IODINE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

EPA PESTICIDE CHEMICAL CODE:046905

MOLECULAR FORMULA

I I2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 1998)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Iodine in very small quantities is critical for the proper function of the human thyroid gland, and if deficient, can cause goiter. However, iodine is toxic in large doses (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Iodine has many uses besides its medicinal use in treating thyroid problems. It is widely used as an antiseptic, germicide and water treatment chemical. Iodine is used as a catalyst, in the manufacture of other iodine compounds and in lubricants. It is used in dyes, x-ray media and photographic chemicals (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1993).
It is most commonly used as the USP tincture (2% iodine and 2.0% sodium iodide in 50% alcohol 5 mL = 100 mg iodine) but is also available as strong iodine tincture (7% iodine and 5% KI in 83% alcohol 5 mL = 350 mg iodine), Lugol's solution (5% iodine and 10% KI in aqueous solution) and iodine ointment (4% iodine). The iodide salts in these solutions do not contribute to the toxicity of these agents.
Povidone-iodine or proviodine (polyvinyl pyrollidine iodine) is a commonly available iodophor disinfectant. Although the amount of free iodine increases as the concentration of the solution increases, the amount of free iodine is very low compared to comparable sodium iodide or potassium iodide solutions.
Iodinated glycerol (Organidin(R)) is used as an expectorant. It is an organically bound iodine (Kastrup, 1987). Sclerodine(R) is a 6% solution of iodine-sodium iodide that is used as a venous sclerosing agent.

FORMS

Iodine is the heaviest of the halogen elements. Iodine occurs as violet to black crystals which will slowly sublime at normal temperatures to form a violet corrosive gas (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Gilman et al, 1985; Lewis, 1993).
Iodine is available in the following commercial grades: crude, chemically pure (CP), and USP.
Iodine is also available in tinctures.

SOURCES

Iodine can be extracted from Chilean nitrate deposits, seawater, seaweed (dried kelp contains up to 0.2% iodine), and igneous rocks, but is most commonly derived from brines associated with oil fields and gas wells (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Gilman et al, 1985; Lewis, 1993).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Iodine is an essential trace element commonly added to table salt. It is also used as a topical antiseptic although it has been largely replaced with the less toxic iodophors. Radioactive iodines (eg, iodine-123, iodine-125, and iodine-131) are covered in the radiopharmaceuticals document. Iodinated contrast agents are covered in a separate document.

PHARMACOLOGY: Small amounts of iodine are necessary for normal thyroid function. It is believed that iodine precipitates the proteins of the microorganisms by forming salts via direct halogenation.

TOXICOLOGY: Iodine can be an irritant or caustic depending on concentration, amount and duration of contact.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Iodine toxicity is relatively rare since iodine has largely been replaced with iodophors.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

INGESTION: CNS, cardiovascular and renal toxicity following acute iodine ingestion appears to be due to corrosive gastroenteritis and resultant shock. Vomiting, delirium, headache, hypotension, and circulatory collapse may be noted following severe intoxication. In addition, a metallic taste may be noted following acute ingestion. Seizures occurred in one case.
INHALATION: Inhalation of iodine vapors can cause severe pulmonary irritation and pulmonary edema. Iodine vapor does cause significant upper airway irritation, and the lack of warning signs may result in excessive inhalation.
DERMAL: Dermal application of strong iodine solutions may lead to local inflammatory reactions. Hypothyroidism (often subclinical) has been reported after several days of topical use. Using copious amounts of iodine-containing compounds to irrigate wounds or burns has resulted in systemic absorption of iodine and had rarely precipitated serious or fatal reactions.
OCULAR: Ocular exposure may result in severe burns and blepharitis.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

Erythema, skin irritation, asthenia, and headache are common with therapeutic use.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

