HYDROFLUORIC ACID
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
ACIDE FLUORHYDRIQUE (French) ACIDO FLUORIDRICO (Italian) ACIDO FLUORHIDRICO (Spanish) ANHYDROUS HYDROFLUORIC ACID ANTISAL 2B FLUORURE D'HYDROGENE ANHYDRE (French) FLUORURO DE HIDROGENO ANHIDRO (Spanish) FLUOHYDRIC ACID FLUORIC ACID FLUOHYDRIC ACID GAS FLUORHYDRIC ACID FLUOROWODOR (Polish) FLUORWASSERSTOFF (German) FLUORWATERSTOF (Dutch) HF HF-A HYDROFLUORIC ACID HYDROFLUORIC ACID, ANHYDROUS HYDROFLUORIC ACID GAS HYDROFLUORIC ACID SOLUTION HYDROFLUORIDE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, ANHYDROUS RUBIGINE CAS 676-99-3 CAS 7783-70-2 FLUORIC ACID, SOLUTION HEXAFLUOROKIESELSAIURE (GERMAN) HEXAFLUOROSILICIC ACID HYDROFLUORIDE, SOLUTION HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, SOLUTION PHOSPHONODIFLUORIDIC ACID, METHYL- SULFUR FLUROIDE (TETRAFLUORIDE)
IDENTIFIERS
1052-Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous 1790-Hydrofluoric acid 1790-Hydrofluoric acid, solution
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (RTECS , 1998; Lewis, 1996; AAR, 1996; Budavari, 1996; EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1998; CIM, 1988; OSHA, 1989; CHRIS , 1998a)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Hydrogen fluoride is used as a catalyst in the petroleum industry, for various fluorination processes, in separating uranium isotopes, in analytical and dye chemistry, in the production of fluorine, and in the production of aluminum fluoride; it is also used to stop the fermentation in brewing (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Sittig, 1991). Hydrofluoric acid is widely used in many industrial settings including the production of integrated circuits, fluorides, plastics, germicides, insecticides and in etching and cleaning silicone, glass, metal, stone and porcelain. Hydrofluoric acid is also used in enameling and galvanizing iron, pickling stainless steel, in the production of gasoline, in the production of aluminum, and in adjusting pH in oil well operations and working silk (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Sittig, 1991). Hydrofluoric acid can be found in automotive cleaning products (eg, rust removers, aluminum brighteners) and though present in relatively low concentrations, toxicity can result from prolonged exposure (Garrettson & Siegel, 1989). It can also be found in higher concentrations (up to 20%). These products can cause severe chemical burns (Reeb-Whitaker et al, 2015). Hydrofluoric acid can be found in many domestic products including air conditioner cleaners, aluminum cleaners, wheel cleaners, and rust removers. It is also found in many carpet, wall, and tub cleaners (Stuke et al, 2008).
Hydrogen fluoride is in the form of a gas above 19.5 degrees C and a liquid below 19.5 degrees C. It is easily dissolved in water to form hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid consisting of 45% or 53% hydrogen fluoride is being marketed. However, higher concentrations have been reported to be in use in industry. Concentrated hydrofluoric acid is a strong acid. Upon dilution, hydrofluoric acid is only weakly acidic at 0.1M (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Raffle et al, 1994). Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is highly associated in the liquid state (as indicated by the high boiling point) and in the vapor phase at normal room temperature (however, at 1 atm and 80 degrees C, it is monomeric) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Hydrofluoric acid is available in chemically pure (CP) and technical, 38%, 47%, 53% and 70% grades (Lewis, 1996).
SYNONYM EXPLANATION
- Editor's note: This document encompasses both hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous and liquefied, and hydrofluoric acid, aqueous or in solution. Some of the references do not differentiate between hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid. The text has been written to reflect the specific reference.
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is an irritant gas used in chemical manufacturing or a solution used for rust removal, glass etching, and silicon semiconductor chip manufacturing.
- TOXICOLOGY: Highly electronegative fluoride ion penetrates tissues deeply and binds calcium leading to hypocalcemia (and hypomagnesemia), tissue burns (rare) and cell death.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Poisoning is uncommon with mostly minor and moderate outcomes, but may be life-threatening. Usually occurs via dermal route but occasionally ocular, ingestion or inhalation. Severe poisoning most often occurs after ingestion, but may develop from a dermal exposure of a large surface area and/or to a high concentration product.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: DERMAL: Exposure can result in delayed, unrelenting, severe pain without visible signs of injury. OCULAR: Exposure can cause mucosal irritation. INHALATION: Inhalation of low concentrations may cause prompt mucosal irritation, dyspnea, cough and wheezing. INGESTION: GI irritation (ie, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, abdominal pain) may be expected following ingestion. SEVERE TOXICITY: DERMAL: Tissue destruction or necrosis may be caused by dermal exposures to large amounts of or highly concentrated solutions of HF, and may result in systemic poisoning. OCULAR: Ocular exposure to liquid HF produces rapid pain, conjunctival injection, corneal abrasion or ulceration, progressive corneal vascularization and stroma scarring, and corneal opacification. Permanent visual deficits may occur in severe cases. INGESTION: Significant gastrointestinal burns may be expected after significant exposure. Painful necrotic lesions, hemorrhagic gastritis, and pancreatitis have been reported after significant exposure. Ingestion or inhalation may cause systemic poisoning with hypocalcemia, ventricular dysrhythmias (prolonged QTc, torsades de pointes), hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, acidosis and cardiac arrest. Cardiac toxicity generally manifests within 6 hours of an exposure. INHALATION: Dyspnea, bronchospasm (with abnormal PFTs and hypoxia), chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema (can be hemorrhagic), tracheobronchitis, upper airway obstruction, chemical burns (larynx, trachea, bronchi) , ARDS, and respiratory failure may occur following inhalation. Ingestion of more than 30 mL of a 5% solution can be fatal.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Vapors are extremely irritating and corrosive. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
TOXICOLOGY: Highly electronegative fluoride ion penetrates tissues deeply and binds calcium leading to hypocalcemia (and hypomagnesemia), tissue burns (rare) and cell death. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Poisoning is uncommon with mostly minor and moderate outcomes, but may be life-threatening. Usually occurs via dermal route but occasionally ocular, ingestion or inhalation. Severe poisoning most often occurs after ingestion, but may develop from a dermal exposure of a large surface area and/or to a high concentration product. MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: DERMAL: Exposure can result in delayed, unrelenting, severe pain without visible signs of injury. OCULAR: Exposure can cause mucosal irritation. INHALATION: Inhalation of low concentrations may cause prompt mucosal irritation, dyspnea, cough and wheezing. INGESTION: GI irritation (ie, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, abdominal pain) may be expected following ingestion. SEVERE TOXICITY: DERMAL: Tissue destruction or necrosis may be caused by dermal exposures to large amounts of or highly concentrated solutions of HF, and may result in systemic poisoning. OCULAR: Ocular exposure to liquid HF produces rapid pain, conjunctival injection, corneal abrasion or ulceration, progressive corneal vascularization and stroma scarring, and corneal opacification. Permanent visual deficits may occur in severe cases. INGESTION: Significant gastrointestinal burns may be expected after significant exposure. Painful necrotic lesions, hemorrhagic gastritis, and pancreatitis have been reported after significant exposure. Ingestion or inhalation may cause systemic poisoning with hypocalcemia, ventricular dysrhythmias (prolonged QTc, torsades de pointes), hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, acidosis and cardiac arrest. Cardiac toxicity generally manifests within 6 hours of an exposure. INHALATION: Dyspnea, bronchospasm (with abnormal PFTs and hypoxia), chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema (can be hemorrhagic), tracheobronchitis, upper airway obstruction, chemical burns (larynx, trachea, bronchi) , ARDS, and respiratory failure may occur following inhalation. Ingestion of more than 30 mL of a 5% solution can be fatal.
Metabolic acidosis has been reported in multiple cases involving ingested, dermal, and inhaled exposures to hydrofluoric acid (Tsonis et al, 2008; Holstege et al, 2005; Bordelon et al, 1993).
CONDUCTION DISORDER OF THE HEART: Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia with associated QTc prolongation and torsades de pointes and ventricular dysrhythmias including bigeminy, ventricular tachycardia, refractory ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest have been reported following ingestion and dermal exposure. Cardiac toxicity generally manifests within 6 hours of an exposure (Dalamaga et al, 2008; Wedler et al, 2005; Cordero et al, 2004).
Hydrogen fluoride burns may cause little initial pain, especially with low concentration forms of the acid. It readily penetrates the skin and mucous membranes. The associated hydrogen fluoride penetrates into the deep subdermal layers and causes severe destruction and liquefaction necrosis. Insidious onset of erythema progressing to vesiculation, ulceration, and finally tissue necrosis occurs. Eventually a characteristically severe throbbing pain sets in, which may not be adequately controlled by parenteral narcotics (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Asvesti et al, 1997; Garrido et al, 2001). ONSET with CONCENTRATIONS LESS THAN 20%: Erythema and pain may be delayed up to 24 hours and often are not reported until significant tissue damage has occurred (Matsuno, 1996; Bryant & Greenberg, 2001).
HYPOCALCEMIA: Hypocalcemia has been reported after dermal and oral exposure to hydrofluoric acid (HF) (Wu et al, 2010; Wedler et al, 2005; Holstege et al, 2005; Cordero et al, 2004). HYPOMAGNESEMIA: Hypomagnesemia has been reported after dermal and oral exposure to hydrofluoric acid (Wu et al, 2010; Holstege et al, 2005; Cordero et al, 2004). HYPERKALEMIA: Hyperkalemia has been reported following oral and dermal exposures to hydrofluoric acid (Holstege et al, 2005; Dote et al, 2003).
CHEMICAL BURN: Significant gastrointestinal burns are NOT expected after taste ingestions of low concentration products, but may occur after ingestion of high concentrations (greater than 20%) or deliberate ingestions (i.e., suicidal attempts by adults) of large amounts of low or high concentration products. Caustic injury to the esophagus, stomach and duodenum with sloughing and necrosis has been reported following ingestions (Menchel & Dunn, 1984; Chela et al, 1989; Kao et al, 1999; Chu et al, 2001). GASTRIC HEMORRHAGE: Hemorrhagic gastritis may occur following significant ingestions (Menchel & Dunn, 1984; Manoguerra & Neuman, 1986; Kleinfeld, 1965). NAUSEA, VOMITING AND DIARRHEA: Spontaneous vomiting is common following exposure (Klasner et al, 1996). Persistent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were reported following dermal exposure to 70% hydrofluoric acid (Wedler et al, 2005).
EYES CORNEAL DAMAGE: Corneal epithelial defects may occur after ocular exposure (Sadove et al, 1990; Bentur et al, 1993). In severe cases, corneal erosion and necrosis may develop. Corneal opacification may develop several days after exposure (McCulley et al, 1983; Hatai et al, 1986). Following liquid or vapor eye exposures, injuries may result in prolonged or permanent visual defects or total loss of vision (Martin & Muller, 2002; Matsuno, 1996).
EYE IRRITATION: Eye irritation is common after exposure to fumes (Wing et al, 1991). In chemical manufacturing where a mixture of fluorine, fluorides, and hydrogen fluoride may be present in air, conjunctival hyperemia in the palpebral fissure occurs commonly, irritation of the eyelids occurs occasionally, and corneal disturbance occurs rarely (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
THROAT MUCOUS MEMBRANE ULCERATION AND IRRITATION: High concentration (greater than 20%) hydrofluoric acid is highly corrosive and contact with the oral cavity may cause deep, painful, necrotic lesions and ulceration (Menchel & Dunn, 1984; Chela et al, 1989). Ingestions of lower concentration products may not produce oral mucosal injuries, but severe systemic toxicity may occur without local injury. Mucous membrane irritation is common after exposure to fumes; burning sensation to the tongue may occur (Trevino et al, 2001; Wing et al, 1991).
DISRUPTION OF METABOLISM: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: Hydrogen fluoride passes easily through cell membranes by nonionic diffusion and binds to magnesium and calcium making them unavailable for various biological functions. Because of such interference with calcium function, small amounts of fluoride can drastically disrupt metabolism (Harbison, 1998).
BONE DECALCIFICATION: The fluoride ion may cause decalcification and corrosion of bone beneath the area of dermal burn. Bone destruction is extremely painful (Dibbell et al, 1970; Matsuno, 1996). RHABDOMYOLYSIS: ACUTE EXPOSURE: Rhabdomyolysis, with elevated CPK levels, has been reported following dermal exposures (Sanz-Gallen et al, 2001; Sadove et al, 1990). CHRONIC FLUOROSIS: Fluorosis can occur as a result of high fluorides (in excess of 10 ppm) in drinking water or occupational exposure (Raffle et al, 1994) or larger dermal burns (Matsuno, 1996). Clinical fluorosis is not likely to be observed with less than 10 years of exposure to fluoride (Zenz, 1994). Fluorosis is characterized by skeletal changes such as increased bone density of the spine and pelvis, calcification of ligaments, and hyperostosis (Harbison, 1998).
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Hemorrhagic pulmonary edema has been observed after significant inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposures (Watson et al, 1973) Mayer & Guelich, 1986; (Chan et al, 1987; Manoguerra & Neuman, 1986; Takase et al, 2004). DYSPNEA: Following inhalation, dyspnea is common. Bronchospasm may occur (Wing et al, 1991; Sadove et al, 1990). ABNORMAL PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST: Pulmonary function testing may show decreased FEV1 and decreased FEV1/FVC following a hydrofluoric acid exposure (Wing et al, 1991). PNEUMONITIS: Severe chemical pneumonitis may occur following inhalation (Klasner et al, 1996).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Repeated exposure to airborne concentrations of 3 ppm or less could be tolerated with no apparent ill effects for 6 hours/day for up to 50 days; redness of the skin and irritation and burning of the eyes and nose were noted at airborne concentrations between 3 ppm and 4.7 ppm (ACGIH, 1992). No significant changes in pulmonary function occurred with occupational exposure to airborne levels averaging 1.03 ppm (ACGIH, 1992).
- Effects of chronic exposure include systemic fluoride toxicity (FLUOROSIS), osteosclerosis, and mottling of the teeth (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; White, 1980; Waldbott & Lee, 1978). Hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, pulmonary edema, and death can occur from high-level chronic exposure.
- HF has been reported to act synergistically with sulfur dioxide to produce changes in enzyme levels in rats exposed chronically to airborne concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/m(3) (Ajbaev, 1976).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
FLUORIDE BINDING - Attempt immediate administration of a fluoride binding substance. Options include milk (one-half to one glassful), chewable calcium carbonate tablets, or milk of magnesia. Avoid large amounts of liquid, since this may induce vomiting.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. In case of contact with Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous (UN1052), flush skin and eyes with water for 5 minutes; then, for skin exposures rub on a calcium/jelly combination; for eyes flush with a water/calcium solution for 15 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Keep victim under observation. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately irrigate the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. DERMAL EXPOSURE: Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention. ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the patient to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
ORAL Death has occurred after ingestion of 1.5 grams of hydrofluoric acid (concentration unknown) within 6.5 hours of ingestion. Postmortem findings in this case revealed no gross tissue damage and a liver fluoride level of 165 mcg/100 g (Curry, 1962). A 33-year-old man who ingested 3 to 4 oz of a rust remover (unstated HF concentration) died within 45 to 60 minutes. At autopsy, severe mucosal edema of the stomach and hemorrhage and necrosis of the pancreas were noted. Postmortem blood fluoride level was 56.2 mg/L (Menchel & Dunn, 1984). Two adults died after drinking 3 and 6 oz respectively of a product containing 6 to 8% HF (Kao et al, 1999). Oral ingestion of 15 mL of a 9% solution was reported to cause death (Webster, 1930). Following a suicidal ingestion of an unknown quantity of a 10% hydrofluoric acid and 25% ammonium bifluoride solution, a 43-year-old man was found dead. Blood fluoride concentration was reported to be 13 mg/L. Postmortem description of the body was notable for a lack of evidence of burns expected with ingestion (Bost & Springfield, 1995).
DERMAL A dermal exposure to 70% hydrofluoric acid over a 2.5% total body surface area resulted in death. The serum calcium level was 2.2 mg/dL (Tepperman, 1980). A dermal exposure to 80% hydrofluoric acid over 5% total body surface area resulted in death. Serial ionized calcium levels, in spite of IV calcium gluconate therapy, were 0.57, 1.84, 0.63, and 0.74 mmol/L (Hung et al, 1998). A dermal exposure to 70% hydrofluoric acid over a 10% total body surface area resulted in death of a 7-year-old girl; the serum calcium level was 5.5 mg/dL (Speranza et al, 2002). An adult patient who developed 25% total body surface area second degree burns after exposure to a 70% hydrofluoric acid preparation died in cardiac arrest (El Saadi et al, 1989). Ionized serum calcium level was 1.7 mg/dL (normal: 4 to 4.8) immediately premortem (El Saadi et al, 1989). Two workers died following a splash exposure of 70% hydrofluoric acid to the face, chest, arms and legs. Both workers were promptly removed from site of exposure. Clothing was removed and burns were initially treated at the workplace with a cold shower and alcohol was applied to burn areas. Suitable protective clothing was not worn at the workplace (Chan et al, 1987). A woman died from severe chemical burns of the skin and lungs, with intense pulmonary hemorrhagic edema after having acid thrown onto her face during an attack (Chela et al, 1989). A patient with HF burns involving 8% of his body died from intractable cardiac dysrhythmia with profound hypocalcemia (Mullett et al, 1987). For the period 1984 through 1994, nine fatal unintentional occupational poisonings due to hydrofluoric acid were reported by OSHA in the US. Of these, 4 deaths were from skin contact with concentrated HF, and 5 deaths were from a combination of both skin contact and inhalation of vapor (Blodgett et al, 2001).
INHALATION Estimates of the lowest lethal concentrations for hydrogen fluoride range from 50 to 250 ppm for 5 minute exposure and are based on accidental, voluntary and occupational exposure information (Hathaway et al, 1996). LCLo (INHL) HUMAN - 50 ppm for 30 minutes (RTECS , 2001).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
DERMAL Dermal exposure to solutions containing greater than 50% HF produces immediate burning, erythema and tissue damage, whereas exposure to 20% to 50% HF results in pain and erythema which may be delayed up to 1 to 8 hours. Exposure to solutions containing less than 20% HF results in erythema and pain delayed up to 24 hours after exposure (Iverson et al, 1971; Dibbell et al, 1970). CASE REPORT: A 38-year-old man was splashed on the right thigh with 20% hydrofluoric acid, and developed 3% total body surface area first-degree burn. He immediately washed and applied 2.5% calcium gluconate gel to the affected area. On presentation, all serum electrolytes were normal, and he had mild leukocytosis and mild metabolic acidosis. He later developed hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, bradycardia, and asystole 16 hours after exposure. Following resuscitation and treatment with IV 10% calcium chloride, 10% calcium glucose, 20% magnesium sulfate, and 15% potassium chloride, he was stabilized and returned to sinus bradycardia, which persisted from 9 to 49 hours postexposure. Overall, 112 mEq IV calcium, 97.2 mEq IV magnesium, and 142 mEq of IV and oral potassium were administered and he gradually recovered and was discharged after 4 days of hospitalization (Wu et al, 2010). CASE REPORT - A 48-year-old man developed erythema and second-degree burns to 3.5% of his body surface area following dermal exposure to 70% HF. He immediately showered and applied 5% calcium glucontae gel, and arrived at the hospital 45 minutes later; ECG showed QTc prolongation and ventricular tachycardia. Initial total and ionized calcium levels were 5.6 mg/dL and 0.8 mmol/L, respectively. Other lab tests revealed hypokalemia (2.1 mmol/L) and hypomagnesemia (0.25 mmol/L). All electrolyte abnormalities were corrected with IV replacement, and cardiac rhythm returned to sinus approximately 20 hours post admission. A full recovery without sequelae was reported (Dalamaga et al, 2008). In one study it was reported that 7% HF acid produced symptoms in 1 to several hours, 12% acid produced symptoms in under an hour, and 14.5% solutions produced symptoms immediately (Velvart, 1983). Seven patients exposed to 5% HF solution developed symptoms (pain, erythema and significant edema) within 5 to 24 hours. Three patients developed extensive bullae formation, maceration, and erosion. When erosions and necrosis were present, the time of re-epithelialization varied from 10 to 30 days (Asvesti et al, 1997). Two children who developed 3% to 4% and 8% to 10% total body surface area first degree burns after exposure to a 6% to 11% hydrofluoric acid preparation had serial serum calcium levels and cardiac monitoring which remained normal. No systemic toxicity developed from this exposure (El Saadi et al, 1989). In a report of 156 cases of hydrofluoric acid exposure secondary to clothing that was worn after being treated with a hydrofluoric acid containing spot and stain remover. Washing or rinsing of the clothing prior to use was reported in 24% of cases and machine washing prior to use was done in 34% of cases. Complaints persisted for a mean of 5.6 days (range 1 to 90 days) and 79.5% of cases were treated with topical calcium preparations (Phillips et al, 1991).
OCULAR Limited morbidity (transient ocular irritation and pain (8/8), fluorescein stain uptake (4/7), conjunctivitis (7/8), transient corneal clouding (1/8)) was noted in 8 cases of ocular hydrofluoric acid (13% concentration or less) splash exposure (Phillips et al, 1991). The mean duration of corneal irregularity was 2.7 days (range 2 to 3 days).
ORAL The minimal oral toxic dose of fluoride for a 10 kg child is reported to be 50 mg (Perry, 2001). A 70-year-old woman survived 2 separate ingestions of up to 2 ounces of a rust removal agent containing 12% hydrofluoric acid following aggressive calcium and magnesium replacement and repeated defibrillation to treat refractory ventricular fibrillation (Stremski et al, 1991). Following the ingestion of a cupful of a rust-removal agent (estimated to be 16.6 times the lethal dose of HF), a 35-year-old man developed ECG signs of tented T wave which was followed by extreme high T wave. The patient recovered following aggressive therapy with calcium gluconate IV and calcium carbonate via NG tube (Yu-Jang et al, 2001). Ingestion of about 50 mL of a rust removal agent (12% HF and 16% ammonium bifluoride) in a 38-year-old man resulted in severe erosive esophagitis and gastritis with recovery following aggressive therapy with oral and intravenous magnesium. No dysrhythmias were noted on admission (Chu et al, 2001).
INJECTION INHALATION TCLo (INHL) HUMAN - 100 mg/m(3) per minute (RTECS , 2001) TCLo (INHL) HUMAN - 32 ppm (OHM/TADS , 1990) Short term inhalation limits - 50 ppm for 60 minutes (CHRIS , 1990) CASE REPORT: Following inhalation of fumes from a glass etching cream for approximately one hour, a 41-year-old man presented to the emergency department with throat irritation, burning chest pain, and dyspnea. The glass etching cream, that the patient was using to remove scratches from his glasses, was found to contain 28% to 39% ammonium bifluoride and sodium bifluoride. At presentation his vital signs were normal, oxygen saturation was 100%, laboratory data (ie, CBC, electrolytes, renal and hepatic function) were within normal limits, there were no ECG abnormalities (QRS 84, QTc 440), and a chest x-ray indicated clear lungs. Physical exam revealed pharyngeal erythema. Treatment was initiated with 2.5% nebulized calcium gluconate resulting in immediate improvement in symptoms; however, continued recurrence of pain and dyspnea necessitated a total of 4 rounds of therapy over a 12-hour period. During therapy, the patient's QTc interval peaked at 458; however, he became asymptomatic, with normal ECG intervals, and was discharged (Kessler et al, 2015).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7664-39-3 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Hydrogen fluoride, as F EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Hydrogen fluoride (as F) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7664-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7664-39-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7664-39-3 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7664-39-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS7664-39-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
Listed as: Hydrogen fluoride (as F) Table Z-1 for Hydrogen fluoride (as F): 8-hour TWA: ppm: mg/m3: Ceiling Value: Skin Designation: No Notation(s): Not Listed
Table Z-2 for Hydrogen fluoride (Z37.28-1969):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7664-39-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
Threshold Quantity, in pounds:1000 Threshold Quantity, in pounds:1000
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7664-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Hydrofluoric acid Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Hydrogen fluoride Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information:
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7664-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7664-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: Hydrofluoric acid P or U series number: U134 Footnote: Listed as: Hydrogen fluoride P or U series number: U134 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7664-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Hydrogen Fluoride Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): Not Listed
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7664-39-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Hydrogen fluoride Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7664-39-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7664-39-3 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1052 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1790 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrofluoric acid, with more than 60 percent strength Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN1790 Packing Group: I Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8, 6.1 Special Provisions: A6, A7, B4, B15, B23, N5, N34, T10, TP2, TP12, TP13 A6: For combination packagings, if plastic inner packagings are used, they must be packed in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion. B4: MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 305, and MC 306 and DOT 406 cargo tanks are not authorized. B15: Packagings must be protected with non-metallic linings impervious to the lading or have a suitable corrosion allowance. B23: Tanks must be made of steel that is rubber lined or unlined. Unlined tanks must be passivated before being placed in service. If unlined tanks are washed out with water, they must be repassivated prior to return to service. Lading in unlined tanks must be inhibited so that the corrosive effect on steel is not greater than that of hydrofluoric acid of 65 percent concentration. N5: Glass materials of construction are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material. N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material. T10: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP12: This material is considered highly corrosive to steel. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 201 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrofluoric acid, with not more than 60 percent strength Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN1790 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8, 6.1 Special Provisions: A6, A7, B15, IB2, N5, N34, T8, TP2, TP12 A6: For combination packagings, if plastic inner packagings are used, they must be packed in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion. B15: Packagings must be protected with non-metallic linings impervious to the lading or have a suitable corrosion allowance. IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. N5: Glass materials of construction are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material. N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material. T8: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP12: This material is considered highly corrosive to steel.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 154 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1052 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1790 (ICAO, 2002):
Proper Shipping Name: Hydrofluoric acid, more than 60% strength UN Number: 1790 Proper Shipping Name: Hydrofluoric acid, not more than 60% strength UN Number: 1790
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7664-39-3 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
The majority of exposures occur from use of dilute HF consumer products in the home without observing the manufacturers' recommended safety precautions (El Saadi et al, 1989). Any form of hydrogen fluoride should be handled with extreme caution. Liquid anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and aqueous solutions (hydrofluoric acid) are extremely corrosive. In some cases, initial dermal contact with these solutions may not be noticed until severe pain and tissue damage become apparent. Inhalation, ingestion or serious dermal exposure to hydrofluoric acid may be fatal.
Gloves made of appropriate material (neoprene, nitrile, PVC, or natural rubber) should be inspected for damage or leaks prior to use of HF in concentrations less than 30 percent (Mansdorf, 1987). Wear appropriate personal protective equipment including respiratory protection when handling hydrogen fluoride (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Grant & Schuman, 1993; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 1998).
HANDLING
- Any form of hydrogen fluoride should be handled with extreme caution because it is highly corrosive and toxic. Containers should be protected from damage. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment including respiratory protection when handling hydrogen fluoride. Depending on circumstances and the extent of possible exposure, use protective equipment that provides full coverage along with self-contained breathing apparatus (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
STORAGE
Hydrofluoric acid is incompatible with any silica-containing material, so it must not be stored in glass containers unless these have been lined with wax. It is also incompatible with many metals, concrete and ceramic materials. Containers may be polyethylene or fluorocarbon plastic, lead, or platinum. The anhydrous gas may be kept in steel cylinders. All containers should be kept cool and tightly closed and should be protected from physical damage. Liquid anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in contact with metal may slowly produce flammable hydrogen gas which may pose an explosion hazard. Cylinders may need to be vented periodically (ITI, 1995) Lewis, 1993; (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 1995).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Hydrogen fluoride should be stored away from glass or silica-containing materials as well as metals and oxidizing materials in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).
Hydrogen fluoride is incompatible with any silica-containing material. It is also incompatible with many metals, concrete, ceramic and oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991). Hydrogen fluoride may pose a serious hazard if stored with nitric acid and propylene glycol or nitric acid and lactic acid. Gases may be generated which will burst sealed containers (Lewis, 1996).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Any exposure to eyes, skin, respiratory or digestive systems with liquid or vapor must be avoided by wearing appropriate protective clothing and using appropriate respiratory protection. Workers should wear acid protective garments such as long rubber aprons, gauntlets, hat and boots or a completely encapsulating suit. Plastic face shields and goggles should also be worn to protect the face and eyes. Only eye protection with plastic lenses should be used. Protective clothing and equipment should be washed and checked carefully after each use (HSDB , 1998) OHM/TADS, 1988; (Sittig, 1991). Employers should provide quick-drenching showers and eye-wash facilities in work areas where employees might be exposed (NIOSH , 1998; Sittig, 1991).
- Barrier creams cannot be depended upon (OSHA, 1989c; (OHM/TADS , 1998).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Plastic face shields and goggles should also be worn to protect the face and eyes. Only eye protection with plastic lenses should be used (HSDB , 1998; OHM/TADS , 1998).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
- Avoid breathing hydrogen fluoride or fumes of hydrofluoric acid since it may cause severe irritation or possible pulmonary edema. Use respiratory protection appropriate to potential hazard. Possible types of respiratory protective equipment might be chemical cartridge or canister respirators, supplied air respirator, or self-contained breathing apparatus (NFPA, 1994; NIOSH , 1998).
- Respiratory equipment must be checked constantly since hydrogen fluoride attacks glass and most metal (OSHA, 1989c).
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7664-39-3.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004) Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Hydrogen fluoride is non-combustible, but may create irritating and corrosive fumes of fluorides when heated or in combination with steam or water. Since hydrogen fluoride does not burn, use an extinguishing agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use water to absorb fumes and keep containers cool (NFPA, 1994). Heat released when water or steam combines with hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid could be hazardous (HSDB , 1998; NFPA, 1994). Sittig (1991) reports that only water should be used on fires involving hydrogen fluoride and not chemical or carbon dioxide extinguishing agents. For fires involving hydrofluoric acid, apply water in flooding quantities. Hydrofluoric acid and various metals may form hydrogen creating a fire hazard (HSDB , 1998). Fight fires involving either hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid from as far away as possible and stay upwind. Wear appropriate protective equipment (AAR, 1996; NFPA, 1994).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7664-39-3 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7664-39-3 (NFPA, 2002):
- Since hydrogen fluoride does not burn, use an extinguishing agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use water to absorb fumes and keep containers cool (NFPA, 1994). Heat released when water or steam combines with hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid could be hazardous (HSDB , 1998; NFPA, 1994). Sittig (1991) reports that only water should be used on fires involving hydrogen fluoride and not chemical or carbon dioxide extinguishing agents. For fires involving hydrofluoric acid, apply water in flooding quantities (HSDB , 1998).
Hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid do not burn, but will emit toxic and corrosive fumes if heated or involved in a fire (HSDB , 1998; NFPA, 1994).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Hydrofluoric acid's corrosive action on metal can lead to the formation of hydrogen in containers which may result in fire or potential explosion (HSDB , 1998; Sittig, 1991).
- Hydrofluoric acid may react violently and explosively with chemical compounds such as cyanogen fluoride, glycerol and nitric acid, methanesulfonic acid, various oxides, sulfuric acid, sodium, and others (Lewis, 1996).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid will emit toxic and corrosive fumes, especially if heated (HSDB , 1998; NFPA, 1994). Hydrogen fluoride fumes pose a severe health hazard and may be fatal if inhaled. Hydrogen fluoride fumes and hydrofluoric acid vapors may also cause severe burns to eyes, skin, mucous membranes and ulcers in the respiratory tract (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994).
- Prolonged or repeated exposure to lower concentrations of hydrogen fluoride vapor may cause changes in the bones (Hathaway et al, 1996).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Hydrogen fluoride is incompatible with glass, ceramics, concrete, alkali materials and will generate hydrogen gas on contact with metals (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991). This compound will react with water or steam to produce corrosive and toxic fumes (Lewis, 1996).
- Hydrofluoric acid reacts explosively with (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995):
Cyanogen fluoride (polymerizes explosively) Glycerol plus nitric acid (evolves gas from oxidation) Methanesulfonic acid (evolves oxygen difluoride)
- Hydrofluoric acid reacts violently with (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Urben, 1995):
Acetic anhydride 2-amino ethanol Ammonium hydroxide Arsenic trioxide Bismuthic acid (produces oxygen) Calcium oxide Chlorosulfonic acid Dialuminum octavanadium tridecasilicide Ethylene diamine Ethyleneimine Fluorine Mercuric oxide Mercury (II) oxide plus organic materials (above zero degrees C) Nitric acid plus lactic acid (mixtures are unstable) Nitric acid plus propylene glycol Oleum n-Phenylazopiperidine Phosphoric anhydride (Phosphorus pentoxide unites with hydrogen fluoride vigorously, even at 19.5 degrees C; HSDB, 1990) Potassium permanganate Potassium tetrafluorosilicate(2-) (evolves silicon tetrafluoride gas) Propriolactone (beta-) Propylene glycol and silver nitrate (gas evolution and formation of silver fulminate) Propylene oxide Sodium Sodium hydroxide Sodium tetrafluoro silicate Sulfuric acid Vinyl acetate
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)
Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used. Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages. Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill. DOT ID No. 1052 - Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous SMALL SPILLS LARGE SPILLS
DOT ID No. 1790 : Hydrofluoric acid DOT ID No. 1790 : Hydrofluoric acid, solution
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- In case of a release of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, consider evacuation of one-half mile depending on the amount of material released, the location, and weather conditions (AAR, 1996).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7664-39-3 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Hydrogen Fluoride ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 2 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 20 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 50 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
Listed as Hydrogen Fluoride ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 2 (10-min. exposure) ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 50 (10-min. exposure) ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 170 (10-min. exposure) Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS7664-39-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS7664-39-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: Hydrogen fluoride Final Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: ppm: 1 ppm mg/m3: 0.8 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 1 ppm mg/m3: 0.8 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 1 ppm mg/m3: 0.8 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 1 ppm mg/m3: 0.8 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 1 ppm mg/m3: 0.8 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: Hydrogen fluoride Final Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: ppm: 95 ppm mg/m3: 78 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 34 ppm mg/m3: 28 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 24 ppm mg/m3: 20 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 12 ppm mg/m3: 9.8 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 12 ppm mg/m3: 9.8 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: Hydrogen fluoride Final Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: ppm: 170 ppm mg/m3: 139 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 62 ppm mg/m3: 51 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 44 ppm mg/m3: 36 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 22 ppm mg/m3: 18 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 22 ppm mg/m3: 18 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7664-39-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 30 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004) Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to conact spilled material. Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
In case of a release of hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid, prevent all persons without proper protective clothing and equipment from approaching the release. Depending on the severity of the release, evacuation may be necessary. Spills of liquid hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid should be prevented from entering water sources by diking or other containment. The spilled material should be neutralized prior to disposal. Releases to air may in some cases be controlled using water spray which must subsequently be contained and treated (AAR, 1996; NFPA, 1994). Disposal of liquid may be accomplished by neutralization with discharge to a sewer or mixed with or absorbed in another material for land disposal. It is also possible to recover and reclaim hydrogen fluoride (AAR, 1996; Sittig, 1991). Hydrogen fluoride should not be incinerated (EPA, 1981; CHEMINFO , 1990; HSDB , 1998). Review environmental regulations for applicable disposal requirements.
SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapor; do not put water directly on leak or spill area (CHEMINFO , 1990; HSDB , 1998). If in gaseous form, stop the flow of the gas (EPA, 1985). OHM/TADS (1998) reports that small quantities can be neutralized in trenches and burned. Fumes from vented containers should be routed through absorption equipment. Add material slowly to a large volume of soda ash-slaked lime. For proper disposal notification, contact the local sewage authority. Do NOT use Hazorb, a universal sorbent which can pick up hazardous liquids on land spills, to absorb hydrofluoric acid spills. Use of this product results in severe chemical reaction (Temple & Esterhay, 1980). If the leak is from a cylinder and cannot be stopped, remove it to a place in open air and repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty (Mackison et al, 1981; Mackison et al, 1981; HSDB , 1998).
If the spill occurs on land, first, dig a pit or holding area to contain the liquid or solid; dike the surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete; absorb the bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder; and neutralize the spill with agricultural lime, crushed lime, or sodium bicarbonate (AAR, 1996). For a water spill, neutralize the spill with agricultural lime, crushed lime, or sodium bicarbonate; add soda ash and adjust pH to 7; and if necessary, use mechanical lifts to remove masses of pollutants and precipitates (AAR, 1996). For air spills, apply water spray to knock down the vapors. The water should be diked for containment and disposed of as a corrosive and toxic material (AAR, 1996).
Hydrogen fluoride may be recovered and recycled from wastes or spilled materials (Sittig, 1985). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
React the hydrogen fluoride with excess lime and following with lagooning and either recovery or landfill disposal of the separated calcium fluoride. The hydrogen fluoride could be recovered and recycled (Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1998).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Volcanoes make the largest natural hydrogen fluoride contribution to the environment, although sea salt aerosols also release hydrogen fluoride. Human sources of hydrogen fluoride include contributions from fluoride processing industries, manufacture of aluminum, tile, bricks, phosphate fertilizer, and combustion of coal. Since hydrogen fluoride is reactive, it is not likely to remain in the environment as hydrogen fluoride for long (ATSDR, 1993).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Although hydrogen fluoride is the most stable fluoride compound in the atmosphere, it does not remain long. It is likely to combine with water to form hydrofluoric acid which will settle to the ground or be removed by precipitation (ATSDR, 1993).
SURFACE WATER In water, any natural alkalinity will slowly dissipate the acidity (OHM/TADS , 1998). At neutral pH, fluoride compounds will dissociate leaving the fluoride ion. With an increase in pH, the proportion of the fluoride ion decreases while other species including nondissociated hydrogen fluoride increase. Hydrogen fluoride may be removed by formation of precipitates with calcium carbonate (ATSDR, 1993). Fluoride concentrations in groundwater fluctuate from less than 1 to 25 mg/L or more. In sea water, fluoride concentrations are higher than in fresh water, averaging 1.3 mg/L (WHO, 1984; HSDB , 1998).
TERRESTRIAL Retention of hydrogen fluoride in soils depends on pH. Hydrogen fluoride may form aluminum fluorosilicate complexes in acidic soil or calcium fluoride in alkaline soils. Water soluble fluoride compounds tend to form in sandy, acidic conditions (ATSDR, 1993). If pH is greater than 6.5, the soil can bind fluorides tightly. High calcium content will immobilize fluorides which can be damaging to plants when present in acid soils (HSDB , 1990).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Although hydrogen fluoride is the most stable fluoride compound in the atmosphere, it does not remain long. It is likely to combine with water to form hydrofluoric acid which will settle to the ground or be removed by precipitation (ATSDR, 1993).
- In water with neutral pH, fluoride compounds will dissociate leaving the fluoride ion. With an increase in pH, the proportion of the fluoride ion decreases while other species including nondissociated hydrogen fluoride increase. Hydrogen fluoride may be removed by formation of precipitates with calcium carbonate (ATSDR, 1993).
- Retention of hydrogen fluoride in soils depends on pH. Hydrogen fluoride may form aluminum fluorosilicate complexes in acidic soil or calcium fluoride in alkaline soils. Water soluble fluoride compounds tend to form in sandy, acidic conditions (ATSDR, 1993).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- Aquatic toxicity (CHRIS , 1998):
Lethal - fish (fresh water): 60 ppm Waterfowl Toxicity: Data unavailable Biological oxygen demand (BOD): None Food chain concentration potential: None
- Freshwater toxicity text (OHM/TADS , 1998):
Lethal - fish: 60 ppm Harmful - fish: 40 ppm
- Saltwater toxicity text (OHM/TADS , 1998):
Not toxic - lobster: 0.9-4.5 NAF LC50 - SHRIMP: >300 NAF for 48H -- in aerated environment No effect - mullet, ambasis, terapon, prawn, jaruba: 100 NAF for 96H Toxic effect - brown mussels: 7.2 NAF for 108H Physical deterioration - mullet, crab: 52 NAF for 72D -- in 20% saline Affects reproduction - shrimp: 52 NAF for 72D -- in 20% saline
- All plant species are threatened, however, 0.1 ppm for 3 to 4 hours had minimal effect (OHM/TADS , 1998).
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- HYDROGEN FLUORIDE is a clear, colorless, fuming and corrosive liquid or gas that is soluble in water and fumes at concentrations over 48% to form a white mist when in contact with air (ILO, 1983) NFPA, 1986; (AAR, 1987; ITI, 1988; Budavari, 1996) OSHA, 1989c; (OHM/TADS , 1990).
- HYDROFLUORIC ACID is a watery liquid which is colorless to green with an irritating odor that sinks and is soluble in water (CHRIS , 1990).
- HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, ANHYDROUS in liquid form, is colorless and has a sharp, irritating odor (CHRIS , 1990; Mackison et al, 1981).
- HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AS A GAS, liquefies at 19.5 degrees C, and in aqueous solution is known as hydrofluoric acid (AAR, 1987) Proctor et al., 1988).
- HYDROFLUORIC ACID GAS has a strong, irritating odor (Mackison et al, 1981; HSDB , 1991; Sittig, 1985).
PH
- Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is one of the most acidic substances known (Budavari, 1996).
- As an aqueous solution, it is a weak acid (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1990).
- If soil pH is > 6.5, fluorides may become bound. A high calcium content can immobilize fluorides which can be damaging to plants when present in acid soils (HSDB , 1990).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 358 mmHg (at 0 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 1998)
- 400 mmHg (at 2.5 degrees C) (ILO, 1983; Lewis, 1996)
- 917 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (calculated) (HSDB , 1998)
- 760 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; NFPA, 1994)
- 4.1 kPa (at 21 degrees C) (CHEMINFO , 1990)
- 86.9 kPa (at 38 degrees C) (CHEMINFO , 1990)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg) HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, ANHYDROUS: 1.002 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
LIQUID: 1.15-1.18 (ITI, 1995) 0.99 (NFPA, 1994) GAS: 0.987 (ITI, 1988) 0.987 (ACGIH, 1991) 0.99 (ILO, 1983; EPA, 1985) 0.989 (OHM/TADS , 1998)
DENSITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg) AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 70%: 1.258 g/mL (CHRIS , 1998)
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
0.991 g/mL (at 19.54 degrees C) (Weast, 1988; HSDB , 1998) LIQUID: 0.699 g/mL (at 22 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996) LIQUID: 1.00 g/mL (at 67 degrees C) (NIOSH , 1998) HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, ANHYDROUS LIQUID: 0.992 g/mL (at 19 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1998) HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, ANHYDROUS LIQUID: 0.988 g/mL (at 14 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
GAS: 0.901 g/L (Lewis, 1996) HYDROGEN FLUORIDE: 8.2 lbs/gal (AAR, 1998) HYDROFLUORIC ACID: 9.6 lbs/gal (AAR, 1998) HYDROFLUORIC ACID: 1.15-1.18 g/mL (Budavari, 1996)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
Hydrogen Fluoride, Anhydrous: -92.2 degrees C; -134 degrees F; 181.0 degrees K (CHRIS , 1998) Hydrogen Fluoride, Anhydrous: -83 degrees C (Lewis, 1993) -118 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)
BOILING POINT
- Hydrogen Fluoride, Anhydrous
19.5 degrees C; 67.1 degrees F; 292.7 degrees K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 1998) 19.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1993) 19.51 degrees C (Budavari, 1996) 2.5 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -13.2 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -28.2 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -45.0 degrees C (at 40 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -56.0 degrees C (at 20 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -74.7 degrees C (at 5 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)
- Hydrogen Fluoride, Aqueous Solution: 112.2 degrees C (at 38.2% weight/weight hydrogen fluoride) (Budavari, 1996)
- Hydrogen Fluoride, Aqueous Solution (38%): 112 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)
- Hydrogen Fluoride, Aqueous Solution (70%): 67 degrees C; 152 degrees F; 340 degrees K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 1998)
- 19.4 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 1998)
- 19.7 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
- 19-20 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Sittig, 1985)
- 20 degrees C; 67 degrees F (NFPA, 1994; NIOSH , 1998)
FLASH POINT
- Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1998)
- Hydrogen Fluoride, Anhydrous: Not Flammable (CHRIS , 1998)
- Hydrogen Fluoride, Aqueous Solution (70%): Not Flammable (CHRIS , 1998)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
This compound is miscible with water (HSDB , 1998; NIOSH , 1998). Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is very soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996) Lewis, 1993). The aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride is miscible with water (Budavari, 1996).
Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is very soluble in alcohol (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996). Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is soluble in most organic compounds (ACGIH, 1991). Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is slightly soluble in ether and soluble in many organic solvents (Budavari, 1996): benzene: 2.54% (by weight) tetralin: 0.27% (by weight) toluene: 1.8% (by weight) m-xylene: 1.28% (by weight)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 2.0x10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al., 1986)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
Hydrogen Fluoride, Anhydrous: 54.7 cal/g (CHRIS , 1998) Hydrogen Fluoride, Aqueous Solution (70%): 54.7 cal/g (CHRIS , 1998)
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