ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL

Isobutyl alcohol's main industrial use is as a replacement solvent for 1-butanol. It is also used in the phosphoric acid purification process as an extraction agent and as an intermediate in amino coating resins, isobutylamines, zinc diisobutyldithiophosphate, isobutyl acetate, acrylate, and methacrylate esters. Additionally, it is used in pharmaceutical and pesticide applications, in liquid chromatography and fluorometric determinations, organic synthesis, cleaners, hydraulic fluids, paint removers, esters for fruit flavoring essences, as a lacquer solvent, and as a cosolvent in recovery of tertiary oil (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997).

FORMS

Isobutyl alcohol is a clear, colorless, oily liquid possessing a sweet, musty odor (AAR, 2000; ACGIH, 1991; NIOSH , 2001).

SOURCES

Isobutyl alcohol is produced in the following ways: using the oxo process through hydrogenation of isobutyraldehyde obtained from propylene; mixing propylene and synthesis gas using the shell hydroformylation process; by fractionation from mixed Fischer-Tropsch mixed oxygenates (Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001).
Synthetic methanol production yields isobutyl alcohol as a byproduct, which is then purified by rectification (Lewis, 1997).
Isobutyl alcohol also is produced when carbohydrates are fermented (Budavari, 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Exposure to isobutyl alcohol is usually occupational. Isobutyl alcohol is mildly toxic by inhalation, moderately toxic by ingestion and skin contact, and poisonous by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes.

Isobutyl alcohol is very irritating to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and throat, as a liquid and as a vapor. Dermal contact can produce erythema, hyperemia, eczematoid dermatitis and cracking. Eye exposure may result in conjunctivitis.

Central nervous system effects, particularly at high concentrations, include headache, dizziness, giddiness, drowsiness, ataxia, confusion, delirium, narcosis, stupor and coma. Gastrionitesinal effects include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Inhalation exposure can irritate the respiratory tract and produce cough, dyspnea and possibly death from respiratory failure. Cardiac rhythm distrubances may result from exposure.

Rarely, gastrointestinal hemmorhage, renal failure with glycosuria, liver damage, cardiac failure and pulmonary edema are seen.

In general, acute exposure to higher alcohols (alcohols with a 3, 4 or 5 carbon chain) results mainly in central nervous system depression, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Butanols and amyl alcohols are irritants to the eyes, and mucous membranes and skin. If aspirated, hemorrhagic pneumonitis may be noted.

Isobutyl alcohol reportedly has no chronic systemic effects. However, it is a questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic animal data. Mutation data have been reported.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

In acute exposures, isobutyl alcohol is a skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant. It is also a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. Symptoms of CNS depression include nausea, headache, dizziness, loss of coordination and judgement, coma, and death with exposure to large amounts. However, no reports of human fatalities due to isobutyl alcohol overexposure were found at the time of this review.

Rats can tolerate isobutyl alcohol in the drinking water at a 1 molar concentration (Hillbom, 1974), 2 molar (Hillbom, 1974b), or even as the pure chemical (Hillbom, 1974). Human volunteers have drunk isobutyl alcohol in small amounts and have reported that it produced symptoms similar to those of ethanol, but with "hangover" symptoms being more pronounced (Ruedell, 1981).

There is one report of a person who became allergic to isopropanol and also adversely reacted to isobutyl alcohol (HSDB). One unusual aspect of the activity of isobutyl alcohol as a CNS depressant (when exposures were mixed with n-butanol) is unusually severe vertigo, which has been mistakenly diagnosed as Meniere's disease in some individuals (Seitz, 1972).

Isobutanol is metabolized to METHYL ETHYL KETONE in rats (Aarstad et al, 1985).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Repeated direct skin contact can produce eczematoid dermatitis (HSDB, 2000).

Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to concentrations of 0, 250, 1,000 or 2,500 ppm isobutanol in air for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 3 months. Comprehensive neurotoxicity testing demonstrated no specific, persistant or progressive abnormalities in any dosage group. Blood chemistry and histopathological results were also within normal limits. At all concentrations, slight decreases in responses to external stimuli were seen, attributed by the authors to transient effects of acute exposures to isobutanol (Li et al, 1999).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.
Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007). (OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Do not induce emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

HYPOTENSION - Administer IV fluids and place patient in Trendelenburg position. If unresponsive to these measures, administer dopamine (2 to 5 mcg/kg/min) (first choice) or norepinephrine (0.1 to 0.2 mcg/kg/min), and titrate as needed to desired response.
Monitor blood glucose for hypoglycemia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
As extrapolated from rat data, 3 to 7 ounces represent a reasonable estimate of the single oral mean lethal dose of any butyl alcohol in man (Gosselin et al, 1984).

ANIMAL DATA

Exposure of mice to concentrations of 10,600 ppm (32.2 mg/l) for 300 minutes or 15,950 ppm (48.3 mg/l) for 250 minutes resulted in deaths (Bingham et al, 2001).
Of six rats exposed to 8000 ppm of isobutyl alcohol for four hours, two deaths occurred. Ten out of ten rats died following aspiration of 0.2 milliliters of the substance. Seven out of ten rats died after exposure to an 85% solution of isobutyl alcohol (Bingham et al, 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

ACUTE

Repeated 8-hour exposure to 100 ppm of isobutyl alcohol resulted in no evidence of eye irritation in humans (Hathaway et al, 1996).
CARCINOGENICITY RATINGS: The carcinogenic risk to humans has not been determined at time of review (Hathaway et al, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

Rats survived a two-hour exposure to the saturated vapor (about 16,000 ppm) of isobutyl alcohol in air. However, a four-hour exposure at a concentration of 8000 ppm caused death in two out of six rats (Bingham et al, 2001).
One drop of isobutyl alcohol applied to the eye of a rabbit caused moderate to severe irritation and reversible corneal injury (Grant & Schuman, 1993; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS78-83-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Isobutanol
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Isobutyl alcohol
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Isobutyl alcohol
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS78-83-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Bingham et al, 2001 CHRIS, 2001 HSDB, 2001 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 NTP, 1991; RTECS, 2001
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

AMBIENT

1 ppm = 3.03 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS78-83-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Isobutanol

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 50 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Skin and eye irr
Molecular Weight: 74.12

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS78-83-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS78-83-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Isobutyl alcohol
REL:

TWA: 50 ppm (150 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 1600 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS78-83-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Isobutyl alcohol
Table Z-1 for Isobutyl alcohol:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 100

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 300

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS78-83-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS78-83-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 1-Propanol, 2-methyl-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Isobutanol
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information: The following spent non-halogenated solvents and the still bottoms from the recovery of these solvents. (F005)
Listed as: Isobutyl alcohol
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS78-83-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS78-83-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Isobutyl alcohol
P or U series number: U140
Footnote:
Listed as: 1-Propanol, 2-methyl-
P or U series number: U140
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS78-83-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS78-83-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS78-83-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS78-83-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1-Propanol, 2-methyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1212 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Isobutanol or Isobutyl alcohol

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1212
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: B1, IB3, T2, TP1

B1: If the material has a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) and below 93 °C (200 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.241 of this subchapter are applicable. If the material has a flash point of less than 38 °C (100 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.242 of this subchapter are applicable.
IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T2: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1212 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Isobutanol
UN Number: 1212
Proper Shipping Name: Isobutyl alcohol
UN Number: 1212

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS78-83-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isobutyl Alcohol
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Personnel should wear protective clothing when handling broken packages of isobutyl alcohol (AAR, 2000).

Contact with liquid isobutyl alcohol is extremely irritating to the eyes and may cause burns. Protective chemical goggles should be worn when working with this chemical (CHRIS , 2001).

Contact lenses should not be worn when handling isobutyl alcohol (HSDB , 2001).

Skin that is contaminated with isobutyl alcohol should be washed immediately with copious amounts of soap and water (HSDB , 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers of isobutyl alcohol should kept closed and should be monitored and inspected regularly (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in a dry, cool area specific for flammable solvents (Sittig, 1991).
Keep containers of isobutyl alcohol separated from ignition sources (AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep away from oxidizers, heat, and open flame (Lewis, 2000).
Isobutyl alcohol is incompatible with caustics, aliphatic amines, isocyanates, strong acids and oxidizers, alkali metals, and alkaline earth (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Isobutyl alcohol can attack rubber, plastics, and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Keep separate from ignition sources (HSDB , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Personnel working with isobutyl alcohol should wear appropriate protective clothing. Because of its flammability level, when work clothing becomes wet with the compound, the clothing should be changed and replaced immediately (NIOSH , 2001).

Full skin protection and self-contained breathing apparatus is recommended when handling isobutyl alcohol (OHM/TADS , 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Appropriate eye protection, such as splash-proof goggles, should be worn when working with the compound. Contact lenses should not be worn (HSDB , 2001; NIOSH , 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 78-83-1.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: 5 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 258
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Natural Rubber

Ansell

Conform

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <900
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Ansell-Edmont, 2001)

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Flex

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4.5
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Black Max

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Flexigum

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Jelly Fish

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4.5
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Prene

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 5 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 450
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 117
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.4
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Playtex

123 Argus

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 79
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <1.0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial CR Glove #827

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial Glove #834

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial HD Glove #103

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Utility Glove #835

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Nitrile

Ansell

Touch N Tuff

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 61
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <9
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Ansell-Edmont, 2001)

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 70
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.43
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 70
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.43
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comatril

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Flexiproof

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stansolv/AF-18

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 138
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Ansell

Dura-Touch

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <9
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Ansell-Edmont, 2001)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Blockbuster LP

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Comastar

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Lion Paw

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Normal

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Presti

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Jacket

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Submarine

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: 3 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 91
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Vinyl

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Pylox/V-20

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 166.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2.7
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Ansell 200 Schulz Drive Red Bank, NJ 07701 USA Phone: (732) 345-5400 Fax: (800) 800-0445 Toll-Free: (800) 800-0444 Website: http://www.ansellpro.com Email: info@ansell.com
Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Playtex 300 Nyala Farms Road Westport, CT 06880 USA
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
When exposed to open flames or heat, isobutyl alcohol is considered a fire hazard (Lewis, 2000).
When in contact with chromium trioxide, isobutyl alcohol ignites immediately (Lewis, 2000).
Isobutyl alcohol may be considered quite flammable, with a high probability of combustion (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Vapor trail flashback is possible (CHRIS , 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS78-83-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isobutyl Alcohol
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Flash point(s) of isobutyl alcohol:
- 27 degrees C (ILO , 1998).
- 28 degrees C; 82 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- 37.7 degrees C; 100 degrees F (open cup) (Lewis, 1997).
- 37.8 degrees C (closed cup) (NTP, 1991) .

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS78-83-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Isobutyl Alcohol
Extinguishing Method(s): 5, 1

5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

Alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water fog are recommended fire-fighting compounds for isobutyl fires (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001).

Because of isobutyl alcohol's low flash point, water may not be effective in extinguishing fires (Sittig, 1991).

Fire should not be extinguished if flow of isobutyl alcohol cannot be stopped (AAR, 2000).

Water as fog, used in flooding quantities, is recommended; use of water in solid streams is not recommended. Personnel should fight fire from as far from the site as possible (AAR, 2000).

Containers of isobutyl alcohol located in the area of the fire should be cooled using copious amounts of water (AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Isobutyl alcohol releases acrid smoke and vapors (e.g., carbon monoxide) when heated to decomposition (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Isobutyl alcohol can form explosive mixtures with air(Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

When in contact with flame, heat, or oxidizers, isobutyl alcohol vapor is considered moderately explosive (Lewis, 2000).

At 100 degrees C, this compound reacts with aluminum forming hydrogen gas, which is explosive (Lewis, 2000).

Keep isobutyl alcohol out of sewers and other confined spaces, as explosions can result (HSDB, 2004).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Avoid breathing isobutyl alcohol vapors , as they very toxic when inhaled (AAR, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001).

Isobutyl alcohol vapors cause a temporary, slight smarting of the eyes or respiratory system if present in high concentrations (CHRIS , 2001).

When in contact with oxidizers, heat, or flame, isobutyl alcohol vapor is a moderate explosion hazard (Lewis, 2000).

Isobutyl alcohol emits acrid smoke and vapors (e.g., carbon monoxide) when heated to decomposition (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

See the EXPLOSION HAZARD section of this document for additional information.

Isobutyl alcohol is incompatible with strong oxidizers. Contact may cause fire or explosion (ACGIH, 1991).

When exposed to open flames or heat, isobutyl alcohol is considered a threatening fire hazard (Lewis, 2000).

When in contact with chromium trioxide, isobutyl alcohol ignites immediately (Lewis, 2000).

The volatile nature of isobutyl alcohol suggests it may present a rupture hazard when confined in boiler feed or cooling water (OHM/TADS , 2001).

Vapor trail flashback is possible (CHRIS , 2001).

Heating isobutyl alcohol to decomposition results in emission of acrid smoke and vapors (e.g., carbon monoxide)(ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000).

Isobutyl alcohol is incompatible with the following: caustics, aliphatic amines, isocyanates, strong acids and oxidizers, alkali metals, and alkaline earth (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Isobutyl alcohol may react with aluminum at high temperatures (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If intense heat or flame are present, evacuate immediate area (OHM/TADS , 2001).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS78-83-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS78-83-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Isobutyl alcohol
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 100
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 100
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 100
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1600
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS78-83-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS78-83-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 1600 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
In response to an isobutyl alcohol spill, the following actions should be taken: dilute and disperse chemical; stop discharge; contain; salvage waterflow (CHRIS , 2001).
Keep ignition sources, such as sparks and flames, as far from material/spill as possible (AAR, 2000).
Contain flow of spilled material by building dikes. Stop leak, but only if personnel are not put at risk (AAR, 2000).
Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid (AAR, 2000).
Use appropriate absorbent material to clean up spill, then place material and any contaminated clothing in plastic bags that are vapor-tight (NTP, 1991; (Sittig, 1991).
Use soap and water to wash surfaces contaminated with isobutyl alcohol (NTP, 1991).
Carbon may not be effective for in situ cleanup, but may be used at sugar refineries and water treatment plants (OHM/TADS , 2001).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing isobutyl alcohol must conform with US Environmental Protection Agency regulations in storage, treatment, and disposal of the waste (HSDB, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

Based upon biological oxygen demand results from a semicontinuous activated sludge biological treatment simulator, the removal/secondary treatment for isobutyl alcohol is expected to be high, around 99% (Howard, 1991).
In laboratories, isobutyl alcohol degrades readily in sewage, acclimated sludge, or a mixture of soil, surface water, and sewage sludge. In four to six hours, most of the compound is degraded. In an activated sludge die-away system, the half-life is 2.5 days (Howard, 1990).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Isobutyl alcohol is a good candidate for liquid injection incineration, rotary kiln incineration, and fluidized bed incineration (HSDB, 2004).
Incinerate or bury in a landfill approved for acceptance of isobutyl alcohol (Sittig, 1991).
The substance may be sprayed into an incinerator for disposal or it may be burned when absorbed onto paper packaging. Flammable solvents may be used to aid in the burning process (OHM/TADS , 2001).
After ventilating spill area, absorb small amounts of substance on paper towels and allow to evaporate in a safe location. Ensure that no evaporative vapors remain in hood ductwork. Burn paper towels in a safe area (HSDB, 2004).
Atomize large amounts of isobutyl alcohol in an appropriate combustion chamber (HSDB, 2004).
When spills on beaches occur, do not burn material (OHM/TADS , 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Isobutyl alcohol occurs naturally in animal waste and microbe emissions, emissions from carbohydrates' natural fermentation process, plant volatiles, and as a by-product of isobutene photooxidation (Howard, 1990).

The substance has been found in the following essential oils: java, tea, eucalyptus amygdalina, citronella, among others. It also can be detected in aroma of apple and currant, in rum, and in beet and potato fusel oil (HSDB, 2004)

The compound's artificial sources include: emissions from petroleum, whiskey, and wood pulping industries; emissions associated with its use as a solvent and chemical intermediate; and wastewater treatment plant emissions (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Isobutyl alcohol will photodegrade when released to air. Half-lives range from days in relatively clean atmospheres to hours in polluted atmospheres (Howard, 1990).
Isobutyl alcohol is considered moderately reactive [Class 4 in a 5 class system (5 high)] in photochemical smog situations. It has an ozone-forming potential slightly greater than toluene. The photodegradation of aliphatic alcohols in the atmosphere is primarily due to their reaction with hydroxyl radicals. The half-life of n-butanol in a typical sunlit atmosphere is six hours, and several days in a clean atmosphere. The reactivity of isobutyl alcohol would not be expected to be appreciably different. Alcohols are generally resistant to hydrolysis (Howard, 1990).
Photooxidation Half-lives(Howard, 1991; Howard, 1990):
- Based upon measured rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl radical in water, the photooxidation half-life of isobutyl alcohol in water is expected to be between 1.9x10(5) hours (22 years) and 4813 hours (201 days).
- Based upon estimated rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl radical in air, its photooxidation half-life in air is expected to range from 99.6 hours (4.2 days) to 9.96 hours.

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Isobutyl alcohol is known to volatilize and biodegrade in most waters. In a river, its half-life is approximately 4 days. It is reported to degrade in natural water and degrades easily in laboratory simulations, though its degradation rates in surface and groundwater are unknown (Howard, 1990).
- The half-life for evaporation of isobutanol from water 1 m deep, with a wind speed of 7 m/sec, is 50.6 hours as measured in a wind-wave tank. Using Henry's Law constant, a half-life of 79.7 hr was calculated for evaporation of isobutanol from a river 1 m deep, with a current of 3 m/sec and a wind velocity of 3 m/sec (Howard, 1990).
- Estimated using its unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life, the half-life of isobutyl alcohol in surface water is expected to range from 173 hours to 43 hours (Howard, 1991).
- Concentrations greater than 1.0 mg/L will affect the ability of surface water to self-purify (Verschueren, 2001).
GROUND WATER
- In groundwater, its half-life is estimated to be between 346 hours (14.4 days) and 86 hours (3.6 days). This is based on the estimated unacclimated aqueous biodegradation half-life (Howard, 1991).
- It is reported to degrade in natural water and degrades easily in laboratory simulations, though its degradation rates in ground and surface water are unknown (Howard, 1990).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Isobutyl alcohol on surface soil will both evaporate and leach. It easily degrades in laboratory tests, but its degradation rate in soil is unknown. If the compound does not degrade quickly, it will leach into groundwater (Howard, 1990).
- Due to its low octanol/water partition coefficient, isobutyl alcohol's adsorption to soil is not expected to be significant (Howard, 1990).
- Isobutyl alcohol is expected to evaporate readily from soil or surfaces due to its relatively high vapor pressure (Howard, 1990).
- Based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life, its half-life in soil is expected to range from a high of 173 hours and a low of 43 hours (Howard, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Isobutyl alcohol will photodegrade and photooxidize when released to air, but it is generally resistant to hydrolysis like most alcohols. Isobutyl alcohol is considered moderately reactive in photochemical smog situations as it has an ozone-forming potential slightly greater than toluene. Isobutyl alcohol will generally evaporate from soil or water surfaces due to its relatively high vapor pressure and low octanol/water partition coefficient. Isobutyl alcohol is expected to biodegrade in most waters and surface soils and not bioconcentrate in fish (Howard, 1991; Howard, 1990).

BIODEGRADATION

Aqueous Biodegradation (unacclimated) Half-lives (Howard, 1991):

Based upon river die-away test data for a water sample from one river, the aerobic half-life of isobutyl alcohol is estimated to be between 173 hours and 43 hours.
Based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life, the anaerobic half-life of isobutyl alcohol in water is thought to be between 692 hours (28.8 days) and 172 hours (7.17 days).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Isobutyl alcohol is not expected to bioconcentrate in fish due to its low octanol/water partition coefficient (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES:

EC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas), 30 days: 1430 g/L for 96H; 95% confidence limits; water hardness 47.8 mg/L (CaCO3); temp 25.7 degrees C; pH 7.58; dissolved oxygen 6.2 mg/L; alkalinity 40.9 mg/L (CaCO3) (HSDB, 2004).
LC - (WATER) FISH: 4680 ppm for 1H; fresh water (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - (WATER) BRINE SHRIMP: 1000 ppm for 24H; static test environment (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - (WATER) BRINE SHRIMP: 600 ppm for 48H; static test environment (OHM/TADS, 2001)
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) - (WATER) PROTOZOA (Entosiphon sulcatum): 295 mg/L (HSDB, 2004).
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) - (WATER) GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus quadricauda): 350 mg/L (HSDB, 2004).
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) - (WATER) ALGAE (Microcystis aeruginosa): 290 mg/L (HSDB, 2004).
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) - (WATER) PROTOZOA (Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff): 169 mg/L (HSDB, 2004).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

74.12

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Isobutyl alcohol is a colorless, oily, mobile, refractive liquid. Its odor is sweet and musty, similar to, but weaker than, amyl alcohol (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2001).

Its odor has been described as similar to fusel oil and choking or suffocating (CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

9 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

10 mmHg (at 21.7 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

10.41 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

12.2 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.8 (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.8018 (at 20/4 degrees C) (NTP, 1991)
LIQUID: 0.802 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2001)
0.81 (at 15 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.803 (Bingham et al, 2001)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.800 g/cm(3) (Lewis, 2000)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.806 g/cm(3) (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

RELATIVE VAPOR DENSITY

2.56 (AIR=1) (ILO , 1998)

SATURATED VAPOR DENSITY

0.00218 lb/cu ft (at 70 degrees F) (HSDB , 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-108 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991a; Lewis, 1997a; Lewis, 2000a)
-162 degrees F (NIOSH, 2001)

MELTING POINT

-108 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)

BOILING POINT

107 degrees C; 225 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

107.9 degrees C; 226.2 degrees F; 381.1 K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 2000)

107-109 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

108 degrees C (Bingham et al., 2001; (Budavari, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001)

108.1 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

227 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

FLASH POINT

27 degrees C (ILO , 1998)

27.78 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

28 degrees C; 82 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997)

37.7 degrees C; 100 degrees F (open cup) (Lewis, 1997)

37.8 degrees C (closed cup) (NTP, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

415 degrees C; 780 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

800 degrees F (Lewis, 2000)

426.67 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

427 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

441 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.2% (by volume in air at 100 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
1.2% (at 212 degrees F) (Lewis, 2000)
1.7% (at 51 degrees C; 123 degrees F) (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001)

UPPER

10.9% (by volume in air at 100 degrees C; 212 degrees F) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001)
10.6% (at 94 degrees C; 202 degrees F) (NFPA, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Isobutyl alcohol is soluble in approximately 20 parts water (Budavari, 2000).
In water, isobutyl alcohol is considered somewhat soluble (ACGIH, 1991).
It is slightly soluble in water (Lewis, 2000).
50-100 mg/mL (at 16 degrees C) (NTP, 1991)
100 g/L (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
Isobutyl alcohol is 10% soluble in water (NIOSH , 2001).
76.27 g/L (Howard, 1990)
95,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)
9.8% (Bingham et al, 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Isobutyl alcohol is miscible with alcohol or ether (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000).
The compound is miscible with most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991).
In 95% ethanol, isobutyl alcohol is soluble at greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL (at 16 degrees C) (NTP, 1991).
In acetone it is soluble at greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL (at 16 degrees C) (NTP, 1991).
In DMSO it is soluble at greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL (at 16 degrees C) (NTP, 1991).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 0.76 (Howard, 1990)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

4x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1990)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

18 (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

83 (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

1.5 ppm (ACGIH, 1991)
1.6 to 40 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001)
40 ppm (HSDB , 2001)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

623 psia = 42.4 atm = 4.30 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 2001)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

274.6 degrees C = 526.3 degrees F = 547.8 K (CHRIS , 2001)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-14,220 Btu/lb = -7900 cal/g = -330.8x10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2001)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents