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IRON PENTACARBONYL

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) "Carbonyl Iron" is an elemental iron compound made by controlled heating of vaporized iron pentacarbonyl. Iron pentacarbonyl may be produced when carbon monoxide comes into contact with finely divided iron particles. It may also be formed when high partial pressures of carbon monoxide come in contact with steel or iron vessels, and has been found during gas manufacturing processes. Iron pentacarbonyl is used as an anti-knock gasoline additive in Europe. It has also been used as a reagent to generate carbonyl iron for the experimental treatment of iron deficiency anemia and as a reagent to produce various iron-oxide aerosols to study deposition and clearance of iron in animal and human lungs .

Specific Substances

    1) FER PENTACARBONYLE (French)
    2) IRON CARBONYL
    3) PENTACARBONYLIRON
    4) FER PENTACARBONYL (FRENCH)
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C5-Fe-O5

Available Forms Sources

    A) SOURCES
    1) "Carbonyl Iron" is an elemental iron compound made by controlled heating of vaporized iron pentacarbonyl (Gordeuk et al, 1986).
    2) Iron pentacarbonyl may be produced when carbon monoxide comes into contact with finely divided iron particles (ACGIH, 1983; Sunderman et al, 1959). It may also be formed when high partial pressures of carbon monoxide come in contact with steel or iron vessels, and has been found during gas manufacturing processes (Brief et al, 1967).
    3) It has been reported in gas manufacturing processes, and may be formed when illuminating gas passes through iron pipes (Brief et al, 1967). It may form in water gas or coal gas stored underground in steel tanks, and in gases containing carbon monoxide stored in steel cylinders (Brief et al, 1967).
    B) USES
    1) Iron pentacarbonyl is used as an anti-knock gasoline additive in Europe (ACGIH, 1983). It has also been used as a reagent to generate carbonyl iron for the experimental treatment of iron deficiency anemia (Gordeuk et al, 1986) and as a reagent to produce various iron-oxide aerosols to study deposition and clearance of iron in animal and human lungs (Valberg & Brain, 1979).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) USES: Iron pentacarbonyl has been used as an anti-knock gasoline additive, as a reagent to generate carbonyl iron for the experimental treatment of iron deficiency anemia or to produce various iron-oxide aerosols to study deposition and clearance of iron in animal and human lungs.
    B) TOXICOLOGY: "Carbonyl Iron" is an elemental iron compound made by controlled heating of vaporized iron pentacarbonyl. Iron pentacarbonyl may be produced when carbon monoxide comes into contact with finely divided iron particles. It may also be formed when high partial pressures of carbon monoxide come in contact with steel or iron vessels. Iron pentacarbonyl is a potent respiratory tract irritant. It is well absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and through intact skin in experimental animals.
    C) EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is rare.
    D) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Headache, dizziness, dyspnea, and vomiting may occur immediately after significant inhalation exposure. Severe pulmonary irritation with fever, cough, dyspnea, and cyanosis have a delayed onset from 12 to 36 hours. Death may occur due to respiratory failure and occurs 4 to 11 days after exposure to lethal concentrations. Exposed experimental animals have had pathological changes described in lungs, liver, kidneys, and the central nervous system.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Monitor vital signs and mental status.
    B) Monitor arterial blood gases, pulse oximetry, and pulmonary function tests, and obtain a chest x-ray in any patient with respiratory symptoms.
    C) Monitor renal function and liver enzymes following significant exposure.
    D) Monitor serum electrolytes in patients with significant vomiting.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) MANAGEMENT OF MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY
    1) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
    B) MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE TOXICITY
    1) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Correct any significant fluid and/or electrolyte abnormalities in patients with severe vomiting.
    C) DECONTAMINATION
    1) ORAL EXPOSURE: Because of potential irritant effects, do NOT induce vomiting. Consider activated charcoal if the overdose is recent, the patient is not vomiting, and is able to maintain airway.
    2) INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. All patients exposed to high concentrations should have prolonged observation in a controlled setting, as serious respiratory symptoms have a delayed onset from 12 to 36 hours.
    3) DERMAL EXPOSURE: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists.
    4) EYE EXPOSURE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    D) AIRWAY MANAGEMENTS
    1) Ensure adequate ventilation and perform endotracheal intubation early in patients with severe respiratory distress.
    E) ANTIDOTE
    1) None.
    F) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) Supplemental oxygen; PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. Consider surfactant in severe cases of acute lung injury.
    G) ENHANCED ELIMINATION
    1) It is unknown if hemodialysis would be effective following an exposure.
    H) PATIENT DISPOSITION
    1) HOME CRITERIA: A patient with an inadvertent exposure, that remains asymptomatic can be managed at home.
    2) OBSERVATION CRITERIA: Patients with a deliberate exposure, and those who are symptomatic, need to be monitored until they are clearly improving and clinically stable.
    3) ADMISSION CRITERIA: Patients with severe symptoms despite treatment should be admitted.
    4) CONSULT CRITERIA: Consult a regional poison center or medical toxicologist for assistance in managing patients with severe toxicity or in whom the diagnosis is not clear.
    I) PITFALLS
    1) When managing a suspected overdose, the possibility of multidrug involvement should be considered.
    J) PHARMACOKINETICS
    1) Iron pentacarbonyl is well absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and through intact skin in experimental animals.
    K) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
    1) Diseases or exposures that produce acute respiratory distress (eg, inhalation of acid or alkaline mists, asthma, COPD). Includes other agents that may cause renal dysfunction or hepatotoxicity.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) TOXICITY: The minimum lethal and maximum tolerated exposures for humans have not been well defined. Iron pentacarbonyl is relatively benign when administered orally. In a study of iron deficiency anemia, single doses of 10 g of iron pentacarbonyl were tolerated by 20 non-anemic volunteers with no evidence of toxicity and only minor gastrointestinal side effects. Daily doses of up to 3 g/day for 8 to 28 days resulted in no evidence of toxicity other than gastrointestinal irritation.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) USES: Iron pentacarbonyl has been used as an anti-knock gasoline additive, as a reagent to generate carbonyl iron for the experimental treatment of iron deficiency anemia or to produce various iron-oxide aerosols to study deposition and clearance of iron in animal and human lungs.
    B) TOXICOLOGY: "Carbonyl Iron" is an elemental iron compound made by controlled heating of vaporized iron pentacarbonyl. Iron pentacarbonyl may be produced when carbon monoxide comes into contact with finely divided iron particles. It may also be formed when high partial pressures of carbon monoxide come in contact with steel or iron vessels. Iron pentacarbonyl is a potent respiratory tract irritant. It is well absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and through intact skin in experimental animals.
    C) EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is rare.
    D) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Headache, dizziness, dyspnea, and vomiting may occur immediately after significant inhalation exposure. Severe pulmonary irritation with fever, cough, dyspnea, and cyanosis have a delayed onset from 12 to 36 hours. Death may occur due to respiratory failure and occurs 4 to 11 days after exposure to lethal concentrations. Exposed experimental animals have had pathological changes described in lungs, liver, kidneys, and the central nervous system.

