HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ALBONE ALBONE 35 ALBONE 35CG ALBONE 50 ALBONE 50CG ALBONE 70 ALBONE 70CG ALBONE DS BIOWATER DIHYDROGEN DIOXIDE HIGH-STRENGTH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE HIOXYL HYDROGEN DIOXIDE HYDROGEN DIOXIDE SOLUTION HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, aqueous HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, aqueous solutions with not less than 8% but less than 20% hydrogen peroxide HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, aqueous solutions with greater than 40% and not greater than 60% hydrogen peroxide HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 30% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 40% TO 52% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 90% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, solution, (8% TO 40% PEROXIDE) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, solution, 30% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, solution (over 52% peroxide) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, stabilized, (over 60% peroxide) HYDROPERITE HYDROPEROXIDE INHIBINE INTEROX KASTONE OXYDOL PERHYDROL PERONE PERONE 30 PERONE 35 PERONE 50 PEROSSIDO DI IDROGENO (Italian) PEROXAAN PEROXAN PEROXIDE PEROXYDE D'HYDROGENE (French) SUPEROXOL T-STUFF UREA HYDROGEN PEROXIDE UREA PEROXIDE WASSERSTOFFPEROXID (German) WATERSTOFPEROXYDE (Dutch) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (OVER 52%) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION, WITH NOT LESS THAN 20% BUT NOT MORE THAN 52% PEROXIDE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION, WITH NOT LESS THEN 8% BUT LESS THAN 20% PEROXIDE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 20 TO 60% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 8% TO 20% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, SOLUTION, 8% TO 20% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, STABILIZED HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, STABILIZED WITH MORE THAN 60% PEROXIDE
IDENTIFIERS
MX 0900000 MX 0899500 MX 0899000 MX 0890000
2014-Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution, with not less than 20% but not more than 60% hydrogen peroxide (stabilized as necessary) stabilized, with more than 60% hydrogen peroxide stabilized, with not less than 8% but less than 20% hydrogen peroxide 2015-Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution, stabilized, with more than 60% hydrogen peroxide stabilized, with not less than 8% but less than 20% hydrogen peroxide 2015-Hydrogen peroxide, stabilized stabilized, with not less than 8% but less than 20% hydrogen peroxide 2984-Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution, stabilized, with not less than 8% but less than 20% hydrogen peroxide
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (EPA, 1985)HSDB, 1996;(Humberston et al, 1990)IATA, 1995;(Lewis, 1992; NIOSH , 1996)RTECS, 1996
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
The 3% solution is used in plastics manufacturing; in white discharge printing on indigo-dyed wool; in bleaching hair, feathers, silk, straw, ivory, flour, bone, gelatin, and textile fabrics; in renovating paintings and engravings; as an oxidizer in the manufacture of dyes; in disinfecting water and hides; in artificially aging wines, liquors, etc; in refining oils and fats; as antichlor; with paraphenylenediamine as a dye for furs, dead hair, etc; in photography as hypo eliminant; with NaOH for cleaning metal surfaces; for gilding, silvering, etc; and in pharmaceutical preparations, mouthwashes, dentifrices, and sanitary lotions. It is also used as a topical antiseptic and cleansing agent in veterinary medicine (Budavari, 1989). Hydrogen peroxide also is used as a source of organic and inorganic peroxides, in foam rubber, in glycerol manufacturing, in electroplating, as a laboratory reagent, in epoxidation, hydroxylation, oxidation, and reduction, as viscosity control for starch and cellulose derivatives, as an oxidizing and bleaching agent in foods, as a seed disinfectant, and as a substitute for chlorine in water and wastewater treatment (Lewis, 1993). Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid act synergistically as a sporicide. When tested against Bacillus spore isolates, the minimal sporicidal concentration (MSC) was peracetic acid 168 to 336 parts per million (ppm) (1 to 2 hours contact time), hydrogen peroxide 5625 to 11,250 ppm (5 to 7 hours contact time) (Alasri et al, 1993). Thirty-five percent "food grade" hydrogen peroxide solutions have recently been marketed in health-food stores, to be diluted and used in "hyper-oxygenation therapy" to treat conditions ranging from arthritis to cancer to AIDS. This has resulted in an increased number of adverse outcomes from exposures to these products (Thompson, 1989). A 90% solution is used in rocket propulsion. Hydrogen peroxide is also used as a dough conditioner, and as a maturing and bleaching agent in food (Budavari, 1989). Concentrated hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizer used in bleaching textiles and paper, and in the production of rocket fuel and foam rubber in industry (Humberston et al, 1990). It is effective in loosening cerumen that occludes the auditory canal, and can clear blocked ventilation tubes used in the treatment of conductive hearing loss caused by otitis media with effusion (Brenman et al, 1986). In the past, hydrogen peroxide was used with enemas to relieve meconium ileus in infants and fecal impaction in adults. However, these practices have been abandoned because of the risk of colonic injury and reports of death (Sheehan & Brynjolfsson, 1960; Olim & Ciuti, 1954; Sheibani & Gerson, 2008). Dental bleaching agents containing hydrogen peroxide are thought to be potentially carcinogenic. There is a lack of strong evidence to support such a risk (Collet et al, 2001; Mahony et al, 2006; Tredwin et al, 2006; Naik et al, 2006). There is evidence to support the risk of demineralization of tooth enamel when a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide is used (Efeoglu et al, 2007; Cavalli et al, 2004; Oltu & Gurgan, 2000). METHOD OF ACTION Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizing agent that rapidly decomposes into water and oxygen through an exothermic reaction in the presence of alkali, metals, and the enzyme catalase found in tissues. Its action is due to the release of oxygen when applied to tissues. The effect lasts only as long as the oxygen is being released. For each volume of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, 10 volumes of oxygen may be produced (Gosselin et al, 1984). Acidification enhances the antibacterial properties of hydrogen peroxide, but acidic pH alone is also effective (Tanner & James, 1992).
Hydrogen peroxide is marketed as a solution in water in concentrations of 3% to 90% by weight (Budavari, 1989). Hydrogen Peroxide USP is 3%. Three percent hydrogen peroxide contains 2.5% to 3.5% of hydrogen peroxide by weight (Budavari, 1989). Common commercial strengths of hydrogen peroxide are 27.5%, 35%, 50%, and 70% (Lewis, 1993). Most industrial applications utilize hydrogen peroxide in concentrations of 35% to 70% by weight (Freeman, 1989). "High-strength" hydrogen peroxide is that which contains greater than 52% peroxide (CHRIS, 1996).
Hydrogen peroxide can be prepared by treating barium peroxide with acid (Budavari, 1989). Continuous fractional crystallization will produce anhydrous hydrogen peroxide (Budavari, 1989). The most widely used production method is autoxidizing an alkyl anthrahydroquinone in a continuous, cyclic process so that the quinone formed during oxidation is reduced by hydrogen to the starting material in the presence of a supported palladium catalyst (Lewis, 1993). Another production method involves electrolytic processes which convert aqueous sulfuric acid or acidic ammonium bisulfate to the peroxydisulfate, which then forms hydrogen peroxide by way of hydrolyzation (Lewis, 1993). Hydrogen peroxide also can be manufactured by autoxidation of isopropyl alcohol (Lewis, 1993).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Hydrogen peroxide is a colorless, odorless liquid at room temperature, with a bitter taste. It is found in many household products at low concentrations (3% to 5%) for medicinal applications as skin disinfectant and antiseptic, and as a clothes and hair bleach. In industry, hydrogen peroxide in higher concentrations (10% to 35%) is used as bleach for textiles and paper, as a component of rocket fuels, and for producing foam rubber and organic chemicals (up to 70% concentration).
- PHARMACOLOGY: Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizing agent. The strength of the oxidizing reaction is determined by the concentration.
- TOXICOLOGY: The primary effect is tissue injury due to oxidation of proteins. Hydrogen peroxide can be toxic if ingested, inhaled, or contacts the skin or eyes. Occasionally, the release of oxygen may cause distension, gastric or intestinal perforation, as well as venous or arterial gas embolization. One mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide produces 10 mL of oxygen at standard temperature and pressure, while 60 mL of 35% of hydrogen peroxide solution has the potential to produce 6.1 L of oxygen.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Ingestions are relatively common, but serious toxicity is rare with ingestion of household products.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: The severity of injury depends on the concentration and amount of the ingested hydrogen peroxide. Ingestion of dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide may result in vomiting, mild gastrointestinal (GI) irritation, gastric distension, and, on rare occasions, gastrointestinal erosions or gas embolism. Inhalation and ocular exposure of household strength hydrogen peroxide (3%) can cause respiratory irritation and mild ocular irritation, respectively. SEVERE TOXICITY: INGESTION: Severe toxicity generally only occurs with ingestion of higher (greater than 10%) concentration products. Ingestions may cause caustic injuries to the gastrointestinal tract, leading to hemorrhagic gastritis, burns in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach, ulcerating colitis, intestinal gangrene, and gas embolization. Systemic gas embolization can involve any organ, resulting in seizure, cerebral infarction, cerebral edema, spinal cord infarction, acute myocardial infarction, hypotension, cardiac arrest, and death. INHALATION: Inhalation of vapors from concentrated (greater than 10%) solutions may result in severe pulmonary irritation. Acute lung injury and respiratory arrest have also been reported following massive exposures. OCULAR: Eye exposure to high concentrations can cause corneal ulceration and perforation. DERMAL: Dermal exposure to concentrated solutions has resulted in burns and gangrene.
Hydrogen peroxide may cause burning when applied to wounds as a disinfectant. Systemic embolization has occurred when used for irrigation of surgical wounds resulting in ECG changes and, rarely, cardiac arrest and death. Risk increases when used under high pressure, in closed tissue spaces and a highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution is applied.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Toxic fumes or dust may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.). Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
PHARMACOLOGY: Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizing agent. The strength of the oxidizing reaction is determined by the concentration. TOXICOLOGY: The primary effect is tissue injury due to oxidation of proteins. Hydrogen peroxide can be toxic if ingested, inhaled, or contacts the skin or eyes. Occasionally, the release of oxygen may cause distension, gastric or intestinal perforation, as well as venous or arterial gas embolization. One mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide produces 10 mL of oxygen at standard temperature and pressure, while 60 mL of 35% of hydrogen peroxide solution has the potential to produce 6.1 L of oxygen. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Ingestions are relatively common, but serious toxicity is rare with ingestion of household products. MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: The severity of injury depends on the concentration and amount of the ingested hydrogen peroxide. Ingestion of dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide may result in vomiting, mild gastrointestinal (GI) irritation, gastric distension, and, on rare occasions, gastrointestinal erosions or gas embolism. Inhalation and ocular exposure of household strength hydrogen peroxide (3%) can cause respiratory irritation and mild ocular irritation, respectively. SEVERE TOXICITY: INGESTION: Severe toxicity generally only occurs with ingestion of higher (greater than 10%) concentration products. Ingestions may cause caustic injuries to the gastrointestinal tract, leading to hemorrhagic gastritis, burns in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach, ulcerating colitis, intestinal gangrene, and gas embolization. Systemic gas embolization can involve any organ, resulting in seizure, cerebral infarction, cerebral edema, spinal cord infarction, acute myocardial infarction, hypotension, cardiac arrest, and death. INHALATION: Inhalation of vapors from concentrated (greater than 10%) solutions may result in severe pulmonary irritation. Acute lung injury and respiratory arrest have also been reported following massive exposures. OCULAR: Eye exposure to high concentrations can cause corneal ulceration and perforation. DERMAL: Dermal exposure to concentrated solutions has resulted in burns and gangrene. ADVERSE EFFECTS: Hydrogen peroxide may cause burning when applied to wounds as a disinfectant. Systemic embolization has occurred when used for irrigation of surgical wounds resulting in ECG changes and, rarely, cardiac arrest and death. Risk increases when used under high pressure, in closed tissue spaces and a highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution is applied.
PERFORATION OF INTESTINE: Cases of ruptured colon and intestinal gangrene with gas embolization have been reported following H2O2 enemas, particularly in the newborn (Bilotta & Waye, 1989; Ellis & Clatworthy, 1966; Sheehan & Brunjolfsson, 1960). HEMORRHAGIC GASTRITIS: Ingestion of 2 to 6 oz of 35% H2O2 has resulted in hemorrhagic gastritis without perforation, as revealed by endoscopic exam or laparotomy (Christensen et al, 1992; Luu et al, 1992; Ijichi et al, 1997). COLITIS: Administration of H2O2 enemas, as 3% or more diluted solutions, have caused colitis, and in some cases ulcerative colitis (Meyer et al, 1981; Wade & Reynolds, 1977; Sheehan & Brunjolfsson, 1960). INFLAMMATION: In high concentrations, H2O2 may cause extreme irritation and inflammation in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach (Proctor & Hughes, 1978). HYPERTROPHIED PAPILLAE: CHRONIC: Chronic use of H2O2 as a mouthwash may be associated with hypertrophied papillae of the tongue (Wade & Reynolds, 1977).
EYES EYE ULCERATION: Ocular exposure to industrial strength hydrogen peroxide solutions (greater than 10%) may result in ulceration or perforation of the cornea (Grant, 1986). IRRITATION: Eye exposure to 3% hydrogen peroxide (household strength) may result in immediate pain and irritation; however, severe eye injury is rare (Dickson & Caravati, 1994; Grant, 1986).
NOSE THROAT
AIR EMBOLISM: There have been at least 6 fatalities in children from ingestion of hydrogen peroxide. Emboli have been seen in the portal, gastric, and superior mesenteric venous systems, as well as in multiple organs (Cina et al, 1994; Christensen et al, 1992; Luu et al, 1992).
APNEA: Apnea developed in a patient shortly after ingestion of an unknown amount of concentrated hydrogen peroxide (35% to 50%) (Vander Heide & Seamon, 2003; Giberson et al, 1989). Apnea has been the cause of death in similar fatal cases (Zecevic & Gasparec, 1979; Giusti, 1973). ARTERIAL GAS EMBOLISM: Arterial gas embolization with brain infarct was confirmed by MRI and CT scan in 3 patients following exposure of small amounts (30 mL or less) of concentrated hydrogen peroxide (35%) (Ashdown et al, 1998), resulting in death and permanent CNS damage.
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
Italian workers involved in manufacturing hydrogen peroxide had asthma and eczema, but these effects were ascribed to concomitant exposure to ammonium peroxydisulfate (Barsotti, 1951). Inhalation of an airborne concentration of 7 parts per million (ppm) for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 6 months resulted in irritation of the lungs and nose, sneezing, tearing, and bleaching of the hair in dogs (Oberst, 1954). Inhalation of an airborne concentration of 22 ppm for 3 months caused bleached hair and nose irritation but no obvious eye injury in rabbits (HSDB).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
- Do not induce vomiting or administer activated charcoal. Irrigate any dermal or ocular exposures with large volumes of water.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
Ingestion of small amounts of highly concentrated solution (30% to 40%) has resulted in deaths due to respiratory failure (Giusti, 1973; Zecevic & Gasparec, 1979) and brain infarct secondary to cerebral embolism (Ashdown et al, 1998).
PEDIATRIC Ingestion of 4 to 6 ounces of 35% hydrogen peroxide in a 2-year-old child resulted in oxygen embolization to the portal venous system and heart, hemorrhagic gastritis, seizures, and death from hypoxic encephalopathy (Christensen et al, 1992). Ingestion of 2 sips of 35% hydrogen peroxide resulted in foaming at the mouth, hematemesis, epigastric pain, confusion, stridor, apnea, cyanosis, and cardiorespiratory arrest. She died despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation (Indorato et al, 2014). An 11-year-old boy inadvertently received 100 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide intravenously instead of fluid replacement with isotonic saline, developed ventricular fibrillation, and ultimately died. Autopsy revealed generalized gas embolism upon opening great vessels, heart, and lung under water. Brain biopsy demonstrated evidence of lipid peroxidation (Lubec et al, 1996). A 3-year-old girl presented with vomiting, lethargy, and respiratory distress after ingesting 10 mL of 20% hydrogen peroxide solution. She also developed generalized tonic-clonic seizures in the ED. Both brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse cerebral edema. She was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit with a Glasgow coma score of 3. Despite aggressive supportive care, including IV midazolam and phenytoin for seizures, dexamethasone and mannitol for cerebral edema, vasopressors for hypotension, and 3 sessions of hyperbaric oxygen, her condition did not improve and she died on day 6 (Ikiz et al, 2013).
ADULT A 63-year-old man ingested 120 mL of 35% hydrogen peroxide and developed left hemiparesis; MRI results confirmed multiple brain infarcts (Ijichi et al, 1997). An 84-year-old man ingested 30 mL of 35% hydrogen peroxide and developed multiple cerebral infarcts (Sherman et al, 1994).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
Concentrations greater than 10% should be considered potentially very toxic. ACUTE EXPOSURE: In one study, 11 healthy volunteers were exposed to hydrogen peroxide vapors (0 [clean air], 0.5 and 2.2 ppm) for 2 hours. Acute exposure to hydrogen peroxide vapors was mildly irritating to upper respiratory airways at 2.2 ppm, but not at 0.5 ppm. In addition, no exposure-related effects on pulmonary function, nasal swelling, breathing frequency and blinking frequency were observed. There were also no clear effects on markers of inflammation and coagulation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor and Clara cell protein in plasma) (Ernstgard et al, 2012). Although most patients ingesting concentrated solutions (30% to 40%) have succumbed from respiratory arrest (Giusti, 1973; Zecevic & Gasparec, 1979), 1 case of survival has been reported after prompt intubation and respiratory support (Giberson et al, 1989).
PEDIATRIC A 3-year-old boy ingested 2 to 4 ounces of 3% hydrogen peroxide and developed blood-streaked emesis (Henry et al, 1996). An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed for persistent emesis with multiple gastric ulcers and duodenal erosions found. SURGICAL IRRIGATION: An 11-month-old developed a gas emboli resulting in cardiac arrest after incision and drainage of an abscess that was irrigated with 15 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide (Schwab & Dilworth, 1999). SURGICAL IRRIGATION: An 11-year-old boy developed a "tonic convulsion" and showed clinical signs of pulmonary embolism after 12 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide was used to irrigate a relatively closed left femur wound. The patient recovered with symptomatic treatment (Shida et al, 2002).
ADULT A 39-year-old man unintentionally drank 250 mL from a container containing 35% hydrogen peroxide. The patient developed hematemesis and evidence of diffuse caustic mucosal injury of the entire stomach on esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The patient made a complete recovery (Pritchett et al, 2007). SURGICAL IRRIGATION: A 54-year-old woman developed hypoxia and dysrhythmias after irrigation of a pelvis wound with 250 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. After hyperbaric oxygen therapy, the patient recovered without cardiac or neurologic sequelae. Irrigation of the wound under high pressure in a partially closed cavity were thought to have been risk factors for the embolus (Vidil et al, 2008). A 32-year-old woman developed severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting after an inadvertent ingestion of about 20 mL of 35% hydrogen peroxide. All laboratory results were normal, except for elevated liver enzymes. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed air in the portal venous system. She received hyperbaric oxygen (at 3 atmospheres absolute compression) for 3 hours about 5 hours after the ingestion of hydrogen peroxide. A complete resolution of the portal venous air was observed on a repeat CT scan the next day (Papafragkou et al, 2012). A 56-year-old woman developed cerebral gas embolism after ingesting 30 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide, but was successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (Baharnoori & Lazarou, 2012).
Dogs exposed 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 6 months at an average vapor concentration of 7 parts per million (ppm) of 90% hydrogen peroxide developed external body irritation, sneezing, lacrimation, bleaching of the hair, thickened skin, and irritation of the lungs (ACGIH, 1986). Rabbits exposed daily for 3 months at 22 ppm developed bleached hair and irritation around the nose (ACGIH, 1986). A 5% solution applied to the eyes of rabbits has caused severe corneal edema, flare in aqueous, vascularization of the cornea, and significant congestion in the iris (HSDB, 1996). Rats given tooth whiteners containing 10% to 35% carbamide peroxide by gastric lavage developed acute toxicity and even death in several cases (Cherry et al, 1993). Those exposed to the 35% product developed signs of acute distress (shallow respirations) within 15 minutes of receiving the agent. Gastric hemorrhaging and bloating were found at necropsy in the 3 rats that died following lavage with the 35% product.
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7722-84-1 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Hydrogen peroxide A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Hydrogen peroxide 3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Hydrogen peroxide MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7722-84-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
CALCULATIONS
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7722-84-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7722-84-1 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7722-84-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS7722-84-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7722-84-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7722-84-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7722-84-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7722-84-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7722-84-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Hydrogen Peroxide (Conc > 52%) Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1000 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): f f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7722-84-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7722-84-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7722-84-1 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2014 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solutions with more than 40 percent but not more than 60 percent hydrogen peroxide (stabilized as necessary) Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 5.1 Identification Number: UN2014 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 5.1, 8 5.1: Oxidizer. 8: Corrosive.
Special Provisions: 12, B53, B80, B81, B85, IB2, T7, TP2, TP6, TP24, TP37 12: In concentrations greater than 40 percent, this material has strong oxidizing properties and is capable of starting fires in contact with combustible materials. If appropriate, a package containing this material must conform to the additional labeling requirements of sxn. 172.402 of this subchapter. B53: Packagings must be made of either aluminum or steel. B80: Each cargo tank must have a minimum design pressure of 276 kPa (40 psig). B81: Venting and pressure relief devices for tank car tanks and cargo tanks must be approved by the Associate Administrator. B85: Cargo tanks must be marked with the name of the lading in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 172.302(b). IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP6: The tank must be equipped with a pressure release device which prevents a tank from bursting under fire conditions (the conditions prescribed in CGA pamphlet S-1.2 (see sxn. 171.7 of this subchapter) or alternative conditions approved by the Associate Administrator may be used to consider the fire engulfment condition), taking into account the properties of the hazardous material to be transported. TP24: The portable tank may be fitted with a device to prevent the build up of excess pressure due to the slow decomposition of the hazardous material being transported. The device must be in the vapor space when the tank is filled under maximum filling conditions. This device must also prevent an unacceptable amount of leakage of liquid in the case of overturning. TP37: IM portable tanks are only authorized for the shipment of hydrogen peroxide solutions in water containing 72% or less hydrogen peroxide by weight. Pressure relief devices shall be designed to prevent the entry of foreign matter, the leakage of liquid and the development of any dangerous excess pressure. In addition, the portable tank must be designed so that internal surfaces may be effectively cleaned and passivated. Each tank must be equipped with pressure relief devices conforming to the following requirements: Concentration of hydrogen per peroxide solution of 52% or less = Total venting capacity in standard cubic feet hour (S.C.F.H.) per pound of hydrogen peroxide solution of 11; Concentration of hydrogen per peroxide solution over 52%, but not greater than 60% = Total venting capacity in standard cubic feet hour (S.C.F.H.) per pound of hydrogen peroxide solution of 22; Concentration of hydrogen per peroxide solution over 60%, but not greater than 72% = Total venting capacity in standard cubic feet hour (S.C.F.H.) per pound of hydrogen peroxide solution of of 32.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements: Vessel stowage location: D D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.
Vessel stowage other: 25, 66, 75, 106 25: Shade from radiant heat. 66: Stow "separated from" flammable solids. 75: Stow "separated from" permanganates. 106: Stow "separated from" powdered metal.
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solutions with not less than 20 percent but not more than 40 percent hydrogen peroxide (stabilized as necessary) Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 5.1 Identification Number: UN2014 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 5.1, 8 5.1: Oxidizer. 8: Corrosive.
Special Provisions: A2, A3, T7, A6, B53, IB2, TP2, TP6, TP24, TP37 A2: Single packagings are not permitted on aircraft. A3: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with absorbent material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). A6: For combination packagings, if plastic inner packagings are used, they must be packed in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. B53: Packagings must be made of either aluminum or steel. IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP6: The tank must be equipped with a pressure release device which prevents a tank from bursting under fire conditions (the conditions prescribed in CGA pamphlet S-1.2 (see sxn. 171.7 of this subchapter) or alternative conditions approved by the Associate Administrator may be used to consider the fire engulfment condition), taking into account the properties of the hazardous material to be transported. TP24: The portable tank may be fitted with a device to prevent the build up of excess pressure due to the slow decomposition of the hazardous material being transported. The device must be in the vapor space when the tank is filled under maximum filling conditions. This device must also prevent an unacceptable amount of leakage of liquid in the case of overturning. TP37: IM portable tanks are only authorized for the shipment of hydrogen peroxide solutions in water containing 72% or less hydrogen peroxide by weight. Pressure relief devices shall be designed to prevent the entry of foreign matter, the leakage of liquid and the development of any dangerous excess pressure. In addition, the portable tank must be designed so that internal surfaces may be effectively cleaned and passivated. Each tank must be equipped with pressure relief devices conforming to the following requirements: Concentration of hydrogen per peroxide solution of 52% or less = Total venting capacity in standard cubic feet hour (S.C.F.H.) per pound of hydrogen peroxide solution of 11; Concentration of hydrogen per peroxide solution over 52%, but not greater than 60% = Total venting capacity in standard cubic feet hour (S.C.F.H.) per pound of hydrogen peroxide solution of 22; Concentration of hydrogen per peroxide solution over 60%, but not greater than 72% = Total venting capacity in standard cubic feet hour (S.C.F.H.) per pound of hydrogen peroxide solution of of 32.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements: Vessel stowage location: D D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.
Vessel stowage other: 25, 66, 75, 106 25: Shade from radiant heat. 66: Stow "separated from" flammable solids. 75: Stow "separated from" permanganates. 106: Stow "separated from" powdered metal.
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2015 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2984 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solutions, with not less than 8 percent but less than 20 percent hydrogen peroxide, (stabilized as necessary) Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 5.1 Identification Number: UN2984 Packing Group: III Label(s) required (if not excepted): 5.1 Special Provisions: A1, IB2, IP5, T4, TP1, TP6, TP24, TP37 A1: Single packagings are not permitted on passenger aircraft. IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. IP5: IBCs must have a device to allow venting. The inlet to the venting device must be located in the vapor space of the IBC under maximum filling conditions. T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling. TP6: The tank must be equipped with a pressure release device which prevents a tank from bursting under fire conditions (the conditions prescribed in CGA pamphlet S-1.2 (see sxn. 171.7 of this subchapter) or alternative conditions approved by the Associate Administrator may be used to consider the fire engulfment condition), taking into account the properties of the hazardous material to be transported. TP24: The portable tank may be fitted with a device to prevent the build up of excess pressure due to the slow decomposition of the hazardous material being transported. The device must be in the vapor space when the tank is filled under maximum filling conditions. This device must also prevent an unacceptable amount of leakage of liquid in the case of overturning. TP37: IM portable tanks are only authorized for the shipment of hydrogen peroxide solutions in water containing 72% or less hydrogen peroxide by weight. Pressure relief devices shall be designed to prevent the entry of foreign matter, the leakage of liquid and the development of any dangerous excess pressure. In addition, the portable tank must be designed so that internal surfaces may be effectively cleaned and passivated. Each tank must be equipped with pressure relief devices conforming to the following requirements: Concentration of hydrogen per peroxide solution of 52% or less = Total venting capacity in standard cubic feet hour (S.C.F.H.) per pound of hydrogen peroxide solution of 11; Concentration of hydrogen per peroxide solution over 52%, but not greater than 60% = Total venting capacity in standard cubic feet hour (S.C.F.H.) per pound of hydrogen peroxide solution of 22; Concentration of hydrogen per peroxide solution over 60%, but not greater than 72% = Total venting capacity in standard cubic feet hour (S.C.F.H.) per pound of hydrogen peroxide solution of of 32.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 152 Non-bulk packaging: 203 Bulk packaging: 241
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements: Vessel stowage location: B B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.
Vessel stowage other: 25, 75, 106 25: Shade from radiant heat. 75: Stow "separated from" permanganates. 106: Stow "separated from" powdered metal.
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2014 (ICAO, 2002):
Proper Shipping Name: Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution with more than 40% but not more than 60% hydrogen peroxide (stabilized as necessary) UN Number: 2014 Proper Shipping Name: Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution with not less than 20% but not more than 40% hydrogen peroxide (stabilized as necessary) UN Number: 2014
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2015 (ICAO, 2002):
Proper Shipping Name: Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution, stabilized with more than 60% hydrogen peroxide UN Number: 2015 Proper Shipping Name: Hydrogen peroxide, stabilized UN Number: 2015
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2984 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7722-84-1 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
STORAGE
Ensure that containers do not become physically damaged (ITI, 1988). Store hydrogen peroxide in containers that have a vent, and protect the chemical from direct sunlight (ITI, 1988). Thirty percent solution: Store in original closed container. Make sure that the container vent is working satisfactorily. Do not add any other product to container. When empty, rinse thoroughly with clean water (Budavari, 1989). Uncovered containers are much more prone to react with flammable vapors, gases, etc. If uncovered, the water from a hydrogen peroxide solution can evaporate, concentrating the material and thus increasing the fire hazard of the remainder (Lewis, 1992).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, fire-resistant location, away from ignition sources. Separate from alkalies, oxidizable materials, finely divided metals, alcohols, and permanganates (ITI, 1988) (NFPA, 1994). Special inhibitors are added to hydrogen peroxide during manufacture to inhibit decomposition during storage. Properly inhibited hydrogen peroxide has a decomposition rate in large tanks of less than 1% per year at ambient temperatures and in drums of less than 2% per year (Freeman, 1989). Three percent solution: Keep protected from light and in a cool place (Budavari, 1989).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS for hand protection (CCOHS, 1989):
Select a material and style of glove that adequately protects hands from hazard. Review Chemical Manufacturer's MSDS or Label, glove manufacturer's information, and regulatory/advisory agency sources to determine the protective ability of the glove. Inspect and test gloves for defects before using. Follow manufacturer's instructions for glove care and maintenance. Check gloves for proper fit. Wash off all chemical protective gloves with water before removing them. Evaluate material resistance under conditions of use. Variations between products may affect resistance. Maintain gloves carefully.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7722-84-1.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004) These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004) May explode from friction, heat or contamination. These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
By chemical reaction with flammable materials, hydrogen peroxide can be a dangerous fire hazard. Solutions of 90%, when caused to decompose quickly when a catalytic decomposition agent is introduced, can get quite hot and perhaps start fires (Lewis, 1992). Water released from an uncovered hydrogen peroxide solution can evaporate, thus concentrating the material and increasing the fire risk (Lewis, 1992). Drying of concentrated hydrogen peroxide on clothing or other combustible materials may result in fire (Budavari, 1989). Cellulose in cotton combined with hydrogen peroxide will ignite spontaneously (NFPA, 1994). Hydrogen peroxide mixed with magnesium and a trace of manganese dioxide will ignite immediately (NFPA, 1994). Hydrogen peroxide ignites on contact with the following (Lewis, 1992):
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7722-84-1 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
Flood fire area with water from a distance. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers: a violent reaction may occur. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Dike fire-control water for later disposal. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7722-84-1 (NFPA, 2002):
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- When heated, shocked, or contaminated, the concentrated forms of hydrogen peroxide can explode or start fires (Lewis, 1992).
- BEWARE: Many mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and organic materials may not explode upon contact; however, the resulting combination is detonatable either upon catching fire or by impact. Aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide have a detonation velocity of about 6500 m/second for solutions of between 96% and 100% (by weight) (Lewis, 1992).
- Sealing hydrogen peroxide in strong containers is an explosion hazard. Under such conditions, even gradual decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to H2O and 1/2 O2 can cause large pressures to build up in the containers which may then burst explosively (Lewis, 1992).
- See the Reactivity Hazard section for information on explosion and reactivity hazards.
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Pure hydrogen peroxide, its solutions, vapors, and mists are very irritating to body tissue (Lewis, 1992).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Hydrogen peroxide may decompose violently if traces of impurities are present (Budavari, 1989).
- Solutions of hydrogen peroxide gradually deteriorate and are usually stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. Agitation or contact with rough surfaces, metals, or many other substances accelerates decomposition (Budavari, 1989).
- Contamination of hydrogen peroxide from any source, including metals, may cause rapid decomposition, with generation of large quantities of oxygen gas and high pressures (Budavari, 1989).
- Hydrogen peroxide is rapidly decomposed by alkalies and finely divided metals; the presence of mineral acid renders it more stable (Budavari, 1989).
- Thirty percent solution: Avoid contact with combustible materials (Budavari, 1989).
- A solution of 3% is incompatible with (Budavari, 1989):
Albumin Alkali citrates Alkalies Ammonia and their carbonates Balsam Peru Charcoal Chlorides Ferrous, mercurous, or gold salts Hypophosphites Iodides Lime water Phenol Permanganates Organic matter in general Sulfites Tinctures
- Hydrogen peroxide forms a violent reaction with the following (Lewis, 1992) NFPA, 1994): Note: All information is from Lewis 1992, unless otherwise noted.
Aluminum isopropoxide + heavy metal salts Charcoal Coal Dimethylphenylphosphine Hydrogen selenide Lithium tetrahydroaluminate Metals (eg, potassium, sodium, lithium) Metal oxides (eg, cobalt oxide; iron oxide; lead oxide; lead hydroxide; manganese oxide; mercury oxide; nickel oxide) Metal salts (eg, calcium permanganate) Methanol + phosphoric acid 4-Methyl-2,4,6-triazatricyclo (5.2.2.0 (2,6)) undeca-8-ene-3,5-dione + potassium hydroxide alpha-Phenylselenoketones Phosphorus Phosphorus(V) oxide Sodium (NFPA, 1994) Tin(II) chloride Unsaturated organic compounds
- Hydrogen peroxide is a severe explosion hazard when highly concentrated or when pure hydrogen peroxide is exposed to the following (Lewis, 1992):
- Hydrogen peroxide explodes on contact with the following (Bretherick, 1990; Lewis, 1992): NOTE: All information is from Lewis 1992, unless otherwise indicated.
As2S3 Cl2 + KOH CuS FeS FeSO4 + 2-methylpryidine + H2SO4 HNO3 H2Se HgO + HNO3 KMnO4 P2O5 Alcohols + H2SO4 Alcohols + tin chloride Acetal + acetic acid + heat Acetic acid + n-heterocycles (above 50 degrees C) 2-Amino-4-methyloxazole + iron(II) catalyst Antimony trisulfide Aromatic hydrocarbons + trifluoroacetic acid Azeliac acid + sulfuric acid (above 45 degrees C) Benzenesulfonic anhydride tert-Butanol + sulfuric acid Carboxylic acids Chlorosulfonic acid 3,5-Dimethyl-3-hexanol + sulfuric acid uns-Dimethyl hydrazine Dimethylphenylphosphine (Bretherick, 1990) Diphenyl diselenide (above 53 degrees C) 2-Ethoyxethanol + polyacrylamide gel + toluene + heat Formic acid + organic matter Gadolinium hydroxide (above 80 degrees C) Gallium + hydrochloric acid Hydrazine Hydrogen + palladium catalysts (has caused major industrial explosions) Iron(II) sulfate + 2-methylpyridine + sulfuric acid Iron(II) sulfate + nitric acid + sodium carboxymethylcellulose (when evaporated) Ketenes + nitric acid (Bretherick, 1990) Lead dioxide Lead oxide Lead sulfide Manganese dioxide Mercuric oxide Mercurous oxide Methanol + copper sulfate + cyanide residues (Bretherick, 1990) Methanol + tert-amines + platinum catalysts 2-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-propanol + sulfuric acid Molybdenum disulfide Nitric acid + ketones (eg, 2-butanone; 3-pentanone; cyclopentanone; cyclohexanone; 3-methylcyclohexanone) Nitric acid + soils Nitrogenous bases (eg, ammonia; hydrazine hydrate; 1,1-dimethylhydrazine) Organic compounds (eg, glycerol; acetic acid; ethanol; aniline; quinoline; 2-phenyl-1,1-dimethylethanol; cellulose; charcoal) Organic materials + sulfuric acid (especially if confined) Organic matter 2-Phenyl-1,1-dimethylethanol (Bretherick, 1990) Phosphorus Sodium iodate Sulfuric acid (during evaporation) Tetrahydrothiophene Thiodiglycol Trioxane (sensitive to heat, shock, or on contact with lead) Water Water + oxygenated compounds (eg, acetaldehyde; acetic acid; acetone; ethanol; formaldehyde; formic acid; methanol; 2-propanol; propionaldehyde) Vinyl acetate
- Hydrogen peroxide forms unstable explosive products in reaction with the following (Bretherick, 1990; Lewis, 1992) NFPA, 1994): NOTE: All information is from Lewis 1992, unless otherwise indicated.
Acetaldehyde + desiccants (forms polyethylidine peroxide) Acetic acid + jute (Bretherick, 1990) Acetic acid (forms peracetic acid) Acetic + 3-thietanol Acetic anhydride Acetone (forms explosive peroxides) Alcohols (products are shock- and heat-sensitive) Alcohols + sulfuric acid (NFPA, 1994) t-Butyl alcohol (NFPA, 1994) Carboxylic acids (eg, formic acid; acetic acid; tartaric acid) Diethyl ether Ethyl acetate Ethyl alcohol (NFPA, 1994) Fatty acid (Bretherick, 1990) Formic acid + metaboric acid Immiscible organic liquids (Bretherick, 1990) Iron (III) chloride + hydrocarbons (Bretherick, 1990) Ketene (forms diacetyl peroxide) Mercury(II) oxide + nitric acid (forms mercury(II) peroxide) Nitric acid (NFPA, 1994) Polyacetoxyacrylic acid lactone + poly(2-hydroxyacrylic acid) + sodium hydroxide Thiourea + nitric acid
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7722-84-1 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Hydrogen Peroxide ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 10 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 50 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 100 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS7722-84-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS7722-84-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7722-84-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 75 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004) Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004) Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004) SMALL LIQUID SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004) SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004) Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Following product recovery, flush area with water.
LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
To speed breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, add NAHCO3 (OHM/TADS, 1996). Sodium bicarbonate is an appropriate countermeasure material and can be obtained at grocery distributers and bakeries (OHM/TADS, 1996). Hydrogen peroxide has been used as an oxidation agent for the treatment of cyanide wastes. It has also been used for oxidation of phenolic wastewater, and for treatment of paper mill effluent, drilling mud, and other types of organic wastewaters (Freeman, 1989). Hydrogen peroxide has been used in the treatment of many industrial wastes, including formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, hydroquinone, mercaptans, phenols, and sulfites. It addition, it has been used as an additive to scrubber solutions that are used to remove hydrogen sulfide, sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide (Freeman, 1989). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidized methionine and tryptophan. The effects of temperature, time and hydrogen peroxide concentration were studied. The reaction between these amino acids and H2O2 seems to be first order. The oxidation of methionine resulted in the formation of sulfoxide. Tryptophan yields many compounds as a result of the oxidation process (Cuq, 1992). CHEMICAL TREATMENT (FOR OTHER CHEMICALS): Availability of dissolved oxygen is often the limiting factor in the biotransformation of organic pollutants in subsurface areas. Groundwater contamination remediation is facilitated by the addition of hydrogen peroxide as a method of re-aeration (Pardieck et al, 1992). Hydrogen peroxide decomposition is accelerated when the chemical is agitated by or comes in contact with rough surfaces or metals (Budavari, 1989). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Gaseous hydrogen peroxide is a main component and product of photochemical reactions occurring in the earth's lower atmosphere. Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide is thought to be produced exclusively by gas-phase photochemical reactions (HSDB, 1996).
- Hydrogen peroxide is a common air contaminant (Lewis, 1992).
- Hydrogen peroxide concentrations in cloud water and the gas phase were measured off of the coast of the Carolinas between late January and early March. Concentrations in the gas phase were usually less than 1 ppb and always less than 2.4 ppb. Cloud water concentrations ranged from 0.3 mcgM to 112 mcM. Higher values tended to occur near lightening activity (HSDB, 1996).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- No information found at the time of this review.
BIOACCUMULATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- The effect of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on aquatic life is unknown (CHRIS, 1996)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Hydrogen peroxide is a colorless, heavy, rather unstable liquid with a bitter taste. At low temperature, the pure compound is a crystalline solid (Budavari, 1989; NIOSH , 1996; Lewis, 1992).
- Hydrogen peroxide solutions will gradually deteriorate. Adding acetanilide or a like organic solvent will help to stabilize the solution (Budavari, 1989).
PH
- Hydrogen peroxide is slightly acid to litmus paper (HSDB, 1996).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 1 mmHg (at 15.3 degrees C) (Lewis, 1992)
DENSITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS, STABILIZED (>60%): 1.44 (NFPA, 1994)
- STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.71 g/mL (at -20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1992) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (40-60%): 1.13 (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1994)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 3% SOLUTION: approximately 1.00 g/mL (Budavari, 1989) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 30% SOLUTION: approximately 1.11 g/mL (Budavari, 1989)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
BOILING POINT
- 152 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)
- HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (40-60%): 108-114 degrees C (NFPA, 1994)
- HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS, (>60%): 126 degrees C (NFPA, 1994)
FLASH POINT
- Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1996)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
OTHER/PHYSICAL
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