ISOPRENE

The main use for isoprene is as a monomer for the manufacture of polyisoprene (Harbison, 1998a).
Isoprene also is used in the manufacture of "synthetic" natural rubber, styrene-based polymers, butyl rubber, terpenes, and resins (Harbison, 1998a; HSDB , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001).

FORMS

Isoprene should be under inert atmosphere with the presence of polymerization inhibitor. Inhibitors of polymerization include (CHRIS, 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997a):

tert-butyl catechol (at least 50 ppm, or 0.06%)
di-n-butylamine,
phenyl-beta-naphthyl-amine
phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine

Research grade: 99.99% pure (CHRIS, 2001).
Polymerization grade:

99.8 % pure (CHRIS, 2001)
97-99 % minimum purity (HSDB , 2001)
Impurities include (HSDB , 2001):

0.1 wt% (max) isoprene dimer
1 wt% (max) alpha olefins
2.8 wt% (max) beta olefins
50 ppm acetylenes
50 ppm allenes
10 ppm carbonyls
5 ppm sulfur
80 ppm piperylene
1 ppm cyclopentadiene
5 ppm peroxides
8 ppm acetonitrile

"Isoprene exists in vitamin A, vitamin K, chlorophyll, terpenoids, and camphors" (HSDB , 2001).

SOURCES

It may be produced for industrial/commercial use by the condensation of isobutylene and formaldehyde in the Kuraray 2-stage process, by catalytic dehydrogenation of isoamylene (Ashford, 1994), by dehydrogenation of isopentene, by pyrolysis of methyl pentene, by dehydration of methyl butenol, by cracked products of heavy petroleum oils (Lewis, 1997), by dimerization of propylene followed by pyrolysis of the resulting 2-methyl-2-pentene, and by reaction of isobutylene with propylene followed by dehydrogenation (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001).
"The primary source of isoprene today is as a by-product in the production of ethylene by naphtha cracking" (HSDB , 2001)

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Isoprene is irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. If the liquid is spilled on clothing and allowed to remain, it may cause irritation and reddening of the skin. Isoprene is a central nervous system depressant and asphyxiant at high concentrations.

The toxicity of isoprene is similar to that of butadiene, although it is more irritating than comparable alkenes or alkanes of similar volatility.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
If there has been exposure to high concentrations, monitor for central nervous system and respiratory depression.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
In human volunteers, slight irritation of the upper respiratory mucosa, larynx, and pharynx was noted at 160 mg/m(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

ANIMAL DATA

Two-week inhalation toxicology studies of isoprene were conducted in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice at exposure concentrations of 0, 438, 875, 1750, 3500, or 7000 ppm (Melnick et al, 1990).

For rats, there were no chemically related changes in survival, body weight gain, clinical signs, hematologic or clinical chemistry parameters, or gross or microscopic lesions.
Exposure of mice to isoprene did not produce mortalities and only caused a decrease in body weight gain for male mice in the 7000 ppm exposure group; however, hematologic changes and microscopic lesions including testicular atrophy, olfactory epithelial degeneration, and forestomach epithelial hyperplasia were observed in isoprene-exposed mice.
Similar toxicologic effects have been previously observed in B6C3F1 mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene, a potent rodent carcinogen.
A species difference in susceptibility between rats and mice exposed to isoprene was evident in these short-term exposure studies.

Clayton & Clayton (1994) references a study where the no-effect level for mice was 20,000 ppm, with deep central nervous system depression at 35,000 to 45,000 ppm, and death at 50,000 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
A study was conducted to assess the developmental toxicity of isoprene in Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss (CD-1) mice exposed to 0, 280, 1400, or 7000 ppm isoprene vapors for 6 hours/day, 7 days/week at 6 to 17 days of gestation (dg) for mice and 6 to 19 dg for rats (Mast et al, 1990).

The no observable effect level (NOEL) in the rat for both maternal and developmental toxicity was 1400 ppm isoprene. In mice, 1400 ppm was a maternal NOEL; however, a NOEL for developmental toxicity in the mouse could not be assigned based on the results of the study.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS78-79-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Isoprene

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): R ; Listed as: Isoprene

R : RAHC = Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): R ; Listed as:

R : RAHC = Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS78-79-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS78-79-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS78-79-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Isoprene
2 ppm
Ceiling or Short-term TWA:
Skin Notation: No
Dermal Sensitizer: No
Candidate WEEL: No
WEEL Under Review: No

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS78-79-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS78-79-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS78-79-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS78-79-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Isoprene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS78-79-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS78-79-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS78-79-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS78-79-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS78-79-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS78-79-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,3-Butadiene, 2-methyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1218 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Isoprene, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1218
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: T11, TP2

T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1218 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Isoprene, stabilized
UN Number: 1218

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS78-79-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isoprene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Explosion-proof electrical equipment and non-sparking tools should be used to handle isoprene (Sittig, 1991).

Care should be taken when handling because electrostatic charges can be generated as a result of flow or agitation (ILO, 1998). Subsequently vapors of isoprene may ignite from accumulated charges (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Isoprene containers should be handled carefully and protected against physical damage and shock (HSDB , 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers with iron surfaces should be treated with a suitable reducing agent, such as sodium nitrite, before they are placed into isoprene service since rusty iron can accelerate violent polymerization (HSDB , 1994).
Metal containers (for five gallons or more) should be grounded and bonded (Sitig, 1991).
Drums should be equipped with self closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters (Sittig, 1991).
Isoprene containers should be protected against physical damage and shock (HSDB , 2001).
Contents of polymerization inhibitors and polymerized substances should be checked once a week (HSDB , 2001).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Isoprene should be kept in a cool and dry location (NFPA, 1997).
Good ventilation of the isoprene storage site is important. Outside or detached storage is preferred (NFPA, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Polymerization of isoprene can be violent. It is accelerated by heat (such as direct sunlight), by oxygen (air contact causes formation of unstable peroxides), and even by the presence of rusty iron (HSDB , 1994; HSDB , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Isoprene should be under inert atmosphere with the presence of polymerization inhibitor. Inhibitors of polymerization include ((CHRIS, 2001); Pohanish & Greene, 1997):
- tert-butyl catechol (at least 50 ppm, or 0.06%)
- di-n-butylamine,
- phenyl-beta-naphthyl-amine
- phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Precautions for carcinogens should be taken (HSDB , 2001).

Inhalation is the major route of exposure (Harbison, 1998). Isoprene vapor is irritating to eyes, nose, and throat, and liquid isoprene is irritating to skin and eyes ((CHRIS, 2001)).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Splash-proof and solvent-resistant eye/face protection (such as chemical goggles and face shield) or full facepiece respiratory protection should be worn when working with liquid isoprene (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 78-79-5.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Rubber Laminate

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

Viton/Butyl

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Super

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 372
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 190
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Trelleborg-Viking, Inc. 170 West Road Suite 1 Portsmouth, NH 03801 USA Phone: (603) 436-1236 Fax: (603) 436-1392 Toll-Free: (800) 344-4458 Website: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/ Email: protective@trelleborg.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Well-ventilated hoods should be installed in work area. They should be used for operations connected with synthesis and purification of isoprene. In addition, glove boxes should be kept in such hoods under negative air pressure (HSDB , 2001).

Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across towards the worker, should not be used (HSDB , 2001).
Air changes should be adequate to prevent concentration of vapors (HSDB , 2001).
As with other possible carcinogens, a high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used, and filter housing should allow used filters to be transferred into plastic bag for disposal without contaminating the worker and work area (HSDB , 2001).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Isoprene is a "highly dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers" (Lewis, 2000).
Isoprene ignites on contact with oxygen and ozone (Lewis, 2000).
Isoprene floats on water and may travel to a source of ignition and spread fire, and its vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back (NFPA, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS78-79-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isoprene
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

FLASH POINT: -53.89 degrees C; -65 degrees F (closed cup) ((CHRIS, 2001); OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991)
FLASH POINT: -48 degrees C; -55 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)
Isoprene is volatile (ITI, 1995). Vapors may ignite from accumulated static electrical charges (Pohanish & Greene, 1997), which can be resulted from flow or agitation of isoprene (ILO, 1998)

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS78-79-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isoprene
Extinguishing Method(s): 1

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

Do not attempt to extinguish fire unless flow of isoprene can be stopped (AAR, 2000).

Use foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical to fight fires involving isoprene (AAR, 2000).

Solid stream of water may spread fire involving isoprene since isoprene floats on water (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997).

Use water in flooding quantities as fog and as an agent to cool all affected containers (AAR, 2000).

Water should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, isoprene emits acrid smoke and fumes (Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Lower explosive limit: 1.5 to 2% (ILO, 1998) NFPA, 197; (Sittig, 1991)

For more information on explosive limits, please refer to the physical/chemical properties section.

Polymerization of isoprene can be violent. It is accelerated by heat (such as direct sunlight), by oxygen (air contact causes formation of unstable peroxides), and even by the presence of rusty iron (HSDB , 1994; OHM/TADS , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Isoprene reacts with ozone to form explosive peroxides at low temperature (ITI, 1995).

Isoprene reacts explosively with vinylamine (Lewis, 2000).

Explosion can follow after concentration by evaporation (Lewis, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Isoprene is volatile (ITI, 1995). Vapors may ignite from accumulated static electrical charges (Pohanish & Greene, 1997), which can be resulted from flow or agitation of isoprene (ILO, 1998). Vapors may explode if ignited in an enclosed area ((CHRIS, 2001)).

Vapors temporarily cause a slight smarting of the eyes or respiratory system if present in high concentrations ((CHRIS, 2001)).

Isoprene vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back (NFPA, 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Polymerization of isoprene can be violent. It is accelerated by heat (such as direct sunlight), by oxygen (air contact causes formation of unstable peroxides), and even by the presence of rusty iron (HSDB , 1994; OHM/TADS , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Isoprene reacts with ozone to form explosive peroxides at low temperature (ITI, 1995).
Isoprene forms explosive mixtures with air (flash point of -54 degrees C) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Isoprene reacts explosively with vinylamine (Lewis, 2000).

Explosion can follow after concentration by evaporation (Lewis, 2000).

Isoprene forms violent reactions with oleum, oxidizers, reducing agents, acid chlorides, alcohols, alkali metals, strong bases, and strong acids, including chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid, oleum (fuming sulfuric acid), and sulfuric acid (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If isoprene is involved in a fire and the fire becomes uncontrollable or if any container of isoprene is exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-half mile radius (AAR, 2000).

In the event of an isoprene spill, consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location, and weather conditions (AAR, 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS78-79-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Isoprene
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 5
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 1000
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 4000
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS78-79-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Isoprene
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 5
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 1000
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 4000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS78-79-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS78-79-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Keep spilled isoprene out of confined space (such as a sewer). Ventilate the area where spill occurred (Sittig, 1991). Spray water to knock down vapor (AAR, 2000) or use appropriate foam to suppress vapors (NFPA, 1997).
Contain and stop the flow of isoprene (AAR, 2000).
- "Universal" gelling agent may be used to immobilize spill. Digging a holding area or building a dike (with soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete) may also be able to contain the spill (AAR, 2000).
Absorb isoprene with fly ash, cement powder, commercial sorbent, vermiculite, dry sand, soil, or a similar material. Deposit absorbed isoprene in sealed containers for later incineration (Sittig, 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Small amount of isoprene may be absorbed on paper, evaporated on a glass dish in a hood, and burnt (ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is a feasible method for disposal. A gas-fired incinerator, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air to fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air, provides an efficient way to incinerate possible carcinogens such as isoprene (HSDB , 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

A major source of isoprene release to the environment is emissions from vegetation (HSDB , 2001). Isoprene emitted from trees is the largest source of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere (Sharkey TD, 1991).

Only some plants produce isoprene. It is a common trait in trees (particularly deciduous forests), ferns, and tropical plants (HSDB , 2001; Sharkey TD, 1991). Isoprene emission rates have been reported to be 22.4-42.7 mcg/g-hr at 30 degrees C and 0.02-2.4 ppb/min/in(2) (HSDB , 2001).

Oak trees have been shown to be the principal emitters of isoprene to the atmosphere (HSDB , 2001).

Isoprene emission rate for southern live oak (Quercus virginianus) has been reported to be 33 microgram per gram of dry weight per hour (HSDB , 2001).

In a study of the physiological aspects of isoprene emission from kudzu, (Pueraria lobata (Willd) Ohwi.) a vine which forms large, monospecific stands in disturbed areas of the southeastern United States, it was speculated that isoprene emission may help plants cope with stressful conditions (Sharkey & Loreto, 1993).

Because factors such as species composition and air temperature strongly determine rates of isoprene emission, it is likely that climate change will affect vegetation isoprene emissions, with corresponding influences on tropospheric chemistry and ultimately climate (Turner et al, 1991).

Isoprene is the main hydrocarbon in breath expiration. The precursor to endogenous isoprene production is believed to be mevalonic acid, a component of cholestrol synthesis (Harbison, 1998).

It may be released through tobacco smoke, gasoline, turbine, and automobile exhaust, or via wood pulping, biomass combustion, and rubber abrasion (HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

If released to the atmosphere, isoprene is expected to exist entirely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere where it will degrade by reaction with hydroxyl radicals (half-life of 3.8 hours), ozone molecules (half-life of 19.2 hours) or, if released at night, nitrate radicals (organic lifetime of 22 to 216 minutes) (HSDB , 2001).
Isoprene decomposition in the atmosphere is rapid and causes lower atmosphere formation, acid rain, and blue hazes (Sharkey TD, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Volatilization half-lives from a model river and a model environmental pond have been estimated to be 2.4 and 34.2 hours, respectively (HSDB , 2001).