Vital Signs

    3.3.3) TEMPERATURE
    A) Elevated temperature may be seen as part of the delayed pulmonary toxicity after inhalation exposure (ACGIH, 1983).

Respiratory

    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITATION: Twelve to 36 hours after exposure to significant concentrations of iron pentacarbonyl, patients develop cough, dyspnea, and cyanosis (ACGIH, 1983; Brief et al, 1967). Death occurs after 4 to 11 days from respiratory failure (Brief et al, 1967). Pulmonary hepatization is described in exposed experimental animals (Brief et al, 1967).

Neurologic

    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HEADACHE
    1) Headache and dizziness or giddiness are the first symptoms to appear after exposure (ACGIH, 1983).
    B) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FINDING
    1) Degenerative changes in the central nervous system have been described in exposed experimental animals (Brief et al, 1967), but not in human exposures.
    C) PARALYSIS
    1) Tremors and extremity paralysis have been described in exposed experimental animals (Sunderman et al, 1959), but not in human exposures.

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) VOMITING
    1) Vomiting may be an early manifestation of iron pentacarbonyl toxicity (Brief et al, 1967).

Hepatic

    3.9.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) LIVER DAMAGE
    1) Liver damage has been described in exposed experimental animals (Gage, 1970), but not in human exposures.

Genitourinary

    3.10.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ABNORMAL RENAL FUNCTION
    1) Kidney damage has been described in exposed experimental animals, but not in human exposures (Gage, 1970).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS13463-40-6 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    B) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS37220-42-1 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Monitor vital signs and mental status.
    B) Monitor arterial blood gases, pulse oximetry, and pulmonary function tests, and obtain a chest x-ray in any patient with respiratory symptoms.
    C) Monitor renal function and liver enzymes following significant exposure.
    D) Monitor serum electrolytes in patients with significant vomiting.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Monitor renal function and liver enzymes following significant exposure.
    B) ACID/BASE
    1) Monitor arterial blood gases, pulse oximetry, and pulmonary function tests, and obtain a chest x-ray in any patient with respiratory symptoms.
    C) HEMATOLOGIC
    1) Carboxyhemoglobin levels have not proved useful for monitoring exposure to iron pentacarbonyl in experimental animals, where rats who died after exposure had only 0.2 to 4% carboxyhemoglobinemia (Gage, 1970).
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINALYSIS
    1) Baseline urinalysis is suggested in significant exposures.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) Baseline chest x-ray should be obtained in victims with significant inhalation exposure or with respiratory irritation, cough, or cyanosis.

Methods

    A) SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY
    1) ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY: This method for gas sampling in air has a sensitivity of 0.01 ppm for iron pentacarbonyl (Brief et al, 1967).
    2) FLAME EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY: This method for gas sampling in air has a sensitivity of 0.04 ppm for iron pentacarbonyl (Brief et al, 1967).
    3) WET CHEMICAL METHOD: Iron pentacarbonyl is collected in an iodine-iodide in dilute hydrochloric acid mixed aqueous absorbent, and processed through two bubblers in series. The contained iron is reduced to the ferrous state, the pH is adjusted, and an orange-red complex formed by the addition of 1,10-phenanthroline. The absorbance of this colored solution at 508 mu is proportional to the iron concentration decomposed from iron pentacarbonyl (Brief et al, 1967).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Patients with severe symptoms despite treatment should be admitted.
    6.3.1.2) HOME CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) A patient with an inadvertent exposure, that remains asymptomatic can be managed at home.
    6.3.1.3) CONSULT CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Consult a regional poison center or medical toxicologist for assistance in managing patients with severe toxicity or in whom the diagnosis is not clear.
    6.3.1.5) OBSERVATION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Patients with a deliberate exposure, and those who are symptomatic, need to be monitored until they are clearly improving and clinically stable.
    6.3.3) DISPOSITION/INHALATION EXPOSURE
    6.3.3.5) OBSERVATION CRITERIA/INHALATION
    A) Because of the potential for delayed onset of serious pulmonary toxicity from 12 to 36 hours after exposure, prolonged observation in a controlled setting is advisable.

Monitoring

    A) Monitor vital signs and mental status.
    B) Monitor arterial blood gases, pulse oximetry, and pulmonary function tests, and obtain a chest x-ray in any patient with respiratory symptoms.
    C) Monitor renal function and liver enzymes following significant exposure.
    D) Monitor serum electrolytes in patients with significant vomiting.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) ORAL EXPOSURE
    1) Because of potential irritant effects, do NOT induce vomiting. Consider activated charcoal if the overdose is recent, the patient is not vomiting, and is able to maintain airway.
    2) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    a) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    1) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    a) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    b) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    b) CHARCOAL DOSE
    1) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    a) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    2) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    a) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    b) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    B) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    1) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    2) All patients exposed to high concentrations should have prolonged observation in a controlled setting, as serious respiratory symptoms have a delayed onset from 12 to 36 hours.
    3) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
    C) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    D) EYE EXPOSURE
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Because of potential irritant effects, do NOT induce vomiting.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) MANAGEMENT OF MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY
    a) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
    2) MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE TOXICITY
    a) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Correct any significant fluid and/or electrolyte abnormalities in patients with severe vomiting.
    B) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Monitor vital signs and mental status.
    2) Monitor arterial blood gases, pulse oximetry, and pulmonary function tests, and obtain a chest x-ray in any patient with respiratory symptoms.
    3) Monitor renal function and liver enzymes following significant exposure.
    4) Monitor serum electrolytes in patients with significant vomiting.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) ONSET: Onset of acute lung injury after toxic exposure may be delayed up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    2) NON-PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: The treatment of acute lung injury is primarily supportive (Cataletto, 2012). Maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation with frequent monitoring of arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry. If a high FIO2 is required to maintain adequate oxygenation, mechanical ventilation and positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be required; ventilation with small tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) is preferred if ARDS develops (Haas, 2011; Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    a) To minimize barotrauma and other complications, use the lowest amount of PEEP possible while maintaining adequate oxygenation. Use of smaller tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) and lower plateau pressures (30 cm water or less) has been associated with decreased mortality and more rapid weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS (Brower et al, 2000). More treatment information may be obtained from ARDS Clinical Network website, NIH NHLBI ARDS Clinical Network Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary, http://www.ardsnet.org/node/77791 (NHLBI ARDS Network, 2008)
    3) FLUIDS: Crystalloid solutions must be administered judiciously. Pulmonary artery monitoring may help. In general the pulmonary artery wedge pressure should be kept relatively low while still maintaining adequate cardiac output, blood pressure and urine output (Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    4) ANTIBIOTICS: Indicated only when there is evidence of infection (Artigas et al, 1998).
    5) EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY: Partial liquid ventilation has shown promise in preliminary studies (Kollef & Schuster, 1995).
    6) CALFACTANT: In a multicenter, randomized, blinded trial, endotracheal instillation of 2 doses of 80 mL/m(2) calfactant (35 mg/mL of phospholipid suspension in saline) in infants, children, and adolescents with acute lung injury resulted in acute improvement in oxygenation and lower mortality; however, no significant decrease in the course of respiratory failure measured by duration of ventilator therapy, intensive care unit, or hospital stay was noted. Adverse effects (transient hypoxia and hypotension) were more frequent in calfactant patients, but these effects were mild and did not require withdrawal from the study (Wilson et al, 2005).
    7) However, in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, and masked trial, endotracheal instillation of up to 3 doses of calfactant (30 mg) in adults only with acute lung injury/ARDS due to direct lung injury was not associated with improved oxygenation and longer term benefits compared to the placebo group. It was also associated with significant increases in hypoxia and hypotension (Willson et al, 2015).
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Enhanced Elimination

    A) HEMODIALYSIS
    1) It is unknown if hemodialysis would be effective following an exposure.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) TOXICITY: The minimum lethal and maximum tolerated exposures for humans have not been well defined. Iron pentacarbonyl is relatively benign when administered orally. In a study of iron deficiency anemia, single doses of 10 g of iron pentacarbonyl were tolerated by 20 non-anemic volunteers with no evidence of toxicity and only minor gastrointestinal side effects. Daily doses of up to 3 g/day for 8 to 28 days resulted in no evidence of toxicity other than gastrointestinal irritation.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) The minimum lethal and maximum tolerated exposures for humans have not been well defined.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) The minimum lethal and maximum tolerated exposures for humans have not been well defined.
    B) Iron pentacarbonyl is relatively benign when administered orally. In a study of iron deficiency anemia, single doses of 10 g of iron pentacarbonyl were tolerated by 20 non-anemic volunteers with no evidence of toxicity and only minor gastrointestinal side effects. Daily doses of up to 3 g/day for 8 to 28 days resulted in no evidence of toxicity other than gastrointestinal irritation (Hathaway et al, 1991).
    C) ANIMAL DATA
    1) Three of eight rats exposed to 33 ppm in air of iron pentacarbonyl for 5.5 hours died; four of eight rats died after two 5.5 hours exposures at 18 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).
    2) There were no signs of intoxication in rats exposed through inhalation for eighteen 5.5-hour periods to iron pentacarbonyl at 7 ppm in air (ACGIH, 1991).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS13463-40-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Iron pentacarbonyl, as Fe
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 0.1 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL: 0.2 ppm
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Pulm edema; CNS impair
    d) Molecular Weight: 195.9
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS37220-42-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    C) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS13463-40-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Iron pentacarbonyl (as Fe)
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m(3))
    b) STEL: 0.2 ppm (0.45 mg/m(3))
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH: Not Listed

    D) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS37220-42-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    E) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS13463-40-6 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Iron pentacarbonyl, as Fe
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Iron pentacarbonyl (as Fe)
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    F) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS37220-42-1 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    G) OSHA PEL Values for CAS13463-40-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    H) OSHA PEL Values for CAS37220-42-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    1) 60 mg/kg (RTECS, 2003; Lewis, 1992a)
    B) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    1) 62 mg/kg (RTECS, 2003; Lewis, 1992a)
    C) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    1) 25 mg/kg (RTECS, 2003; Lewis, 1992a)

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Iron pentacarbonyl is a potent respiratory tract irritant.

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Iron pentacarbonyl is a colorless to yellow, mobile, oily, highly flammable liquid (ACGIH, 1991; (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992; Sax & Lewis, 1987).
    B) Iron pentacarbonyl is a yellow or yellow brown to dark red liquid (Sax, 1979).
    C) Colorless to yellow (Budavari, 1989)
    D) Yellow to dark red (Lewis, 1992)

Ph

    1) No information found at the time of this review.

Molecular Weight

    A) 195.90 (Budavari, 1989)

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