The main route of exposure is inhalation (Hathaway et al, 1991). With acute ingestion, HUMANS may be many times more sensitive than laboratory animals (RTECS, 1996). There is a wide range of sensitivity to iodine toxicity in humans; some persons are relatively resistant, while others are very sensitive (Levander & Whanger, 1996).
When ingested, iodine can cause burning pain in the mouth, brown stains of the mouth and mucous membranes, corrosion of the stomach with abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody feces, hypotension, headache, dizziness, tachycardia, cyanosis, delirium, cardiovascular collapse, stupor, and death from circulatory collapse, asphyxiation from glottic edema, pulmonary edema, or aspiration pneumonia (HSDB, 1996).
When iodine comes in direct contact with the skin, it is corrosive and can cause penetrating lesions and brown staining (ILO, 1983). Iodine is absorbed through the skin in pigs, but in lesser amounts than by other exposure routes (Murray, 1969).
Iodine vapor is a respiratory tract irritant and corrosive. The vapor is more corrosive than bromine or chlorine in experimental animals (ACGIH, 1992). It can be absorbed in toxic amounts by the inhalation route (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Once systemically absorbed, iodine is converted to IODIDE ion (HSDB, 1996).
Exposure to the vapor can cause a burning sensation in the eyes, tearing, sneezing, inflammation of the eyelids, tightness of the chest, and chronic irritation of the throat (Hathaway et al, 1991) ACGIH, 1992). Exposure to an airborne concentration of 0.3 ppm for any significant length of time makes work impossible (HSDB, 1996; ACGIH, 1992). Exposure to a high concentration of the vapor can cause DENDRITIC KERATITIS; the corneal epithelium is stained and sloughed off, but recovery is generally complete in 2-3 days (HSDB, 1996).
Most systemically absorbed iodine is concentrated in the THYROID GLAND (Barry, 1960).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Iodine concentrates in thyroid during chronic exposure, and can cause metabolic disturbances (ILO, 1983). Chronic iodine poisoning (IODISM) can result in rapid heartbeat, tremor, weight loss, diarrhea, insomnia, eye irritation, bronchitis, gastric irritation, and skin rash (ILO, 1983) HSDB, 1996; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Persons HYPERSENSITIVE to iodine can develop allergic skin rashes or occupational asthma (ILO, 1983; Hathaway et al, 1991). Unspecified eye disease has been reported to result from chronic iodine exposure (Alieva, 1978).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Do not induce vomiting. If the patient is not vomiting and can tolerate oral feeding, administer a starchy food (eg, potato, flour, or cornstarch) or milk to convert iodine to the less toxic iodide. Activated charcoal is not recommended. Wash exposed skin with soap and water. Irrigate exposed eyes copiously. Administer oxygen as needed for inhalation exposure.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, CNS, and cardiovascular system.

GENERAL

These recommendations pertain to exposure to powdered solid iodine preparations which may have significant corrosivity under certain circumstances.
Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INGESTION EXPOSURE

Do not induce vomiting. If the patient is not vomiting and can tolerate oral feeding, administer a starchy food (eg, potato, flour, or cornstarch) or milk to convert iodine to the less toxic iodide. Activated charcoal is not recommended. Wash exposed skin with soap and water. Irrigate exposed eyes copiously. Administer oxygen as needed for inhalation exposure.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The reported lethal range in adults is a few tenths of a gram to more than 20 grams. The probable mean lethal dose is about 2 to 4 grams of free iodine or 1 to 2 ounces of strong tincture (Gosselin et al, 1984).
Lethal doses of 2 to 3 grams have been reported (Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1996). Ingestion of large amounts (30 to 150 milliliters) of tincture can cause fatalities (Gilman et al, 1985).
The presence of food in the stomach inactivates iodine by converting it to iodide, which is relatively innocuous.

CASE REPORTS

A 70-year-old woman ingested 200 mL of 10% w/v of iodine, developed multiorgan failure and died 67 hours after exposure from progressive hypotension that failed to respond to inotrope therapy. Autopsy revealed severe corrosive mucosal necrosis in the esophagus and stomach and chemical pneumonitis (Edwards et al, 2005).
A 74-year-old woman died 10 hours after emergency hip-wound debridement when a povidone iodine solution was used to provide continuous postoperative wound irrigation. The only finding at necropsy was a serum total iodine concentration of 7,000 micrograms/deciliter at 12 to 14 hours postmortem (D'Auria et al, 1990).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE

ADULTS: Average daily recommended iodine intake for adults 19 years and older: 150 mcg (male and female); 220 mcg (pregnancy), 290 mcg (lactation) (Office of Dietary Supplements, 2011).
CHILDREN: Average daily recommended iodine intake for children: birth to 6 months (110 mcg); 7 to 12 months (130 mcg), 1 to 3 years (90 mcg), 4 to 8 years (90 mcg), 9 to 13 years (120 mcg), 14 to 18 years (150 mcg) (Office of Dietary Supplements, 2011).

CASE REPORTS

A 30-year-old man developed sore throat, epigastralgia, and bilateral flank pain soon after ingesting 200 mL of iodine tincture (containing 60 mg/mL of iodine and 40 mg/mL of potassium iodide in 70% v/v ethanol). He presented to the ED 18 hours after ingestion with acute renal failure. Laboratory results revealed serum creatinine of 3.76 mg/dL, BUN of 46 mg/dL, and plasma free hemoglobin of 222 mg/dL (reference range, 1 to 5 mg/dL). Iodine-related severe intravascular hemolysis was suspected and he underwent 3 sessions of plasma exchange. He also underwent intermittent hemodialysis for persistent anuria. His condition deteriorated and he developed aspiration pneumonia and respiratory failure, necessitating 3 weeks of mechanical ventilation. Following supportive care, he gradually recovered and was discharged 8 weeks after ingestion. Total serum iodine concentrations without protein-bound iodine on presentation, 6 days and 11 days postingestion were 1,155,901 mcg/L (reference range, 30.48 to 80.01 mcg/L), 63,336 mcg/L, and 4849 mcg/L, respectively (Mao et al, 2011).
A serum iodine level of 454 micrograms/deciliter was reported in a 42-year-old man who had his surgical wound packed daily with iodoform gauze for 7 days. The patient developed delirium which resolved gradually after stopping the iodoform dressings (Shioda et al, 2004).
An 83-year-old stroke victim treated with 10% povidone-iodine solution (1% free iodine) dressings (every 4 hours over 3 to 5 weeks) for decubitus ulcers had an elevated serum iodine of 2,700 micrograms/deciliter (normal 4 to 9). No other recent source of iodine exposure could be found. The povidone-iodine dressings were discontinued and 15 days later serum iodine level had decreased to 21 micrograms/deciliter. Thyroid function remained within normal limits (Dela Cruz et al, 1987).

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

WORKPLACE AIR

Humans can work at an air iodine concentration of 0.1 part per million; work is impossible at 0.3 part per million; and concentrations of 1 part per million were highly irritating (ACGIH, 1986).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7553-56-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Iodine and iodides, iodine

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Iodine and iodides, iodides

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Iodine
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7553-56-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ITI, 1995 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1997) Note: All values are from Lewis (1996) unless otherwise noted.
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.38 mg/m(3) (at 760 mmHg and 68 degrees F) (NIOSH , 1998)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7553-56-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Iodine and iodides, iodine

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.01 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 0.1 ppm

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: IFV, V
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
V: Vapor and aerosol.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Hypothyroidism; URT irr
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Iodine and iodides, iodides

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.01 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: IFV
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Hypothyroidism; URT irr
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7553-56-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7553-56-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Iodine
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 0.1 ppm (1 mg/m(3))
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 2 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7553-56-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Iodine
Table Z-1 for Iodine:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.1

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value: (C) - An employee's exposure to this substance shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given.
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7553-56-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7553-56-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7553-56-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7553-56-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7553-56-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7553-56-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7553-56-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7553-56-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Iodine

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7553-56-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Iodine should be stored in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry environment away from sunlight (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Iodine should be stored in a cool, dry environment away from sunlight and incompatible, combustible, organic or oxidizable materials (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Although iodine is the least reactive of the halogens, it is incompatible with various chemically active metals such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, lithium and zinc. It will react with powdered aluminum, aqueous and gaseous ammonia, acetylene, acetaldehyde, liquid chlorine. It is incompatible with ethanol, formamide, other halogens, mercuric oxide, metal carbides, oxygen, pyridine, sodium hydride, sulfides and combinations of ethanol and phosphorus, ethanol and butadiene, ethanol and methanol and mercuric oxide, formamide and pyridine and sulfur trioxide. It should be stored away from these materials as well as combustible materials, organic or oxidizable materials (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1993; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear appropriate protective clothing and eye protection to prevent contact with iodine. Contaminated clothing should be removed and workers should wash contaminated skin. In work areas where employees can be exposed to iodine in concentrations greater than 7%, employers must provide eyewash facilities and quick-drench showers (NIOSH, 1997).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7553-56-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

DuPont Personal Protection

StaSafe CPE

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 100
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 440
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 30
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 440*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 30
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <70
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <70
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: solid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl chloride

DuPont Personal Protection

StaSafe WinterGlo 20

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 50
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.3
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Iodine does not burn, so fires should be extinguished with agents appropriate to the type of surrounding fire (Sittig, 1991). Iodine may cause fires or explosions since it can react with many different chemicals (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7553-56-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7553-56-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Iodine does not burn, so fires should be extinguished with agents appropriate to the type of surrounding fire (Sittig, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Iodine reacts explosively with (Lewis, 1996):

Acetylene
Hafnium powder (with heat)
Tetraamine copper (II) sulfate and ethanol
Antimony powder
Polyacetylene
Trioxygen difluoride

Iodine forms explosive and sensitive mixtures with (Lewis, 1996):

Potassium (heat and impact sensitive)
Oxygen difluoride (heat sensitive)
Sodium (shock sensitive)

Iodine forms explosive products in reactions with (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994):

Ammonia
Ammonia and potassium
Ammonia and lithium 1-heptynide
Ammonium hydroxide
Silver azide
Butadiene and ethanol and mercuric oxide

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Iodine emits toxic iodide fumes and possibly other iodide compounds if heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Iodine forms explosive and sensitive mixtures with (Lewis, 1996):

Potassium (heat and impact-sensitive)
Oxygen difluoride (heat-sensitive)
Sodium (shock sensitive)

Iodine forms explosive products in reactions with (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994):

Ammonia and potassium
Ammonia and lithium 1-heptynide
Ammonia
Ammonium hydroxide
Silver azide
Butadiene and ethanol and mercuric oxide

Ignition occurs on contact between iodine and (Lewis, 1996):

Aluminum-titanium alloys and heat
Bromine pentafluoride
Fluorine
Chlorine trifluoride
Metals (powdered) and water
Phosphorus
Metal acetylides (cesium, copper (I), lithium, rubidium)
Sodium phosphinate

Iodine reacts violently with (Lewis, 1996):

Acetaldehyde
Diproplymercury
Aluminum and diethyl ether
Titanium (above 113 degrees C)

Incandescent reactions occur between iodine and (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994):

Bromine trifluoride
Cesium oxide (above 150 degrees C)
Sodium hydride
Various metal acetylides (barium, calcium, strontium, zirconium)
Various metal carbides

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7553-56-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Iodine
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 0.1
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 0.5
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 5
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7553-56-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Iodine
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.01
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.1
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.5
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 5
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7553-56-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7553-56-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 2 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
In case of a spill of liquid iodine, ventilate area and cover spill with an absorbent such as dry sand, earth, or vermiculite. Place material in sealed containers. Personnel without appropriate protective equipment should be prevented from entering spill area. Spills of powdered iodine may be collected and put in sealed containers. Iodine may be reclaimed or sent to a land disposal facility (HSDB , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Iodine can be recovered and reclaimed from some waste streams (Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Iodine may be treated with reducing agents such as hypo- or bisulfite or ferrous salts and then neutralized with soda ash or dilute hydrochloric acid (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

NATURAL SOURCES

Seawater, seaweed, salt brines, igneous rocks and Chilean saltpeter are all natural sources of iodine in the environment (HSDB, 2004).
GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE

Patients may be exposed to iodine through its use as a topical-anitinfective and other medical applications (HSDB, 2004).
Iodine may concentrate in breast milk and be passed on to nursing infants from lactating mothers using iodine-containing medications (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

ATOMIC WEIGHT

126.90

DIATOMIC WEIGHT

253.81

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Iodine may exist as violet or bluish-black rhombic crystals, scales or plates. Iodine will sublime slowly at room temperature to a violet vapor with a sharp odor (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993).

VAPOR PRESSURE

SOLID: 0.030 mmHg (at 0 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)

SOLID: 0.305 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

SOLID: 2.154 mmHg (at 50 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

SOLID: 26.78 mmHg (at 90 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

1 mmHg (at 38.7 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998; Lewis, 1996)

<0.002 atm (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

0.3 mmHg (at 77 degrees F) (NIOSH , 1998)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
SOLID: 4.93 g/cm(3) (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

SOLID: 4.93 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

4.98 (Lewis, 1993)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

113.5 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

MELTING POINT

113.60 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
113.5 degrees C (HSDB , 1998; Lewis, 1993)
114 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
236 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)

BOILING POINT

185.24 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)

184 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

184.35 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 1998)

185 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

365 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

0.0013 mol/L (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
0.03 g/100 cc water (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
0.029 g/100 cc water (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
0.078 g/100 cc water (at 50 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Iodine is soluble in ether, carbon disulfide, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and glycerol and alkaline iodide solutions (Lewis, 1993).
20.5 g/100 cc in alcohol (at 15 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
27.1 g/100 g in ethanol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
23 g/100 cc in methanol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
20.6 g/100 cc in ether (at 17 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
24 g/100 cc in ether (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
16.46 g/100 cc in benzene (at 17 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
14.6 g/100 g in bromoethane (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
49.7 g/100 g in chloroform (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
1.73 g/100 g in n-heptane (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
1.32 g/100 g in n-hexane (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
9.7 g/100 g in glycerol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
33.7 g/100 g in diethyl ether (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
19.7 g/100 g in carbon disulfide (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
20.15 g/100 cc in carbon disulfide (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
2.91 g/100 cc in carbon tetrachloride (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
19.83 g/100 g in p-xylene (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
2.719 g in cyclohexane (HSDB , 1998)
14.09 g in 100 g benzene (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
16.47 g in 100 g carbon disulfide (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
21.43 g in 100 g ethanol (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
25.20 g in 100 g ethyl ether (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
2.719 g in 100 g cyclohexane (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
2.603 g in 100 g carbon tetrachloride (at 35 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

OTHER

Iodine is freely soluble in iodide solutions and aqueous hydrogen iodide solutions (Budavari, 1996).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 2.49 (HSDB , 1998)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

9.00 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 1998)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

546 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

HEAT OF FUSION

2270 cal/g mol (HSDB , 1998)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

3.34 (HSDB , 1998)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

9.31 eV (NIOSH , 1998)

TASTE THRESHOLD

0.147-0.204 mg/L (HSDB , 1998)
1.60x10(-1) mg/L in water (HSDB , 1998)

VISCOSITY

2.27 cP (at 116 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents