanol is produced from the indirect hydration of propylene and from the treatment of propylene with sulfuric acid (strong acid method). It may also be recovered from aqueous mixtures by salting out with sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium hydroxide, etc (Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2001).
Isopropyl alcohol may form in the postmortem state (Davis et al, 1984). This is presumably the result of bacterial or other putrification processes.

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

Isopropanol is the legal label name for isopropyl alcohol (Lewis, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Primarily used as a topical antiseptic. Typical household preparations contain 70% isopropanol. Also used as a solvent in many household, cosmetic, and topical pharmaceutical products. Isopropanol baths are occasionally used in some cultural practices to relieve fevers.

TOXICOLOGY: CNS depressant and gastrointestinal (GI) irritant; acetone (metabolite) likely contributes to CNS depression.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Isopropyl alcohol exposure is the most common toxic alcohol exposure reported to poison centers in the United States. Cases occur in the thousands per year, but toxicity is rarely severe.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: May include CNS depression, dysarthria, ataxia, nystagmus, similar to ethanol intoxication, nausea/vomiting, flushing, headache, tachycardia, mild hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and ketonemia WITHOUT metabolic acidosis. Although isopropyl alcohol is metabolized to acetone and does not usually cause metabolic acidosis, metabolic acidosis can occur in patients who drink isopropyl alcohol, experience decreased caloric intake, and develop alcoholic ketoacidosis.
SEVERE TOXICITY: May include hemorrhagic gastritis, hypotension, respiratory depression, and coma. Death is rare and likely secondary to respiratory depression and aspiration.
EYE EXPOSURE: Splash or vapor exposure can cause irritation, burns, corneal abrasion and ulceration.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Repeated dermal application can cause systemic toxicity (primarily CNS depression), especially in infants and young children, because of more extensive dermal absorption and greater surface area-to-volume ratios.
PARENTERAL EXPOSURE: CNS and respiratory depression are possible; hemolysis has developed in 1 patient.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: CNS depressant and gastrointestinal (GI) irritant; acetone (metabolite) likely contributes to CNS depression.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Isopropyl alcohol exposure is the most common toxic alcohol exposure reported to poison centers in the United States. Cases occur in the thousands per year, but toxicity is rarely severe.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: May include CNS depression, dysarthria, ataxia, nystagmus, similar to ethanol intoxication, nausea/vomiting, flushing, headache, tachycardia, mild hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and ketonemia WITHOUT metabolic acidosis. Although isopropyl alcohol is metabolized to acetone and does not usually cause metabolic acidosis, metabolic acidosis can occur in patients who drink isopropyl alcohol, experience decreased caloric intake, and develop alcoholic ketoacidosis.
SEVERE TOXICITY: May include hemorrhagic gastritis, hypotension, respiratory depression, and coma. Death is rare and likely secondary to respiratory depression and aspiration.
EYE EXPOSURE: Splash or vapor exposure can cause irritation, burns, corneal abrasion and ulceration.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Repeated dermal application can cause systemic toxicity (primarily CNS depression), especially in infants and young children, because of more extensive dermal absorption and greater surface area-to-volume ratios.
PARENTERAL EXPOSURE: CNS and respiratory depression are possible; hemolysis has developed in 1 patient.

Isopropanol can be absorbed in toxic amounts by ingestion, inhalation, and through intact skin (Dhillon & Von Burg, 1995). It is an irritant and mild CNS depressant (ACGIH, 1992) (Hathaway et al, 1991; Kapp et al, 1996). The no-effect level with inhalation exposure has been reported to be 200 parts per million (ppm)/8 hours (EPA, 1979). As little as 0.5 mg/kg may cause symptoms, but adults have survived oral doses as high as 1 L. Alcoholics have a higher tolerance (Dhillon & Von Burg, 1995).

Symptoms of overexposure include headache, drowsiness, loss of coordination (NIOSH/OSHA), hypotension, hypothermia, kidney and liver dysfunction, coma, and death in respiratory arrest (EPA, 1979). Inhalation exposure to airborne concentrations up to 400 ppm has caused mild eye, nose, and throat irritation, whereas inhalation of 800 ppm produced more intense signs and symptoms (ACGIH, 1992; (Hathaway et al, 1991; Dhillon & Von Burg, 1995). No cases of acute occupational poisoning have been reported (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Isopropanol is absorbed through intact skin and has caused unconsciousness in a child exposed to a large amount (12 ounces covered with a towel) (HSDB). If splashed in the eye, it can cause corneal burns (Sax, 1984). Isopropanol can be fatal if as little as 100 mL is ingested (Sax, 1984). Pulmonary aspiration with resultant chemical pneumonitis may also occur (EPA, 1979). An isopropanol enema led to coma and death in 1 case (Haviv et al, 1998).

One case of acute isopropanol exposure without clinical signs and symptoms has been reported in a patient who had a serum concentration of 72 mmol/L. The estimated half-life for elimination was 5 to 7 hours, and no acetone was detected over a 5-day period (Chan et al, 1993). The elimination half-life was relatively rapid in a person who had ingested isopropanol: t(1/2) of 1 to 3 hours vs 17 to 27 hours for its metabolite, acetone (Jones & Summers, 2000).

In a newborn infant with acute isopropanol poisoning, the estimated elimination half-life was 9.6 hours. Twelve-and-a-half hours after exposure, the infant developed cyanosis, bradycardia, hypotension, and died (Vicas & Beck, 1993).

In rats exposed by inhalation, acute neurotoxicity was noted at 1 and 6 hours at 5000 ppm, but only minimal effects were seen at 1500 ppm and the animals recovered within 5 hours. No toxicity was noted at 500 ppm (Gill et al, 1995).

Isopropanol was absorbed by the dermal route in rats; the mean elimination half-life followed first-order kinetics and was 0.8 to 0.9 hours for isopropanol and 2.1 to 2.2 hours for acetone (Boatman et al, 1998).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Repeated skin contact with isopropanol can cause defatting dermatitis with drying and cracking; rare cases of allergic contact dermatitis have been reported (NIOSH/OSHA). Isopropanol is a dermal sensitizer (Fregert et al, 1971; (Jensen, 1981). Cross-reactivity to butanol and n-propanol have been reported (Ludwig & Hausen, 1977). Allergic keratoconjunctivitis has also been reported after eye contact with isopropanol (Sheretz et al, 1991). An occupational study reported an increase in upper respiratory tract diseases and high blood pressure (Guseinov, 1985), but these have not been confirmed.

Daily ingestion of doses as high as 6.4 mg/kg for 6 weeks produced no apparent ill effects in human volunteers (Dhillon & Von Burg, 1995).

Repeated isopropanol exposure in experimental animals produced no irreversible effects (Kapp et al, 1996).

Ataxia and microscopic hyaline droplets in the kidneys were seen in rats exposed to isopropanol at airborne concentrations up to 5000 ppm for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 13 weeks (Burleigh-Flayer et al, 1994b; Burleigh-Flayer et al, 1997).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

The onset of CNS depression usually occurs within 30 minutes of ingestion (Lacouture et al, 1983). Do not induce vomiting.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Do not administer prehospital activated charcoal, because of limited utility and the risk of aspiration if CNS depression develops.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

The following first aid measures are suggested (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Flush the contaminated skin with water. Where there is evidence of skin irritation, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, and respiratory system.

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Do not administer prehospital activated charcoal, because of limited utility and the risk of aspiration if CNS depression develops.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The probable oral lethal dose is 240 to 250 mL, although as little as 100 mL can be fatal, and ingestion of only 20 mL has caused poisoning (ACGIH, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

Tests on human subjects found that airborne concentrations of 400 parts per million (ppm) caused mild irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat; at 800 ppm, the irritation was not severe, but the majority of subjects found the concentration uncomfortable (ACGIH, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996).

An adult survived after ingesting 1000 mL of 70% isopropyl alcohol solution (rubbing compound). Hemodialysis and supportive medical treatment were provided (Freireich et al, 1967).
Adults have survived with serum isopropyl alcohol levels of 200 mg/dL with supportive care (Natowicz et al, 1985).
Hemodialyzed patients have survived with serum levels of up to 560 mg/dL (Alexander et al, 1982).
Chronic alcoholics may tolerate very high levels of isopropyl alcohol without development of significant CNS depression (Mendelson et al, 1957).

PEDIATRIC

Pediatric patients have survived (with supportive care) the following serum levels:

128 mg/dL (Senz & Goldfarb, 1958),
130 mg/dL (Wise, 1969),
200 mg/dL (McFadden & Haddow, 1969),
520 mg/dL (Visudhiphan & Kaufman, 1971).

A 21-day-old infant survived (with supportive medical treatment) an estimated dermal exposure to 177 mL of 70% isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) applied to the umbilicus over a period of 3 weeks.

Urinary isopropyl alcohol and acetone levels were 39 mg/dL and 76 mg/dL of acetone, respectively. Serum isopropyl alcohol and acetone concentrations were 8 mg/dL and 203 mg/dL, respectively, 17 hours after admission (Vivier et al, 1994).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS67-63-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Isopropanol
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: 2-Propanol

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Isopropanol

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Isopropanol manufacture (strong-acid process)

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Isopropyl alcohol
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS67-63-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 2000; RTECS, 2003
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 2.5 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 1997)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.408 ppm (Verschueren, 1997)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS67-63-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Isopropanol

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Additional information:

Name change; see 2-Propanol

Adopted Value

2-Propanol

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 200 ppm
TLV-STEL: 400 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 60.09

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS67-63-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS67-63-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Isopropyl alcohol
REL:

TWA: 400 ppm (980 mg/m(3))
STEL: 500 ppm (1225 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 2000 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

[10%LEL]: The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

OSHA PEL Values for CAS67-63-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Isopropyl alcohol
Table Z-1 for Isopropyl alcohol:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 400

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 980

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS67-63-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS67-63-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS67-63-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS67-63-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS67-63-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS67-63-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Isopropyl alcohol (Only persons who manufacture by the strong acid process are subject, no supplier notifiction.)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS67-63-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS67-63-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2-Propanol

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1219 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Isopropanol or Isopropyl alcohol

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1219
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1219 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Isopropanol
UN Number: 1219
Proper Shipping Name: Isopropyl alcohol
UN Number: 1219

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS67-63-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isopropyl Alcohol, 88%
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Isopropanol is a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where isopropanol is used, handled, or stored. It is also toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent prolonged or repeated exposure; remove clothing immediately if wet or contaminated to avoid fire hazard. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers (Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002).

HANDLING

Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of isopropanol (Pohanish, 2002).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store in tightly closed containers. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of isopropanol should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat (Pohanish, 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Isopropanol forms an explosive mixture with air. It is incompatible with alkaline earth and alkali metals, crotonaldehyde, phosgene, strong acids, amines, ammonia, caustics, and strong oxidizers. It reacts with metallic aluminum at high temperatures (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Pohanish, 2002).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Isopropanol is toxic by inhalation and mildly toxic through skin contact. Avoid breathing vapors; keep upwind of an isopropanol fire or spill. Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing, including gloves, boots, and goggles to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. Do not handle broken containers unless wearing protective clothing. Promptly wash away any isopropanol which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Remove clothing immediately to avoid fire hazard (AAR, 1996; (Lewis, 1993; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish, 2002).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of eye contact (Pohanish, 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Avoid breathing vapors; keep upwind (AAR, 1996).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 67-63-0.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Microporous Fabric

Workrite

CSP Garments

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Workrite, 1997)

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Neoprene

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Polyvinyl Chloride

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Rubber blend

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: 4 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 151
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Natural Rubber

Ansell

Conform

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <9
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Ansell-Edmont, 2001)

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Flex

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 90
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12.6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Black Max

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 195
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Flexigum

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): non measured
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Jelly Fish

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 90
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12.6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Classics/L-210

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 39.5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 6.7
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Sure-Grip/LF-128

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 35.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 6.3
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Sensitron/0750

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.6
Notes: 99%; tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 99.8+%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Sensitron/760

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.6
Notes: 99%; tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 99.8+%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Sensitron Sterile CC 511

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.9
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Sensitron Sterile PF 510

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.9
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Prene

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4.8
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-Ply/N-360

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >449.9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99.50%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 4 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 206
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 111
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Playtex

123 Argus

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 31
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial CR Glove #827

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial Glove #834

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial HD Glove #103

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Utility Glove #835

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Nitrile

Ansell

Touch N Tuff

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <9
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Ansell-Edmont, 2001)

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 29
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 138
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 37
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 13
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 138
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 37
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 13
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comatril

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Flexiproof

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

SoloUltra/980 (8 mil)

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 83.6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 18.4
Notes: 99.50%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

SoloUltra/997

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 29.5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 29
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stansolv/A-10

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99.50%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%; non-normalized breakthrough
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stansolv/AF-18

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99.50%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Marigold Industrial

315F

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

326Y

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

368R

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 52
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CO7B

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 114
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CR30

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

G12T

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

ME104

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

U263B/G

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:173 / CAN:459

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:414 / CAN:454

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 21
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Niprotect/Exam 997

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 25
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15.6
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Niprotect CC 529

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 25
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15.6
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Niprotect PF/999

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 25
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15.6
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

SoloUltra

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 25
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15.6
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Stansolv/A-10CR

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: mixture
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+Neoprene+Natural Rubber

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Rollpruf/0716

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2.3
Notes: 99%; tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2.31
Notes: 99%; tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Rollpruf/0726

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2.3
Notes: 99%; tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2.31
Notes: 99%; tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Trilites/994 Bag

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2
Notes: 99%; tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Trilites/994 Box

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2
Notes: 99%; tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic 521

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: mixture
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3.5
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic 522

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: mixture
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3.5
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic E-194

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: mixture
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3.5
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic E-194BPK

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: mixture
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3.5
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic E-204

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: mixture
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3.5
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic O-240

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: mixture
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3.5
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 136
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 17
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 136
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 17
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Ansell

Dura-Touch

Degradation Rating: Very Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <900
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Ansell-Edmont, 2001)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Blockbuster LP

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 9
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Comastar

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Lion Paw

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 9
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Normal

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Presti

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 9
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Jacket

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 9
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Submarine

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 9
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: 3 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 80
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Vinyl

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Pylox/V-20

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 208
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Ansell 200 Schulz Drive Red Bank, NJ 07701 USA Phone: (732) 345-5400 Fax: (800) 800-0445 Toll-Free: (800) 800-0444 Website: http://www.ansellpro.com Email: info@ansell.com
Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Marigold Industrial 3585 Engineering Drive Suite 200 Box 926090 Norcross, GA 30092 USA Phone: (800) 733-0987 Fax: (800) 786-4564 Toll-Free: (800) 733-0987 Website: http://www.marigoldindustrial.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
Playtex 300 Nyala Farms Road Westport, CT 06880 USA
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Workrite 500 East Third Street Box 1192 Oxnard, CA 93032 USA Phone: (805) 483-0715 Fax: (805) 483-0678 Toll-Free: (800) 521-1888 Website: http://www.workrite.com Email: info@workrite.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Isopropanol is a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers; it may be easily ignited over a wide range of ambient temperature conditions. It is moderately explosive when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 1993; Lewis, 1996).
If isopropanol is involved in a fire, do not try to extinguish the fire unless the flow of isopropanol can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water; apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to extinguish the fire (AAR, 1996; ITI, 1988; (Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS67-63-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isopropyl Alcohol, 88%
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS67-63-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isopropyl Alcohol, 88%
Extinguishing Method(s): 5, 1

5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, isopropanol emits acrid smoke and fumes (Lewis, 1996).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Isopropanol is moderately explosive when exposed to heat or flame; it forms an explosive mixture with air (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Refer to the REACTIVITY HAZARD Section for complete information.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

The vapors are mildly irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. At warmer temperatures, isopropanol vapors may travel some distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Accumulations of vapor in confined spaces such as buildings or sewers may explode if ignited; use water spray to disperse vapors (AAR, 1996; (Sittig, 1991).

When heated to decomposition, isopropanol emits acrid smoke and fumes (Lewis, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Isopropanol forms an explosive mixture with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It reacts with oxygen to form dangerously unstable peroxides which can concentrate and explode during distillation or evaporation. The presence of 2-butanone increases the reaction rate for peroxide formation. Hydrogen peroxide sharply reduces the autoignition temperature (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Urben, 1995).

Isopropanol is incompatible with alkaline earth and alkali metals, crotonaldehyde, phosgene, strong acids, amines, ammonia, caustics, and strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 1995).

It forms explosive mixtures with trinitromethane and hydrogen peroxide (Lewis, 1996).

In general, explosive behavior is noted with hydrogen peroxide when the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to water is greater than 1, and, if the overall fuel-peroxide composition is stoicheiometric the explosive power and sensitivity may be equivalent to glyceryl nitrate (Urben, 1995).

It reacts with barium perchlorate to form the highly explosive propyl perchlorate (Lewis, 1996).
After a delay, isopropanol ignites on contact with dioxgenyl tetrafluoroborate, chromium trioxide, and potassium tert-butoxide (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995).
It also has a delayed, vigorous reaction with sodium dichromate + sulfuric acid and aluminum (Lewis, 1996).
It reacts violently with hydrogen + palladium, nitroform, oleum, COCl2, aluminum triisopropoxide, and oxidants. It can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994).
The reaction between isopropanol and phosgene forms isopropyl chloroformate and hydrogen chloride. In the presence of iron salts thermal decomposition can occur which may become explosive (NFPA, 1994)

Isopropanol reacts with metallic aluminum at high temperatures (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It produces a violent explosive reaction when heated with aluminum isopropoxide + crotonaldehyde + heat (Lewis, 1996).

Isopropanol attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If isopropanol is leaking and not on fire, consider evacuation from downwind areas based on the amount of spilled isopropanol, location of the spill, and the weather conditions (AAR, 1996).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS67-63-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS67-63-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Isopropyl alcohol
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 400
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 400
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 400
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 2,000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS67-63-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS67-63-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 2000 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

([10%LEL]) The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
If isopropanol in not on fire and not involved in a fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from the spill and ventilate the area. Keep people not wearing appropriate protective clothing and equipment away from the spill area. Keep isopropanol out of water sources and sewers; build dikes as necessary to contain the flow. Attempt to stop the leak if this can be done without undue personnel hazard. Absorb isopropanol with vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and deposit in sealable containers. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of isopropanol (AAR, 1996; (Sittig, 1991).
"At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1999)

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is a suggested disposal method (Sittig, 1991).
There are published studies which have demonstrated the use of high-temperature air stripping to remove isopropanol from contaminated groundwater (Freeman, 1989).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Isopropanol will primarily enter the environment as emissions from its manufacture and use as a solvent. It also occurs from emissions from petroleum storage, auto exhaust, plastics combustion, printing, sewage treatment, wood pulping, steel manufacturing, and from the use of consumer products. It may be found in leachate from landfills, and in wastewater from shale tar distillation. Isopropanol naturally occurs as a plant volatile and is released during the microbial degradation of animal wastes and emitted from volcanoes (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

When released into the atmosphere, isopropanol will photodegrade with an estimated half-life ranging from one to several days. Based on its solubility in water, rainout may be significant (Howard, 1990).
- The photooxidation half-life in air ranges from 6.2 hours (0.26 days) to 72 hours (3 days) (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- When released into water, isopropanol will volatilize with an estimated half-life of approximately 5.4 days; it may also biodegrade (Howard, 1990).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- When released to soil, isopropanol will evaporate quickly and leach into the ground due to its high vapor pressure and low adsorption to soil. If soil degradation is not rapid, it is expected to leach into groundwater (Howard, 1990).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

The estimated half-life of isopropanol in the atmosphere ranges from 33 hours to 3.5 days based on a hydroxyl ion concentration of 0.8x10(6) molecules/cm(3). Isopropanol is considered to have low reactivity in photochemical smog situations; a 20% decrease in isopropanol was observed after 5 hours in a smog chamber at 30 degrees C containing 2 ppm isopropanol and 1 ppm nitrous oxide at 55% relative humidity. Since alcohols are known to be resistant to hydrolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radicals in aquatic media will not likely be significant (Howard, 1990).

The atmospheric photolysis half-life is not expected to be significant (Howard et al, 1991).
The photooxidation half-life of isopropanol in water ranges from 4728 hours (197 days) to 1.9x10(5) hours (22 years) based on measured rates for reaction with hydroxyl radicals in water (Howard et al, 1991).
The photooxidation half-life of isopropanol in air ranges from 6.2 hours (0.26 days) to 72 hours (3 days) based on measured rates for reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air (Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Degradation with sewage at 20 degrees C for 5 days resulted in 58% theoretical BOD (average of 4 results). Filtered sewage seed resulted in 49% theoretical BOD and acclimated sewage seed resulted in 72% of theoretical BOD after 5 days. Concentrations of 3, 7, and 10 mg/L with filtered sewage seed in fresh water resulted in 28% theoretical BOD in 5 days and 78% in 20 days; in salt water, 13% theoretical BOD in 5 days and 72% in 20 days was observed (Howard, 1990).

The scientific judgement of the half-life of isopropanol ranges from 24 hours (1 day) to 168 hours (7 days) based on the estimated unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).
The scientific judgement of the half-life of isopropanol ranges from 96 hours (4 days) to 672 hours (28 days) based on the estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life and unacclimated anaerobic aqueous screening test data (Howard et al, 1991).

An anaerobic bacterium that degraded alcohols and polyols was isolated in pure culture and characterized. The isolate was identified as a member of the genus Desulfovibrio and found to reduce sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur with accompanying growth. Isopropanol was oxidized to its respective ketone (Tenaka, 1992).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The low octanol/water partition coefficient of isopropanol indicates that isopropanol will not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB , 1999):

LD50 - Carassius auratus/Goldfish: >5000 mg/L for 24H -- modified ASTM D 1345 bioassay
LC50 - Poecilia reticulata/Guppies: 7060 ppm for 7D -- conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - Crangon crangon/Brown Shrimp: 1400 mg/L for 48H -- Range 900-1950 mg/L, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - Crangon crangon/Brown Shrimp: 1150 mg/L for 96H -- Range 750-1650 mg/L, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - Pimephales promelas/Fathead Minnows: 11,830 mg/L for 1H -- static bioassay in Lake Superior water, 18-22 degrees C
LC50 - Pimephales promelas/Fathead Minnows: 11,160 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassay in Lake Superior water, 18-22 degrees C
LC50 - Pimephales promelas/Fathead Minnows: 11,130 mg/L for 48H, 72H, 96H -- static bioassay in Lake Superior water, 18-22 degrees C
LC50 - Pimephales promelas/Fathead Minnows: 9.64 g/L for 96H -- 31 days old, 24.4 degrees C, flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Pimephales promelas/Fathead Minnows: 10.4 g/L for 96H -- 29 days old, 24.6 degrees C, flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Pimephales promelas/Fathead Minnows: 6.55 g/L for 96H -- 31 days old, 24.6 degrees C, flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Pimephales promelas/Fathead Minnows: 9.54 g/L for 96H -- 31 days old, 24.4 degrees C, flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Pimephales promelas/Fathead Minnows: 6.12 g/L for 96H -- 31 days old, 24.6 degrees C, flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Pimephales promelas/Fathead Minnows: 9.49 g/L for 96H -- 29 days old, 24.4 degrees C, flow-through bioassay
LD100 - Semolitus atromaculatus/Creek Chub: 1100 mg/L for 24H -- in Detroit River water, conditions of bioassay not specified

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

60.10

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Isopropanol is a colorless, flammable liquid with a slight odor resembling rubbing alcohol and a slightly bitter taste (ACGIH, 2001; Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

32 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

33 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2001)

43 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

57 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.78084 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.785 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)
0.78505 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
0.728 (at 83/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
0.7863 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001)
0.79 (at 20/20 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.78 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 2001)
0.7861 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001)

SATURATED VAPOR DENSITY

0.00717 lb/cu ft (at 70 degrees F) (HSDB, 2003)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-89 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
-89.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)

MELTING POINT

-86 to -89 degrees C (Verschueren, 1983)
-88.5 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Howard, 1990)
-88.5 to -89.5 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

BOILING POINT

82.4 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2001; Verschueren, 1983)

82.5 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; Howard, 1990; Lewis, 2000)

83 degrees C; 181 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

67.8 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

53.0 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

39.5 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

30.5 degrees C (at 60 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

23.8 degrees C (at 40 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

12.7 degrees C (at 20 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

2.4 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

-7.0 degrees C (at 5 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

-26.1 degrees C (at 1.0 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

FLASH POINT

11.7 degrees C; 53 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)

11.7 degrees C; 53 degrees F (Tagliabue Open Cup) (Lewis, 2001)

15 degrees C (Tagliabue Closed Cup) (Ashford, 1994)

18.3 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

399 degrees C; 750 degrees F (ACGIH, 1991; NFPA, 1994)

453 degrees C; 850 degrees F (Lewis, 2001)

455.6 degrees C; 852 degrees F (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.0% (NFPA, 1994)
2.3% (ACGIH, 1991)
2.5% (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000)

UPPER

12% (Lewis, 2001)
12.7% (ACGIH, 1991; NFPA, 1994)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Isopropanol is miscible with water (ACGIH, 2001; Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Isopropanol is miscible with most organic solvents including alcohol, ether, chloroform, ethyl alcohol and ethyl ether (ACGIH, 2001; Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

OTHER

SOLUBILITY, OTHER It is insoluble in salt solutions (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log 0.05 (Howard, 1990)

log -0.16 to 0.28 (calculated) (Verschueren, 1983)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

8.07x10(-6)atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1990)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

65 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 1999)

MASS

39 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2003)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

20.8 dynes/cm (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003)
0.0214 mN/m (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

53 atm (Lewis, 2001)
47 atm (HSDB , 1999)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

235 degrees C (Lewis, 2001)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

18.3 (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003)
16.24 (at 40 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003)

DIPOLE MOMENT

1.69 (GAS) (HSDB, 2003)
1.66 (at 30 degrees C; in benzene) (HSDB, 2003)

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

pKa = 17.1 at 25 degrees C (Howard, 1990)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

14,346 Btu/lb (Lewis, 1993)
474.8 kg cal/g mol wt (at 20 degrees C)

HEAT OF FUSION

21.37 cal/g = 89.41 J/g = 5373 J/mole (HSDB, 2003)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.3756 (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001)
1.3772 (at 20 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)
1.37723 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.3802 (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.3852 (at 8 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.3769 (at 20 degrees C and sodium light) (HSDB, 2003)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

44 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB , 1999)

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ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents