HYDROGEN CYANIDE

1051-Hydrogen cyanide, anhydrous, stabilized
1051-Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized
1051-Hydrocyanic acid, aqueous solutions, with more than 20% Hydrogen cyanide
1051-Hydrocyanic acid, liquefied
1613-Hydrogen cyanide, aqueous solution, with not more than 20% Hydrogen cyanide
1613-Hydrocyanic acid, aqueous solution, with not more than 20% Hydrogen cyanide
1614-Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized (absorbed)
1614-Hydrogen cyanide, anhydrous, stabilized (absorbed)
3294-Hydrogen cyanide, solution in alcohol, with not more than 45% Hydrogen cyanide

STCC NUMBER

4921417 (Hydrocyanic acid solution, less than 5% hydrocyanic acid)
4920130 (Hydrocyanic acid, solution (5% or more hydrocyanic acid))
4920125 (Hydrocyanic acid, liquified)

DESIGNATIONS

BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:4-02-00-00050
BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NUMBER:1718793

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C-H-N HCN

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

117-GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE (EXTREME HAZARD)(for UN/NA Number1051)
154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)(for UN/NA Number1613)
152-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)(for UN/NA Number1614)
131-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC(for UN/NA Number3294)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(AAR, 1996; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1996)RTECS, 1999

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Hydrogen cyanide is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of synthetic fiber, cyanide salts, plastics and nitriles, and is used to fumigate ships, railroad cars, buildings, orchards, tobacco and certain foods (ACGIH, 1996).
It also is used in metallurgy, electroplating, mining and photographic processes and to manufacture cyanuric acid and nylon 66, a hexamethylenediamine-adipic acid polymer. Additionally, hydrogen cyanide is used to manufacture acrylonitrile, acrylates, adiponitrile, dyes, chelates, lactic acid, rodenticides and pesticides (HSDB , 1999; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997).
Because of hydrogen cyanide's rapid effect on humans after inhalation of high concentrations, the compound has been used in the United States to execute criminals (HSDB , 1999).

FORMS

At room temperature, hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas. At temperatures below 26.5 degrees C, it exists as a liquid and has been described as colorless or having a bluish-white cast (ACGIH, 1996; (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997).
Generally, all grades of hydrogen cyanide contain a stabilizer, often 0.05 percent phosphoric acid. If the compound is not pure or stabilized, it will polymerize with explosive violence (Lewis, 1997).
The compound in its commercial form is 96 to 99 percent pure. Technical grades of 96 to 98 percent purity exist as do 2, 5 and 10 percent solutions (Lewis, 1997).

SOURCES

Hydrogen cyanide can be produced by treating cyanide salts with dilute sulfuric acid (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). However, it is most often prepared either by catalytically reacting ammonia with natural gas or methane or as a by-product of the synthesis of acrylonitrile from ammonia, propylene and air (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997).
It can be recovered from coke oven gases and, at 1250 degrees C, from bituminous coal and ammonia (Lewis, 1997).
Hydrogen cyanide occurs naturally in bitter almonds (Lewis, 1997).
It can be prepared in the laboratory by acidifying sodium cyanide or potassium ferricyanide. Catalytic decomposition of formamide is another production option (Budavari, 1996).
Hydrogen cyanide also may be prepared during petroleum refining, electroplating, metallurgy and photographic-developing operations (ACGIH, 1996).
Occupational exposure to hydrogen cyanide may occur during the manufacture of resin monomers and during blast furnace, gas works and coke oven operations (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

The compound names "Hydrogen Cyanide" and "Hydrocyanic Acid" are generally used interchangeably throughout the TOMES CPS standard references. For the purposes of this document and to minimize confusion, the compound name "Hydrogen Cyanide" will be used throughout unless a particular and specific form of hydrogen cyanide is referred to. (Several such forms exist. See the descriptions in the UN/NA section above). The following are forms/synonyms of the compound listed in the AAR (1996) reference: hydrogen cyanide, anhydrous, stabilized; hydrogen cyanide, stabilized; hydrocyanic acid, liquified; and hydrocyanic acid. All information provided in this document from the AAR reference is for all of the forms/synonyms listed.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Coma, tonic-clonic seizures, palpitations, dilated pupils, hyperventilation, hypoventilation, shock, cyanosis, severe metabolic acidosis, initial tachycardia and hypertension followed by bradycardia and hypotension, and respiratory arrest may be seen in serious poisonings. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and a wide variety of cardiac conduction defects and arrhythmias may develop. Nausea and vomiting may be noted.

Percutaneous absorption may occur, but is usually seen only with total-body liquid exposure or immersion. Dermal absorption of significant amounts of hydrogen cyanide gas has not been reported in humans.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; Extremely Hazardous.
May be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Initial odor may be irritating or foul and may deaden your sense of smell.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Hydrogen cyanide is a highly toxic substance. Systemic poisoning can occur following inhalation, dermal, and oral exposure. Hydrogen cyanide exposure may produce death within minutes (Hall & Rumack, 1986). Signs and symptoms of inhalation of hydrogen cyanide include lightheadedness, dyspnea, headache, nausea, and coma (Peden et al, 1986). Cyanide causes flushing, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, rapid heartbeat and breathing, headache, dizziness, confusion, hyperventilation, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias and conduction defects, seizures, anxiety, agitation, tremors, weakness, stupor, respiratory depression, lactic acidosis, and coma (Hall & Rumack, 1986). Death may occur within a few minutes.

Peripheral neuropathy developed in 2 Japanese workers exposed to hydrogen cyanide, benzene, and phenol when epoxy resin was heated (Sakai et al, 1994). Because of mixed exposures, this sequela cannot be attributed to HCN alone.

If patients rendered unconscious were rapidly moved from the toxic atmosphere and had stable vital signs, treatment with specific cyanide antidotes was not always required for rapid recovery (Peden et al, 1986).

One case of corneal edema from exposure to hydrogen cyanide vapors has been reported (Grant, 1993). While workplace standards indicate that cyanide may be absorbed through intact skin, this finding is based largely on industrial accidents involving immersion of large portions of the body in vats containing cyanide salts (ACGIH, 1996) or other total-body exposures.

The average fatal dose of cyanide is 50 to 60 mg for an adult (Budavari, 1996). The minimum adult lethal dose is estimated to be 100 mg for hydrogen cyanide (Ansell & Lewis, 1970; (Baselt & Cravey, 1995). Death may result from a few minutes exposure to an airborne level of 300 ppm (Budavari, 1996). Exposure to 500 mg/m(3) of cyanide for several minutes has been survived when supportive care and antidote therapy were administered (Bonsall, 1984).

Exposure to airborne cyanide levels of 130 ppm or greater for 30 to 60 minutes may result in unconsciousness or fatality (ACGIH, 1996). Exposure to airborne levels of 18 to 36 ppm can produce slight symptoms after several hours; 45 to 54 ppm can be tolerated for 0.5 to 1 hour without effects; 110 to 135 ppm can be fatal after 0.5 to 1 hour; 135 ppm can be fatal within 35 minutes; 181 ppm can be fatal after 10 minutes; 270 ppm can be immediately fatal (ACGIH, 1996; (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

Dermal contact with cyanide salt solutions can cause itching and irritation, probably because these solutions are alkaline (Harbison, 1998). Hydrogen cyanide was absorbed through the skin of dogs and guinea pigs; the outcome was fatal at high enough concentrations of gas (Walton & Witherspoon, 1926). It was also absorbed through the eye in sufficient amounts to produce death in rabbits (Ballantyne, 1983).

Damage to the optic nerve has been produced in rats within 48 hours after a single injection of sodium cyanide; damage from a single exposure was progressive (Lessell & Kuwabara, 1974). A Parkinsonian-like syndrome has occurred up to several weeks after acute cyanide poisoning (Rosenberg et al, 1989). CNS effects may be reversible up to a point (Wuthrich, 1954), but some can persist for many months following exposure (Pettigrew et al, 1977).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic occupational cyanide exposure has been associated with irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, usually attributed to highly alkaline aerosols or solutions of cyanide salts (Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

True chronic cyanide toxicity in humans is rare, but goiter, subclinical B12 and folate abnormalities, headaches, vertigo, dizziness, chest discomfort, palpitations, eye and respiratory tract irritation, dermatitis, fatigue, poor appetite and sleeping, functional changes in hearing, and epistaxis have been reported among exposed workers (Colle, 1972; Saia et al, 1970; HSDB , 1999) ACGIH, 1996; (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Chronic exposure to cyanides has been reported to cause CNS effects such as insomnia, loss of memory, and tremors (Chaumont, 1960). Animal studies have confirmed the central nervous system as a target for the chronic toxicity of cyanide. Rats fed cyanide for 11 months had damage to the spinal cord (Philbrick, 1979). Other neurological effects include degeneration of the optic nerve resulting in blindness.

True chronic cyanide toxicity in humans is rare (Hathaway et al, 1996), although a variety of complaints including goiter, headaches, vertigo, chest discomfort, palpitations, eye and respiratory tract irritation, dermatitis, fatigue, poor appetite and sleeping, and epistaxis have been reported in workers chronically exposed to cyanide (Colle, 1972; Saia et al, 1970; Ermans et al, 1972).

Chronic cyanide exposure has been reported to cause insomnia, loss of memory, and tremors (Chaumont, 1960). Experimental animal studies have confirmed the central nervous system as a target for chronic cyanide toxicity. Rats fed cyanide for 11 months had damage to the spinal cord (Philbrick, 1979). Degeneration of the optic nerve may result in decreased visual acuity or blindness.

In rats, cyanide metabolites may accumulate over long periods of chronic exposure (Tewe & Maner, 1981). Thus, acute and chronic cyanide poisoning may produce very different pictures because the acute effects may be due to cyanide itself, and the chronic effects to its metabolites which have different profiles of toxic activity.

In a study of chronic dietary exposure in rats, food containing 100 to 300 ppm of hydrogen cyanide produced no signs of cyanide toxicity during a 2-year feeding period (Howard & Hanzal, 1955).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Keep victim under observation.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

CYANIDE POISONING

The treatment of hydrogen cyanide poisoning is essentially that for cyanide intoxication.
Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment. Establish respiration; avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if possible during CPR to prevent self-poisoning. Immediately begin therapy with 100 percent humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Be prepared for endotracheal intubation if necessary.
Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high airborne concentrations of this agent without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid becoming secondary victims. Avoid direct dermal contact with cyanide-contaminated patient or gastric contents. Exposed eyes and skin should be rapidly and copiously flushed with water. Contaminated clothing must be rapidly removed. Once removed from the contaminated site, patients exposed to hydrogen cyanide gas only pose a risk of secondary contamination if the agent is trapped in clothing.
Administer 100 percent oxygen; Establish secure large-bore IV. In serious poisonings, administer specific cyanide antidotes.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
Prepare the Cyanide Antidote Kit for use in symptomatic patients.

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE - Administer one mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

Rarely, clinically significant excessive methemoglobinemia has occurred following sodium nitrite therapy. If excessive methemoglobinemia occurs, some authors have suggested that methylene blue should not be used because it could cause the release of cyanide from the cyanmethemoglobin complex. Such authors have suggested that emergency exchange transfusion is the treatment of choice. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy could be used to support the patient while preparations for exchange transfusion are being made.
However, methylene or toluidine blue have been used successfully in this setting without worsening the course of the cyanide poisoning. There is some controversy over whether or not the induction of methemoglobinemia is the sodium nitrite mechanism of action in cyanide poisoning. As long as intensive care monitoring and further antidote doses (if required) are available, methylene blue can most likely be safely administered in this setting.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES

Dicobalt-EDTA (Kelocyanor(R)) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

In symptomatic patients, skip these steps until other major emergency measures including use of Cyanide Antidote Kit and other life support measures have been instituted.

Perform gastric lavage with a large-bore tube after endotracheal intubation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

Administer 100 percent oxygen. Establish secure large-bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
Prepare the Cyanide Antidote Kit for use in symptomatic patients.

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer one mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Whole blood cyanide levels may be obtained to document the poisoning and response to treatment.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

Rarely, clinically significant excessive methemoglobinemia has occurred following sodium nitrite therapy. If excessive methemoglobinemia occurs, some authors have suggested that methylene blue should not be used because it could cause the release of cyanide from the cyanmethemoglobin complex. Such authors have suggested that emergency exchange transfusion is the treatment of choice. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy could be used to support the patient while preparations for exchange transfusion are being made.
However, methylene or toluidine blue have been used successfully in this setting without worsening the course of the cyanide poisoning. There is some controversy over whether or not the induction of methemoglobinemia is the sodium nitrite mechanism of action in cyanide poisoning. As long as intensive care monitoring and further antidote doses (if required) are available, methylene blue can most likely be safely administered in this setting.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES: Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA. See Treatment Sections in the Cyanide Meditext(R) Medical Management for more information.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The average fatal dose of hydrogen cyanide is 50 to 60 mg in humans (Budavari, 1996).

It has been reported widely that exposure to an airborne concentration of 270 ppm of hydrogen cyanide gas is instantly fatal to humans (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Hathaway, 1996).

Other studies state that death occurs in 6 to 8 minutes following a 270-ppm exposure (Hathaway, 1996), after 10 minutes following a 181-ppm exposure and after 30 minutes following a 135-ppm exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Hathaway, 1996). Between 0.5 and 1 hour or more, exposure to 110 to 135 ppm of hydrogen cyanide gas is dangerous to life or is fatal (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

A few minutes of exposure to an airborne level of 300 ppm can result in death (Budavari, 1996).

Human exposure to 100 to 200 ppm airborne concentrations for 30 to 60 minutes has caused death (Lewis, 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Patients have survived exposure to airborne concentrations of 500 mg/m(3) (Bonsall, 1984), ingestions of 1 gram or more of potassium cyanide (Yacoub et al, 1974; Hall & Rumack, 1987) and complete immersion in solutions of cyanide salts (Bismuth et al, 1984; Dodds & McKnight, 1985).

Exposure to hydrogen cyanide airborne levels greater than 50 ppm may cause difficulty breathing, rapid heart rate, paralysis, palpitations, unconsciousness, respiratory arrest or death (Sittig, 1991).

Human life may be endangered after exposure to an airborne hydrogen cyanide concentration of 150 ppm for 0.5 to 1 hour (Budavari, 1996).

ANIMALS

Time to incapacitation was shortened in rats exposed to hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and carbon monoxide, compared with the individual gases. Blood CN levels were a function of both HCN concentration and exposure time in rats exposed to HCN, carbon monoxide and their mixtures. Neither gas affected the uptake of the other to any great extent. Blood CN levels did not correlate directly with incapacitation times (t(i)) (Chaturvedi et al, 1995) -
(HCN) (ppm) (CO) (ppm) t(i) (min) Blood (CN) (mcg/mL)
64 - 35 4.2
- 1902 35 -
64 1902 11.1 1.1
184 - 5 2.3
- 5706 5 -
184 5706 2.6 1.1

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-90-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts, as CN; hydrogen cyanide
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS74-90-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 3x10(-3) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 1996 Clayton & Clayton, 1994 (Hathaway, 1996; HSDB, 1999 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 1996 OHM/TADS, 1999 (RTECS, 1999)
- LC50- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LD- (ORAL)CAT:
- LD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LD- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LD50- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)HUMAN:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)PRIMATE:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (OCULAR)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)CAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (ORAL)PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)HUMAN:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 mg/m(3) = approximately 0.9 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1 ppm = 1.10 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 1999)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS74-90-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts, as CN; hydrogen cyanide

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 4.7 ppm

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; headache; nausea; thyroid eff
Molecular Weight: 27.03

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS74-90-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS74-90-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide
REL:

TWA:
STEL: 4.7 ppm (5 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 50 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS74-90-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide
Table Z-1 for Hydrogen cyanide:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 10

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 11

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS74-90-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:1000

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS74-90-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Hydrocyanic acid
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS74-90-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS74-90-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Hydrocyanic acid
P or U series number: P063
Footnote:
Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide
P or U series number: P063
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS74-90-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Hydrocyanic Acid
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS74-90-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS74-90-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Prussic acid, anhydrous, stabilized
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Prussic acid, anhydrous, stabilized, absorbed in a porous inert material
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Hydrocyanic acid, anhydrous, stabilized, containing less than 3% water
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Hydrocyanic acid, anhydrous, stabilized, containing less than 3% water and absorbed in a porous inert material
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Hydrocyanic acid, aqueous solutions not more than 20% hydrocyanic acid
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Hydrogen cyanide solution in alcohol, with notmore than 45% hydrogen cyanide
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized with less than 3% water
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized with less than 3% water and absorbed in a porous inert material
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS74-90-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Hydrocyanic acid

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1051 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized with less than 3 percent water

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1051
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 3

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: 1, B35, B82, B61, B65, B77

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B35: Tank cars containing hydrogen cyanide may be alternatively marked "Hydrocyanic acid, liquefied" if otherwise conforming to marking requirements in subpart D of this part. Tank cars marked "HYDROCYANIC ACID" prior to October 1, 1991 do not need to be remarked.
B82: Cargo tanks and portable tanks are not authorized.
B61: Written procedures covering details of tank car appurtenances, dome fittings, safety devices, and marking, loading, handling, inspection, and testing practices must be approved by the Associate Administrator before any single unit tank car tank is offered for transportation.
B65: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105A. Each tank car must have a pressure relief device having a start-to-discharge pressure of 15.51 Bar (225 psig). The tank car specification may be marked to indicate a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig).
B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 195
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1613 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrocyanic acid, aqueous solutions or Hydrogen cyanide, aqueous solutions with not more than 20 percent hydrogen cyanide

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1613
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 2, B61, B65, B77, B82, T20, TP2, TP13

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B61: Written procedures covering details of tank car appurtenances, dome fittings, safety devices, and marking, loading, handling, inspection, and testing practices must be approved by the Associate Administrator before any single unit tank car tank is offered for transportation.
B65: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105A. Each tank car must have a pressure relief device having a start-to-discharge pressure of 15.51 Bar (225 psig). The tank car specification may be marked to indicate a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig).
B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.
B82: Cargo tanks and portable tanks are not authorized.
T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 195
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrocyanic acid, aqueous solutions with less than 5 percent hydrogen cyanide

Symbol(s): D

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA1613
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB1, T14, TP2, TP13, TP27

IB1: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 195
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 5 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1614 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized, with less than 3 percent water and absorbed in a porous inert material

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1614
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 5

5: If this material meets the definition for a material poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter), a shipping name must be selected which identifies the inhalation hazard, in Division 2.3 or Division 6.1, as appropriate.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 195
Bulk packaging: None

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 25, 40

25: Shade from radiant heat.
40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3294 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrogen cyanide, solution in alcohol with not more than 45 percent hydrogen cyanide

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3294
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 3

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: 2, B9, B14, B32, B74, T20, TP2, TP13, TP38, TP45

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B32: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331, DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig; and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B74: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105S, 106, 110, 112J, 114J or 120S.
T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP45: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for portable tank shells and heads must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 227
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1051 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized containing less than 3% water
UN Number: 1051

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1613 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Hydrocyanic acid, aqueous solution with not more than 20% hydrogen cyanide
UN Number: 1613
Proper Shipping Name: Hydrogen cyanide, aqueous solution with not more than 20% hydrogen cyanide
UN Number: 1613

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1614 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized containing less than 3% water and absorbed in a porous inert material
UN Number: 1614

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3294 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Hydrogen cyanide, solution in alcohol with not more than 45% hydrogen cyanide
UN Number: 3294

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS74-90-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Hydrocyanic Acid, 96%
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Ensure that bodily contact with hydrogen cyanide is avoided. Wear a positive-pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and appropriate chemical protective clothing (AAR, 1996).
Personnel responsible for handling the compound must be able to recognize hydrogen cyanide odor and apply proper first-aid measures, if necessary (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Containers of hydrogen cyanide should not be stored for longer than 90 days or in excess of the time recommended by the supplier (OHM/TADS , 1999). Because hydrogen cyanide becomes unstable over time, containers of the substance should be returned to the supplier within 90 days of the date indicated on the cylinders (HSDB , 1999).
If hydrogen cyanide darkens or cylinder pressure increases, the compound may be becoming unstable. Contact the supplier immediately (HSDB , 1999).
Do not store hydrogen cyanide if it is "overwet" or if a stabilizer has not been added (Urben, 1995).

HANDLING

Do not attempt to handle broken or leaking containers without protective equipment (AAR, 1996).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Prevent physical damage to containers (ITI, 1995).
Store hydrogen cyanide in steel cylinders or use inert material to completely absorb the compound and then store in cans inside wooden boxes or tank cars (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Store cylinders of hydrogen cyanide in a vertical position and ensure that they are properly grounded and supported both during storage and when they are emptied. Do not damage or drop cylinders (HSDB , 1999).
Regularly empty tanks filled with the substance and inspect them for polymerization (Urben, 1995).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store hydrogen cyanide outdoors or in a detached storage area. When stored indoors, ensure that the compound is kept in a standard combustible-liquid storage cabinet or room. Keep all ignition sources away; store separately from combustible materials (ITI, 1995).
Store the compound away from direct sunlight in a cool and well-ventilated location. Containers of the material should be routinely monitored and inspected (HSDB , 1999).
If inhibited with acid, anhydrous hydrogen cyanide is stable at or below room temperature (HSDB , 1999).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Hydrogen cyanide is incompatible with amines, oxidizers, acids, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, water, caustics, and ammonia (NIOSH , 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Do not attempt to handle broken or leaking containers without protective equipment (AAR, 1996).

Wear full protective clothing including rubber gloves; air mask with clear-view face piece, speaking diaphragm, and demand regulator; vapor proof emergency suit or vinyl-coated coveralls; and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus with a 30-minute air cylinder when working in the vicinity of spills or leaks or when fighting fires (AAR, 1996) CHRIS, 1999).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent contact with the compound (NIOSH , 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

An air escape mask with a 5-minute air cylinder may be used for escape purposes only (CHRIS, 1999).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 74-90-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.06
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

CPF 4

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Reflector

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.18
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.18
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <.022
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 105
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.7
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 105
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.7
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 105
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.7
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 105
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.7
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 105
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.7
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.022
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 60*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.11
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 60*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.11
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 60*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.11
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Guardian Manufacturing Group

CP-25

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >100
Notes: 99%
Citation: (Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)

Neoprene

Guardian Manufacturing Group

IN-35

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 300
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4.4
Notes: 99%
Citation: (Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Guardian Manufacturing Group 302 Conwell Avenue Willard, OH 44890-9525 USA Phone: (419) 933-2711 Fax: (419) 935-8961 Toll-Free: (800) 243-7379 Website: http://www.guardian-mfg.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

All possible sources of liquid or vapor exposure should be examined and adequate ventilation for local exhaust should be provided (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)
- These materials are extremely flammable.
- May form explosive mixtures with air.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Hydrogen cyanide is highly flammable and is a dangerous fire risk (Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991). The compound presents an exceptionally dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flames, sparks or oxidizing materials (ITI, 1996; (Lewis, 1996). It burns with a bluish flame in air (Budavari, 1996).
Vapors from liquid hydrogen cyanide, anhydrous, stabilized are lighter than air and are very flammable. Flames may easily travel back to the source of a leak. Packages of the compound will rupture or rocket violently if prolonged exposure to heat or fire occurs (AAR, 1996).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS74-90-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Hydrocyanic Acid, 96%
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS74-90-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Hydrocyanic Acid, 96%
Extinguishing Method(s): 1

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

Fire should not be extinguished unless the leak can be stopped (AAR, 1996).

Use water as fog in flooding quantities. Solid streams of water may not be effective. Water should be applied from as far away as possible. "Alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide may also be used to extinguish fire (AAR, 1996).

Move containers of hydrogen cyanide away from the fire area if no risk exists in doing so. Personnel should stay away from the ends of tanks. If tanks discolor or if a rising sound from venting safety devices is heard, personnel must withdraw from the area at once (Sittig, 1991).

Containers of the compound exposed to heat from a fire should be cooled with flooding quantities of water (AAR, 1996). Use an unmanned device to cool the containers until well after the fire is out (Sittig, 1991).

Keep all sources of ignition such as flames and sparks away from spilled or leaking material (AAR, 1996).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Hydrogen cyanide combustion products include extremely toxic vapors that can be generated at ordinary temperatures (CHRIS, 1999).
Very toxic cyanide fumes are released when hydrogen cyanide is heated to decomposition or comes into contact with water, steam, acids, or acid fumes (Lewis, 1996).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

If this material is stored for extended periods of time or is exposed to high temperatures and pressures, it may become unstable and explosive (CHRIS, 1999).

When not completely pure or stabilized, hydrogen cyanide can spontaneously polymerize with explosive violence (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrogen cyanide can polymerize at temperatures of 50 to 60 degrees C or when catalyzed by traces of alkali (Lewis, 1996).

When in contact with alkalis, hydrogen cyanide can decompose explosively or polymerize (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrogen cyanide may become unstable and polymerize if the material has not been properly stabilized by the addition of a small amount of acid. The compound (even if stabilized) may also become unstable and polymerize under the following conditions (CCOHS, 1988):

If stored in excess of 90 days;
If the product contains greater than 2 to 5% water;
If the material is heated to 184 degrees C (365 degrees F) or above;
If it comes into contact with a basic material possessing a pH greater than 7.

Hydrogen cyanide reacts violently with acetaldehyde (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrogen cyanide gas forms explosive mixtures with air (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrogen cyanide presents a severe explosion hazard when exposed to flames or heat or by chemical reaction with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1996). The vapor may explode if ignited in an enclosed area (CHRIS, 1999).

Mercury (II) cyanide may initiate a liquid hydrogen cyanide detonation (Urben, 1995).

"Preparation of alkyliminioformate chlorides (imidoester hydrochlorides) by passing hydrogen chloride rapidly into alcoholic hydrogen cyanide proceeds explosively (probably owing to a rapid exotherm), even with strong cooling" (Urben, 1995).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Vapors of hydrogen cyanide gas are highly toxic and can rapidly cause serious poisoning or death (Hall & Rumack, 1986).

Hydrogen cyanide reacts with water, steam, acids, or acid fumes to release extremely toxic cyanide fumes (Lewis, 1996).

Inhalation of less than 20 ppm of the compound has caused headaches, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Inhalation of more than 50 ppm has resulted in breathing difficulty, rapid heart throbbing, paralysis, unconsciousness, respiratory arrest, or death (Sittig, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

A severe explosion hazard exists when the substance chemically reacts with oxidizers or is exposed to heat or flames (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrogen cyanide reacts explosively with acetaldehyde (Lewis, 1996).

At 50 to 60 degrees C or in the presence of traces of alkali, hydrogen cyanide can polymerize explosively (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrogen cyanide gas combined with air is considered an explosive mixture (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrogen cyanide may become unstable and polymerize if the material has not been properly stabilized by the addition of a small amount of acid. The compound (even if stabilized) may also become unstable and polymerize under the following conditions (CCOHS, 1988):

If stored in excess of 90 days;
If the product contains greater than 2 to 5 percent water;
If the material is heated to 184 degrees C (365 degrees F) or above;
If it comes into contact with a basic material with a pH greater than 7.

Examples of explosions involving hydrogen cyanide include (Urben, 1995):

A glass bottle filled with 100 g of 95 to 96 percent hydrogen cyanide and shielded from sunlight exploded after 8 weeks.
A 33- kg cylinder of the compound polymerized and exploded. These actions indicate the lack of a sufficient amount of phosphoric acid stabilizer.
"A tank containing 4 or 5 tonnes of hydrogen cyanide exploded with the force of several kg. of TNT, leading to an HCN fire. This was easily extinguished, the clear-up thereafter being impeded by the toxicity of the unburnt cyanide. The explosion was attributed to build up of polymer (the reaction is autocatalytic because of ammonia generation), insufficient stabiliser (oxalic acid), lower than usual purity (<93%) and possibly to mercury contamination."
"Preparation of alkyliminioformate chlorides (imidoester hydrochlorides) by passing hydrogen chloride rapidly into alcoholic hydrogen cyanide proceeds explosively (probably owing to a rapid exotherm), even with strong cooling" (Urben, 1995).

Exposure of this compound over extended time periods to high temperatures or pressures will cause it to become unstable and explosive (CHRIS, 1999).

Hydrogen cyanide can form explosive mixtures with air and will produce very toxic cyanide fumes when heated to decomposition or when in reaction with water, steam, acids, or acid fumes (Lewis, 1996).

Mercury (II) cyanide may initiate a liquid hydrogen cyanide detonation (Urben, 1995).

The substance is incompatible or will reactive with the following: amines, oxidizers, acids, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, water, caustics, and ammonia (NIOSH , 1999).

Hydrogen cyanide can react vigorously with highly reactive chemicals such as ozone and fluorine (CCOHS, 1988).

Hydrogen cyanide combustion products include extremely toxic vapors that can be generated at ordinary temperatures (CHRIS, 1999).

Hydrogen cyanide dissolves in water with a moderate reaction (CHRIS, 1999).

The compound containing up to 10 percent water and stored at 50 to 60 degrees C in glass ampoules polymerized and, at room temperature, has also catalyzed due to reaction with a minute amount of alkali (NFPA, 1997).

"Crude cyanogen chloride (endothermic, prepared from hydrogen cyanide and chlorine) may trimerise violently to cyanuric chloride, catalysed by traces of hydrogen chloride or ammonium chloride" (Urben, 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1051 - Hydrocyanic acid, aqueous solutions, with more than 20% Hydrogen cyanide

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 150 meters (500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.7 kilometers (2.3 miles).

DOT ID No. 1051 - Hydrocyanic acid, liquefied

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 150 meters (500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.7 kilometers (2.3 miles).

DOT ID No. 1051 - Hydrogen cyanide, anhydrous, stabilized

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 150 meters (500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.7 kilometers (2.3 miles).

DOT ID No. 1051 - Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 150 meters (500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.7 kilometers (2.3 miles).

DOT ID No. 1613 - Hydrocyanic acid, aqueous solution, with not more than 20% Hydrogen cyanide

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 120 meters (400 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles).

DOT ID No. 1613 - Hydrogen cyanide, aqueous solution, with not more than 20% Hydrogen cyanide

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 120 meters (400 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles).

DOT ID No. 1614 - Hydrogen cyanide, anhydrous, stabilized (absorbed)

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.6 kilometers (0.4 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.7 kilometers (1.1 miles).

DOT ID No. 1614 - Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized (absorbed)

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.6 kilometers (0.4 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.7 kilometers (1.1 miles).

DOT ID No. 3294 - Hydrogen cyanide, solution in alcohol, with not more than 45% Hydrogen cyanide

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.4 kilometers (0.2 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 210 meters (700 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.7 kilometers (0.4 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 2.1 kilometers (1.3 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Issue a high flammability warning when material is discharged. Evacuate the area and restrict access (CHRIS, 1999).

If fire becomes uncontrollable or a container is directly exposed to flames, evacuate to a radius of one-half mile (AAR, 1996).

If hydrogen cyanide is leaking but not on fire, consider evacuating to a radius of one-half mile. Base this decision on the spill location, amount spilled, and weather conditions (AAR, 1996).

Do not touch hydrogen cyanide and stop leaks of the substance only if it can be done without risk (Sittig, 1991). Eliminate ignition sources and blanket the release using vapor-suppressing foam (NFPA, 1997).

Evacuate the area and avoid contact with the liquid and vapor. If possible, stop the discharge, shut off ignition sources, and call the fire department (NFPA, 1997).

Keep upwind of the substance and out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. Isolate the area until gas disperses and then remove discharged material. Inform local health and pollution control agencies of the spill (CHRIS, 1999; (Sittig, 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS74-90-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Hydrogen Cyanide
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): Not appropriate
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 10
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 25
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS74-90-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Hydrogen cyanide (Hydrocyanic acid)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1.9
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 7.1
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 15
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS74-90-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 2.5 ppm
mg/m3: 2.8 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 2.5 ppm
mg/m3: 2.8 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 2 ppm
mg/m3: 2.2 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.3 ppm
mg/m3: 1.4 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 1 ppm
mg/m3: 1.1 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 17 ppm
mg/m3: 19 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 10 ppm
mg/m3: 11 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 7.1 ppm
mg/m3: 7.8 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 3.5 ppm
mg/m3: 3.9 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 2.5 ppm
mg/m3: 2.8 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 27 ppm
mg/m3: 30 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 21 ppm
mg/m3: 23 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 15 ppm
mg/m3: 17 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 8.6 ppm
mg/m3: 9.7 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 6.6 ppm
mg/m3: 7.3 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS74-90-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 50 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- Consider igniting spill or leak to eliminate toxic gas concerns.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
LAND SPILLS (AAR, 1996)
- Contain liquid or solid material by digging a pit, pond, or lagoon.
- Use soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete to dike surface flow.
- Use fly ash or cement powder to absorb bulk liquid.
WATER SPILLS (AAR, 1996)
- Limit spill movement using natural barriers or oil spill control booms.
- Use agricultural lime, crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate to neutralize spilled material.
AIR SPILLS (AAR, 1996)
- Knock down vapors using water spray or mist.
- Dike vapor knockdown water, which is corrosive or toxic.
Lime helps to suppress the release of highly dangerous hydrogen cyanide gas (OHM/TADS , 1999).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
Small amounts of waste hydrogen cyanide solutions can be decontaminated by adjusting the pH to 12 or greater using caustic and then mixing the material in a ferric sulfate solution to produce relatively nontoxic ferrocyanide (CCOHS, 1988).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Chemically convert to carbon dioxide and ammonia using hypochlorite or chloride in a basic media (Sittig, 1991).
- Treating hydrogen cyanide with hypochlorite or caustics will convert the compound to less toxic cyanates, but caution is recommended when using this treatment method, as overdosing can cause a new hazard (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Adding ferric chloride to hydrogen cyanide will precipitate the cyanide out (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Adding ferrous sulfate to cyanide-containing solutions will precipitate out complex salts, which may then be disposed as sludge. Note, however, that upon irradiation with light these salts can decompose, emitting hydrogen chloride gas (HSDB , 1999).
An effluent containing a small amount of the compound is best detoxified by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide or ozone (HSDB , 1999).
Treat concentrated hydrogen cyanide solutions using an oxidation process relying on elemental chlorine or sodium hypochlorite solution (available in the commercial form with 13-15% active chlorine). Several steps comprise the detoxification process, which eventually yields cyanogen chloride and cyanate, leading to such end products as ammonia, hydrogen carbonate, or carbon dioxide and nitrogen (HSDB , 1999).
Hydrogen cyanide can be converted to less toxic thiocyanate by adjusting the pH to 9-11 and treating with chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, or calcium hypochlorite. No more than 10% hypochlorite should be used, and the final solution should be tested for the absence of free cyanide (CCOHS, 1988).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Cyanide was adsorbed from water solutions, as hydrogen cyanide, onto granulated activated carbon. The adsorption was described by the Freundlich isotherm in the range of 1 mg/L or less (Guo et al, 1993).
Adequate total destruction can be achieved by controlled incineration (Sittig, 1991).
Hydrogen cyanide is a potential candidate for the following disposal methods: rotary kiln incineration between 820 and 1600 degrees C with a residence time of seconds; fluidized bed incineration between 450 to 980 degrees C with a residence time of seconds; and liquid injection incineration between 650 to 1600 degrees C with a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Appropriate incineration methods for hydrogen cyanide gas include use of a heat recovery boiler, reduction furnace, or a quench chamber (HSDB , 1999).
"At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices" (HSDB , 1999).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Hydrogen cyanide may be generated by the following: cigarette smoking, blast furnaces, coke ovens, gas works, jet turbine emissions, oil shale retorting processes, metal finishing industries, iron and steel mills, organic chemical industries. Hydrogen cyanide may also be emitted in lethal amounts from Flamentin-flameproof cotton (at lower temperatures) and wool (at higher temperatures) (HSDB , 1999).

Microorganisms naturally produce molecular hydrogen cyanide, as do glycosides, during cyanogenic degradation (HSDB , 1999).

A microscopic blue-green algae, anacystis nidulans, used a histidine to emit substantial quantities of hydrogen cyanide. An 0.5 mg/L concentration existed in the culture medium in 3 hours (HSDB , 1999).

Apricot kernels will liberate hydrogen cyanide after hydrolysis (following ingestion) due to amygdalin, a cyanogenic substance contained within the kernels (HSDB , 1999).

Hydrogen cyanide is a major toxic component of combustion products of polyvinyl chloride, aromatic polyamides, foam polyurethanes, acrylonitrile copolymers, and fluororganic polymers (HSDB , 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Hydrogen cyanide gas in the atmosphere reacts slowly with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals. It is predicted that the compound will resist direct photolysis (HSDB , 1999).
- Because the substance degrades slowly in air, it is capable of being transported over long distances (HSDB , 1999).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- The acidity of the compound will slowly reduce over time due to natural alkalinity. Hydrogen cyanide gas will dissipate (OHM/TADS , 1999).
- Wet deposition may be an important fate process, as hydrogen cyanide is miscible in water (HSDB , 1999).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Hydrogen cyanide fate in soil is predicted to be pH dependent. At a pH of less than 9.2 on soil surfaces, the compound is very volatile and, in the soil, it is highly mobile. In locations such as landfills, where the compound is toxic to microorganisms, hydrogen cyanide may leach into groundwater (HSDB , 1999).
- Montmorillonitic clays do not adsorb large quantities of hydrogen cyanide and adsorption amounts are decreased by the presence of water (HSDB , 1999).

OTHER

OTHER
- HALF-LIVES (Howard, 1991)

BIODEGRADATION

Hydrogen cyanide existing in subsurface soil at low concentrations is expected to biodegrade (HSDB , 1999).

"Waste water treatment; sludge digestion: at 25 mg/L; no adverse effect in 24 days; at 30 mg/L: initial retarding effect for 6 days; at 50 mg/L: 10% reduction in gas production" (HSDB , 1999).

AQUEOUS BIODEGRADATION (UNACCLIMATED) (Howard, 1991)

Aerobic Half-Life: High: 4032 hours (6 months); Low: 672 hours (4 weeks). Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon acclimated aerobic screening test data."
Anaerobic Half-Life: High: 16,128 hours (24 months); Low: 2688 hours (16 weeks). Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life."

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Freshwater Ecotoxicity Values (OHM/TADS , 1999):

Fish: 0.21 ppm -- Effect: lethal; Test environment: temperature controlled
Bluegill: 0.155 ppm for 72H -- Effect: 60% survival; Test environment: pH 7.8-7.9
Bluegill: 0.01-0.06 for <24H -- Effect: lethal; Test environment: pH 7.5-8.28
Sunfish: 0.06 ppm for 24H -- Effect: lethal; Test environment: pH 7.5-8.28
Largemouth bass: 0.06 ppm for <24H -- Effect: lethal; Test environment: pH 7.5-8.28
Pomoxisannularis: 0.05-0.07 ppm for <24H -- Effect: lethal; Test environment: 7.5-8.28
IL50 root weight - Eurasion watermilfoil: 22.4 ppm (as CN)
IL50 stem weight - Eurasion watermilfoil: 20 ppm (as CN)
IL50 root length - Eurasion watermilfoil: 28.6 ppm (as CN)
IL50 stem length - Eurasion watermilfoil: 27.3 ppm (as CN)
TLm - Young bass: 0.16 ppm for 72H -- Test environment: temperature controlled
TLm - Rainbow trout: 0.07 ppm for 24H
TLm - Bluegill: 0.16 ppm for 72H - Test environment: pH 7.8-7.9
TLm - Bluegill: 0.18 ppm for 96H - Test environment: acclimated
TLm - Bluegill: 0.18 ppm for 96H
TLm - Physa heterostrophe: 0.432 ppm for 96H
TLm - Guppy: 0.42 ppm for 20H
TLm - Guppy: 0.28 ppm for 30H
TLm - Guppy: 0.26 ppm for 42H

Saltwater Ecotoxicity Value (OHM/TADS , 1999):

TLm - Pin perch: 0.069 ppm (as CN) for 24H

General Ecotoxicity Values (water type not specified) (HSDB , 1999)

Daphnia: 1.8 mg/L for 48H - Effect: 50% immobilization
LC50 - Asellus communis: 2.29 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - Gammarus pseudolimnaeous: 0.17 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill swim up fry): 232-365 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill, juvenile): 75-125 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill, juvenile): 134 mcg/L for 48H
LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill, juvenile): 154 mcg/L for 72H
LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill): 160 mcg/L for 48H
LC50 - Perca flavescens (yellow perch eggs): >276-389 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Perca flavescens (yellow perch, juvenile): 76-108 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Perca flavescens (yellow perch, embryo): 281 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout eggs): >212 to >242 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout, sac fry): 108-518 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout, swim up fry): 56-106 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout, juvenile): 53-143 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout): 57 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout): 68 mcg/L for 48H
LC50 - Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow eggs): 121-352 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, swim up fry): 82-122 mcg/L/H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, juvenile): 82-137 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, juvenile, wild stock): 157-191 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow): 240 mcg/L for 48H
LC50 - Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, juvenile): 120 mcg/L for 5D
LC50 - Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, juvenile): 123 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - Goniobasis livescens (snail): 760,000 mcg/L for 48H
LC50 - Lymnaea emarginata (snail): 3300 mcg/L for 48H
LC50 - Lymnaea sp, (snail, embryo): 51,900 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - Physa integra (snail): 1350 mcg/L for 48H
LC50 - Stemonema rubrum (mayfly): 500 mcg/L for 48H
LC50 - Hyfropsyche sp (caddisfly): 2000 mcg/L for 48H
TLm - Pinperch: 0.069 mg/L for 24H
TLm - Pinperch: 0.05 mg/L for 24H (in seawater)
TLm - Lepomis humilis (sunfish): 0.18 mg/L for 24H
LTC - Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill eggs): 535-693 mcg/L for 96H - Test environment: flow-through bioassay

Chronic aquatic toxicity limit: 0.05 ppm (OHM/TADS , 1999)

RAINBOW TROUT: Short-term exposure of female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to low levels (0.01 mg/L) of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) produced a decline in the plasma levels of reproductive and metabolic hormones (Ruby et al, 1993).

Hydrogen cyanide is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS, 1999). Special attention should be given to the possibility of water pollution, as hydrogen cyanide is highly toxic to all aquatic species (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Notify local wildlife authorities of water spills (CHRIS, 1999).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

27.03 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless, very volatile gas. At temperatures below 26.5 degrees C, it exists as a water-white or blue-white liquid (ACGIH, 1996; (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997).

It possesses a slight bitter-almond odor (Lewis, 1997).

The ability to detect the bitter almond-like odor of cyanide is genetically determined and from 20 to 60 percent of the population are unable to detect its presence (Hall & Rumack, 1986).

Hydrogen cyanide is weakly acidic, but does not redden litmus (Budavari, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

620 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996)

807.23 mmHg (at 27.22 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

400 mmHg (at 9.8 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

100 mmHg (at -17.8 degrees C); 360 mmHg (at 7 degrees C); 658.7 mmHg (at 219 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 1999)

742 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.688 (at 20 degrees C/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

Gas: 0.9 (CHRIS, 1999)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.715 g/mL (at 0 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
0.70 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
LIQUID: 0.689 g/L (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 1999)
LIQUID: 0.699 g/L (at 22 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

Liquid: 0.687 g/L (Budavari, 1996)
LIQUID: 0.703 g/L (96% solution) (ACGIH, 1996)
Gas: 0.941 g/L (Air=1) (Budavari, 1996)
Gas: 0.938 g/L (Lewis, 1997)
Gas: 0.901 g/L (HSDB , 1999)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

7 degrees F (96% solution) (NIOSH , 1999)
-13.3 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

MELTING POINT

-13.4 degrees C (ACGIH, 1996; (Budavari, 1996)
-14 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997)
-13 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
-13.2 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

BOILING POINT

26 degrees C; 79 degrees F (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997)

26.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

25.7 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996)

25.6 degrees C (ACGIH, 1996; (Budavari, 1996)

78 degrees F (96% solution) (NIOSH , 1999)

FLASH POINT

-18 degrees C; 0 degrees F (closed cup) (Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1997)

0 degrees F (96% solution) (NIOSH , 1999)

-17.78 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1996)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

540 degrees C; 1004 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

1000 degrees F (Lewis, 1996)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

5.6% (ACGIH, 1996; CHRIS, 1999; (NIOSH , 1999; NFPA, 1997)

UPPER

40% (ACGIH, 1996; CHRIS, 1999; (NIOSH , 1999; NFPA, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Hydrogen cyanide is miscible with water (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).
1,000,000 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Hydrogen cyanide is miscible with alcohol (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).
It is slightly soluble in ether (Budavari, 1996).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = -0.25 (HSDB , 1999)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

1642 (HSDB , 1999)

MASS

2 (HSDB , 1999)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

1 mg/m(3) (CHRIS, 1999)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

735 psia; 50 atm; 5.07 MN/m(2) (CHRIS, 1999)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

183.5 degrees C; 362.3 degrees F; 456.7 degrees K (CHRIS, 1999)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-10,560 Btu/lb; -5864 cal/g; -245.3X10(5) J/kg (CHRIS, 1999)

HEAT OF FUSION

74.38 (CHRIS, 1999)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.2619 (at 20 degrees C ) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1.2675 (at 10 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

13.60 eV (NIOSH , 1999)

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