OTHER

OTHER
- AIR: The photooxidation half-life of isoprene in air is between 0.556 hours and 5.14 hours, based on the measured rate constants for reaction with hydroxyl radicals and ozone in air (Howard, 1991).
- AIR: The half-life of isoprene in air is between 0.514 hours and 5.14 hours, based on the photooxidation half-life in air (Howard, 1991).
- WATER: The half-life of isoprene in surface water is between 168 hours (7 days) and 672 hours (4 weeks), based on the estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard, 1991).
- WATER: The half-life of isoprene in ground water is between 366 hours (14 days) and 1344 hours (8 weeks), based on the estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard, 1991).
- SOIL: The half-life of isoprene in soil is between 168 hours (7 days) and 672 hours (4 weeks), based on the estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

The unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life of isoprene in surface water is between 168 hours (7 days) and 672 hours (4 weeks), based on scientific judgement (Howard, 1991).

The unacclimated aqueous anaerobic biodegradation half-life of isoprene in surface water is between 672 hours (28 days) and 2688 hours (16 weeks), based on the estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard, 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

It is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations ((CHRIS, 2001)).

It threatens all species of waterfowls (OHM/TADS , 2001).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES:

TLm - BLUEGILL: 42.54 ppm for 24 to 96H -- 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 75 ppm for 96H -- at 25 degrees C, freshwater (CHRIS, 2001; OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 86.51 ppm for 24 to 96H -- in soft water at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 74.83 ppm for 24 to 96H -- in hard water at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - GOLDFISH: 180 ppm for 96H -- in temperature controlled test environment (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - GOLDFISH: 180 ppm for 24 to 96H -- at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - GUPPY: 140 ppm for 96H -- in temperature controlled test environment (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - GUPPY: 240 ppm for 24 to 96H -- at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - LARGEMOUTH BASS: 39 ppm for 96H -- in temperature controlled test environment (OHM/TADS, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

68.11

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Isoprene is a clear colorless liquid. Its odor has been described as petroleum-like and mildly aromatic (AAR, 2000; ((CHRIS, 2001)),

VAPOR PRESSURE

100 mmHg (at -16 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

400 mmHg (at 15.4 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

550 mmHg (measured) (at 25 degrees C) (Harbison, 1998; HSDB , 2001)

61.8 kPa (ILO, 1998)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.6808 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
0.6805 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-145.95 degrees C; -230.7 degrees F; 127.3 K (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS, 2001)
-146.7 degrees C (Lewis, 2000a)

MELTING POINT

-120 degrees C (ITI, 1995a; OHM/TADS, 2001)

BOILING POINT

34.067 degrees C; 93.4 degrees F; 307.3 K (at 760 mm Hg) (Budavari, 2000; (CHRIS, 2001))

34.08 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

34.5 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

FLASH POINT

-53.89 degrees C; -65 degrees F (closed cup) ((CHRIS, 2001)) OHM/TADS, 20001; (Sittig, 1991)

-48 degrees C; -55 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

220 degrees C; 428 degrees F (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)

427 degrees C; 802 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

395 degrees C; 743 degrees F ((CHRIS, 2001))

399 degrees C (Patnaik, 1992)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.5% (Sittig, 1991)
1.6% (estimated) (ITI, 1995)
2% (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1997)

UPPER

8.9% (ILO, 1998; Sittig, 1991)
9% (NFPA, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Isoprene is practically insoluble (dissolves very slowly) in water, but it floats in slick on water surface (Budavari, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001).
642 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is miscible with alcohol, ether, and acetone (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001).
Isoprene is soluble in acetone, alcohol, benzene, ether, and hydrocarbon solvents (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997).
It "forms binary azeotropes with methanol, n-pentane, methylamine, methyl formate, ethyl bromide, methyl sulfide, acetone, propylene oxide, isopropyl nitrite, methylal, formaldehyde, ethyl ether, and perfluorotriethylamine" (HSDB , 2001).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow= 2.42 (HSDB , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

154 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

5-38 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

55 (Altas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.005 ppm (Sittig, 1991)

SURFACE TENSION

16.9 dynes/cm; 0.0169 N/m (in air) (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) ((CHRIS, 2001))

CRITICAL PRESSURE

550 psia; 37.4 atm; 3.79 MN/m(2) ((CHRIS, 2001))

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

211.1 degrees C; 412 degrees F; 484.3 K ((CHRIS, 2001))

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-18,848 Btu/lb; -10,471 cal/g; -438.40x10(5) J/kg ((CHRIS, 2001))

HEAT OF FUSION

16.80 cal/g ((CHRIS, 2001))

HEAT OF POLYMERIZATION

-499 Btu/lb; -277 cal/g; -11.6X10(5) J/kg ((CHRIS, 2001))

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.42160 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

40 dynes/cm; 0.04 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) ((CHRIS, 2001))

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents