ISOPHORONE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

49 152 78 - Isophorone (combustible liquid, not otherwise specified)

DESIGNATIONS

BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:4-07-00-00165
EPA PESTICIDE CHEMICAL CODE:047401
STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:51628

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C9-H14-O

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

127-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR / WATER-MISCIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2001; RTECS , 2001; Sittig, 1991)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Isophorone is an unsaturated cyclic ketone used as a solvent or cosolvent (for printing inks, adhesives, finishes, lacquers, acrylic, epoxy, polyester, silicone resins, polyvinyl, and nitrocellulose resins), as a leveling agent (for textile printing), and as a chemical feedstock (for the synthesis of 3,5-xylenol,2,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexanol and 3,5-dimethylaniline). It is also used in a variety of fats, oils, gums, pesticides and herbicides (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996a; HSDB, 2001; Sittig, 1991a).
Isophorone has a high solvent power for vinyl resins, cellulose ester, ether, and others (Lewis, 1997a).

FORMS

Commercial isophorone usually contains some (up to 5%) unconjugated isomer, small amounts (up to 1%) of xylitone, and traces of mesitylene, mesityl oxide, phorone, and water (HSDB, 2001).
High purity (99%) isophorone is also available for industrial use (HSDB, 2001).

SOURCES

It can be manufactured by passing acetone over calcium oxide, hydroxide, or carbide either at 350 degrees C and atmospheric pressure in a vapor phase process or at 200-250 degrees C and under pressure in a liquid phase process (HSDB, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Isophorone may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Signs and symptoms of exposure may include olfactory changes, faintness, headache, CNS depression, fatigue, malaise, a feeling of suffocation, and nausea. Skin contact may result in dermatitis due to the defatting action of isophorone.

Kidney and liver damage and pulmonary edema have been observed in experimental animals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, and kidneys (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007). (OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

RATS: The minimum lethal airborne concentration (exposed by inhalation) was 885 ppm for 6 hours and 1840 ppm for 4 hours (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001).
GUINEA PIGS: Daily injection of 0.2-0.6 gram of isophorone for 6 days resulted in death with increased albuminuria (HSDB , 2001).
MICE: Inhalation of >3500 mg/kg of isophorone for 6 hours resulted in death with acute pulmonary edema (HSDB , 2001).
DOGS: Intravenously injected isophorone at the concentration of >10 mg/kg resulted in death with respiratory stimulation, change in pulse rate, and convulsions (HSDB , 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

Isophorone vapor was irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat of unconditioned volunteers exposed for 15 minutes to an airborne concentration of 25 ppm in a 1200 cubic feet chamber (HSDB , 2001).
Workers exposed to airborne concentrations of 5 to 8 ppm for 1 month complained of fatigue and malaise, which disappeared when airborne levels were reduced to 1 to 4 ppm (Hathaway et al, 1991).
Eye irritation was reported at a concentration as low as 25 ppm. In addition, nose and throat irritations were reported at concentrations above 40 ppm. Irritated conjunctiva, nausea, headache, dizziness, faintness, inebriation, and a feeling of suffocation were reported at concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm (ACGIH, 1996; Grant & Schuman, 1993).
"Although isophorone may be more toxic and irritative than lower-molecular-weight ketones at equivalent concentrations, it poses less of an inhalation hazard because of its relatively low volatility (Hathaway et al, 1996)
At a concentration of 200 ppm, 1 minute exposure was reported to be intolerable (HSDB , 2001).
CARCINOGENICITY RATINGS:

According to the EPA: C - possible human carcinogen (no human carcinogenicity data and limited animal carcinogenicity data) (HSDB , 2001)
According to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: A3 - confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH, 2001)

ANIMAL DATA

Certain strains of male rats that synthesize alpha(2u)-globulin may be more susceptible to kidney damage when exposed to isophorone, as compared to monkeys, guinea pigs, dogs, mice, female rats, and male NBR rats that do not synthesize the hepatic form of alpha(2u)-globulin (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Repeated exposures of animals to airborne concentrations of 50 ppm or more caused damages in kidney, lung, and, to a lesser extent, liver. No effects were seen at airborne levels of 25 ppm (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Male and female Charles River CD rats were exposed to isophorone at air concentrations of 0.25 mg/L. The duration was 6 hours a day, 5 days a week, for a total of 6 weeks. The following was observed (HSDB , 2001):

Male:
- Transient nasal bleeding
- Increased percentages of lymphocytes
- Decreased percentages of neutrophils
- Increased hemoglobin concentration
- Lower terminal body weights
- Decreased absolute and relative liver weights
Female:
- Transient nasal bleeding
- Increased percentages of lymphocytes
- Decreased percentages of neutrophils
- Increased hemoglobin concentration

Rats, guinea pigs, or mice exposed to isophorone at an airborne concentration of 619 ppm for 6 hours developed slight lacrimation but no deaths occurred (ACGIH, 1996).
"Respiratory depression to 50% of the normal frequency has been reported in rats exposed to a concentration of approximately 30 ppm" (Bingham et al, 2001).
In a 2 year bioassay in rats and mice (conducted by gavage on a 5 day a week treatment schedule) at levels of 0, 250, and 500 mg/kg, the following was reported (Bingham et al, 2001):

No evidence of carcinogenicity in mice.
No evidence of carcinogenicity in female rats. In male rats, renal tumors, preputial gland tumors, hyperplasia of the renal pelvis, tubular hyperplasia were reported.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS78-59-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Isophorone

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: Isophorone

C : Possible human carcinogen.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Isophorone
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Isophorone

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS78-59-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 9.5x10(-4) per mg/kg-day
RfD: 2x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 2.7x10(-5) per mg/L

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Bingham et al, 2001 Budavari, 2000 HSDB, 2001 ) (OHM/TADS, 2001; RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 5.65 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2001)

1 ppm = 5.71 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1996)
1 mg/L = 177 ppm (HSDB , 2001)
1 mg/L = 0.175 ppm (ACGIH, 1996)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS78-59-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Isophorone

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 5 ppm

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr; CNS impair; malaise; fatigue
Molecular Weight: 138.21

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS78-59-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS78-59-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Isophorone
REL:

TWA: 4 ppm (23 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 200 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS78-59-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Isophorone
Table Z-1 for Isophorone:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 25

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 140

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS78-59-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS78-59-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Isophorone
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS78-59-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS78-59-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS78-59-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS78-59-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS78-59-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS78-59-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 3,5,5-trimethyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS78-59-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isophorone
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Tank cars and steel drums can be used as storage and shipping containers (NFPA, 1997) OHM/TADS, 2001).
Containers should be grounded and with flame arrestors on vents (OHM/TADS, 2001).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

The storage room temperature should not fall bellow 17 degrees F; otherwise, the containers should be steam traced or insulated (OHM/TADS, 2001).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

"Isophorone must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) since violent reactions occur" (Sittig, 1991).
Isophorone should be stored away from heat or ignition sources since it can be flammable and explosive when exposed to heat or flame (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Protection from skin contact is important since repeated or prolonged contact may cause dermatitis due to the defatting action of isophorone (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Protection from eye contact is important since it is a sever eye irritant (Lewis, 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 78-59-1.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Isophorone is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000) or when coming to contact with strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). It is combustible (Lewis, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS78-59-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isophorone
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

It is combustible (Lewis, 1997), however, combustion may require preheating (OHM/TADS, 2001).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS78-59-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isophorone
Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed

Do not attempt to extinguish fire unless flow of isophorone can be stopped (AAR, 2000).

Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical to fight fires involving isophorone (water may be ineffective) (AAR, 2000).

Use water in flooding quantities as fog and as an agent to cool all affected containers (water should be applied from as far away as possible) (AAR, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Isophorone is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000) or when in contact with strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Human subjects experienced irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat when exposed briefly to 25 ppm (Hathaway et al, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Isophorone is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000) or when in contact with strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). It is combustible (Lewis, 1997).

It reacts with oxidizing materials, strong alkalies, and aliphatic amines (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It attacks some plastics, resins, and rubber (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS78-59-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS78-59-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Isophorone
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 4
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 4
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 5
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 200
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS78-59-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS78-59-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 200 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Ventilate the area where spill occurred (Sittig, 1991), and spray water to knock down vapors (AAR, 2000).
Contain and stop flow of isophorone (AAR, 2000).
Absorb isoprene with fly ash, cement powder, commercial sorbent, vermiculite, dry sand, soil, or a similar material followed by deposition in sealed containers for later incineration (AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Absorb small spills of isophorone on paper. Allow isophorone to evaporate in a hood then burn the paper (ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
It is lighter than water and floats on water ((CHRIS, 2001)). In case of a spill, oil skimming equipment can be used to apply to the slick (OHM/TADS, 2001).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Wastewater Treatment
- Isophorone may be removed from wastewater by the following potential extraction solvents (Freeman, 1989):
- Additional removal methods include the use of activated carbon and biological treatment (HSDB , 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Isophorone may be sprayed into incinerator or burnt in paper packaging. Additional flammable solvent may be added to facilitate the incineration (OHM/TADS, 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Isophorone may be released to the environment from a wide variety of industries (such as coal-fired power plants, iron and steel manufacturers, tire plants, and photographic material manufacturers), from the disposal of many different products, and during the application of some pesticides (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

Contamination of water (either directly or leached from soil) can result in exposure of general public by ingestion of contaminated drinking water (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Isophorone is expected to exist primarily in the vapor phase in the atmosphere, based on a vapor pressure of 0.38 mmHg at 20 degrees C (0.438 mm Hg at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
Isophorone is predicted to be removed from the atmosphere predominately by reaction with ozone (half-life of 39 min to 4 hours) and less importantly by reaction with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals (half-life of 3 to 5 hours) (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
Half-life ranges from 39 min to 4.8H, based on reactions with hydroxyl radicals (calculated) (Verschueren, 2001).
The overall half-life for isophorone has been estimated to be 32 min. Direct photolysis of isophorone in air is not expected to occur (Howard, 1990).
The photooxidation half-life of isophorone in air is between 0.411 h to 3.13 h, judged from estimated rate constants for reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air (Howard, 1991).
Photodegradation was >99% after 60 min (ultraviolet light catalyzed oxidation test) (Verschueren, 2001).
Isophorone emitted to air in particulate form (such as in coal fly ash from coal-fired power plants) may be removed by wet or dry deposition (Howard, 1990).
The half-life ranges from 0.411H to 3.13H for isophorone in air (from estimated photooxidation half-life data for air) (Howard, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- If released to water, isophorone may biodegrade, although this is not an important removal process, or it may volatilize (half-life 7-7.5 d from a model river) (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
- Adsorption to suspended solids and sediment is weak. Oxidation by reaction with singlet oxygen or alkylperoxy radicals, and hydrolysis are also not considered important fate processes in water (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
- The half-life for isophorone in surface water ranges from 168H (7D) to 672H (4W) (judged from estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life test data) (Howard, 1991).
GROUND WATER
- Leaching of isophorone from soil may contaminate groundwater (Howard, 1990).
- The half-life for isophorone in groundwater ranges from 336H to 1366H (judged from estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life test data) (Howard, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In moist soil, isophorone is largely removed by volatilization and to a much lesser and less important extent by biodegradation (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
- Slow volatilization of isophorone is expected from both wet and dry soil surfaces (Howard, 1990).
- Soil adsorption (organic carbon partition coefficient, Koc) values for isophorone range from 25 to 384 (calculated, based on water solubility) (Verschueren, 2001).
- The half-life values in soil ranges from 168H (7D) to 672H (4W) (judged from estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life test data) (Howard, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Isophorone typically exists in the atmosphere in vapor phase and is primarily removed by reaction with ozone or by wet / dry deposition (if in particulate form). In water and soil, isophorone may partially volatilize. Biodegradation is not important in water or soil systems. Isophorone's bioaccumulation potential in aquatic organisms is not considered significant (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

BIODEGRADATION

The aqueous biodegradation half-life for anaerobic conditions ranges from 672H (28D) to 2688H (16W) (judged from estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life test data). The aqueous biodegradation half-life for aerobic conditions ranges from 168H to 672H, based on aqueous aerobic biodegradation screening test data (Howard, 1991).

Biodegradation products by a pure culture of Aspergillus niger include the following (Howard, 1990):

3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1,4-dione
3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,4-dione
(S)-4-hydroxyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one
3-hydroxymethyl-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one

BIOACCUMULATION

OTHER

OTHER
- The bioconcentration potential for isophorone in aquatic organisms is low (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Fish (Oryzias latipes): 1.1-1.8 (BCF, total body) -- exposed to 500 mcg/L for 42D (Verschueren, 2001)
Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): 7 (BCF, total body) -- exposed to 92 mcg/L for 14D(HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
In fish tissue, a half-life of 1D was measured (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES:

TLm - BRINE SHRIMP: 430 ppm for 24H -- saltwater; static conditions (OHM/TADS, 2001)
EC50 - ALGA (Selenastrum capricornutum): 122,000 mcg/L for 96H -- Toxic effect: cell number reduced; Conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
EC50 - ALGA (Selenastrum capricornutum): 126,000 mcg/L for 96H -- Toxic effect: chlorophyll a synthesis inhibited; Conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
EC50 - ALGA (Skeletonema costatum): 105,000 mcg/L for 96H -- Toxic effect: cell number reduced; Conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
EC50 - ALGA (Skeletonema costatum): 110,000 mcg/L for 96H -- Toxic effect: Chlorophyll a synthesis inhibited; Conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - MYSID SHRIMP (Mysidopsis bahia): 12.9 mg/L for 96H -- Conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 166,000 to 295,000 mcg/L for 9H -- Conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

138.23

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Isophorone is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a peppermint to camphor-like odor (ACGIH, 1996; Lewis, 2000).

It is lighter than water and floats on water ((CHRIS, 2001)).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.2 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2001)

0.26 mmHg (Bingham et al, 2001)

0.3 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996)

0.38 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (calculated) (HSDB , 2001)

0.4 mmHg (Harbison, 1998)

1 mmHg (at 38 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2001)

0.059 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (ILO, 1998)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.9229 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
0.9613 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

7.7 lb/gal (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
0.92 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.9229 g/mL (Lewis, 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-8.1 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991a; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997)

MELTING POINT

-8.0 degrees C; 17 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001; NFPA, 1997a)
-8.1 degrees C (Howard, 1990; OHM/TADS, 2001)

BOILING POINT

99 degrees C (at 18 mmHg) (HSDB , 2001)

210-216 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

214 degrees C (at 754 mmHg) (HSDB , 2001)

215.3 degrees C; 419.5 degrees F; 488.5 K (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 2000; (CHRIS, 2001))

215.2 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000)

FLASH POINT

84 degrees C; 184 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1996; ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1997)

84 degrees C; 184 degrees F (open cup) (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996)

96.11 degrees C; 205 degrees F (open cup) (Lewis, 2000; (CHRIS, 2001))

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

460 degrees C; 860 degrees F (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1997)

462.22 degrees C; 864 degrees F (Lewis, 2000) OHM/TADS, 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.8% (ACGIH, 1996)

UPPER

3.5% (ACGIH, 1996)
3.8% (OHM/TADS, 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Isophorone is lighter than water and slightly soluble in water (ACGIH, 1996; (CHRIS, 2001)):

12,000 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
12,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996) OHM/TADS, 2001)
14,500 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is soluble in ethyl alcohol, ether, and acetone (ACGIH, 1996; HSDB , 2001).
Isophorone is miscible in organic solvents (HSDB , 2001).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 1.7 (HSDB , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

36 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

44 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

333 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

32.3 DYNES/CM; 0.0353 n/M (estimated) (at 20 degrees C) ((CHRIS, 2001))

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-16,170 BTU/lb; -8980 cal/g; -376X10(5) J/kg ((CHRIS, 2001); HSDB , 2001)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

7311 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

VISCOSITY

2.62 cP (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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