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HYDRAMETHYLNON

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Hydramethylnon is a slow acting insecticide in the amidinohydrazone family, formulated as an oil bait which appears as yellow-tan granules with an odor of vegetable oil.

Specific Substances

    1) AC 217300
    2) Amdro(R)
    3) Amidinohydrazone
    4) Combat(R)
    5) Maxforce(R)
    6) Matox(R)
    7) Pyramdron
    8) Tetrahydro-5,5-dimethyl-2(1 H)-pyrimidinoine
    9) (3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-(1-(2-(4-
    10) trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethenyl)-2-propenylidine)
    11) hydrazone
    12) Wipeout(R)
    13) EPA PESTICIDE CHEMICAL CODE: 241-260
    14) CAS 67485-29-4

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Hydramethylnon is a slow acting insecticide in the amidinohydrazone family, formulated as an oil bait which appears as yellow-tan granules with an odor of vegetable oil (Farm Chemicals Handbook, 1996; HSDB , 2001).
    2) Amdro(R) is the brand name of a hydramethylnon-containing fire ant insecticide. It is prepared as a 0.88% bait in soybean oil as the attractant on inert corn grit carriers for ants, and as a 1.65% bait for cockroaches (Prod Info AMDRO(R), 1986; Thomson, 1982-83).
    3) Combat(R) and Maxforce(R) ant control system contain less than 1% hydramethylnon. Combat(R) and Maxforce(R) roach control system contain less than 2% hydramethylnon. Manufacture under the name Maxforce(R) has been discontinued (Farm Chemicals Handbook, 1996).
    B) USES
    1) Hydramethylnon is used against fire ants, harvester ants, big-headed ants, and cockroaches (Farm Chemicals Handbook, 1996; MEDLINE, 1996; HSDB , 2001). It has been investigated for use against termites, wasps, and houseflies (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Human toxicity has not been commonly reported. Most available data are from animal exposures or studies conducted in animals.
    B) According to the manufacturer, formulations of hydramethylnon are practically nontoxic or of slight toxicity when administered orally or by dermal application in animals. Eye and mild skin irritation have occurred in laboratory animals. The manufacturer recommends avoiding ingestion, inhalation, dermal and eye contact.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Conjunctivitis occurred with exposure to the technical hydromethylnon but not with the soy bean oil concentrate.
    0.2.13) HEMATOLOGIC
    A) Eosinopenia and leukopenia were seen as early as 14 days after animals were fed hydramethylnon; the dose was 1.3 to 1.5 g/kg/day for 21 days.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) No human reports of adverse reproductive effects were found at the time of this review. Adverse effects on the developing offspring of animals exposed to hydramethylnon have been reported only at doses which produced maternal toxicity.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) Amdrol has been evaluated by the US EPA for its human carcinogenic potential and the evaluation will reviewed at a later date. A risk assessment summary will be provided in IRIS after the review has been completed (IRIS , 1996).
    B) At the time of this review, no information concerning potential human carcinogenicity from exposure to this chemical was found (IARC, 1987) US DHHS, 1994; NIOSH, 1994; (RTECS , 1996).

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Patients exposed to large amounts acutely or chronically exposed to smaller quantities should have a blood test to determine if leukopenia or eosinopenia may be present.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    B) SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).
    1) Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
    2) Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) No human toxic dose yet been established.
    B) The TWA is 1.4 mg/cubic meter.
    C) The rat LD50 is 1300 mg/kg, equivalent to 2 ounces of bait per pound of body weight.
    D) Combat(R) Control System: According to the manufacturer, a medium-sized (20 kg) dog would experience adverse effects from the bait itself only after eating an amount equivalent to 250 trays. Mechanical obstruction may be seen if the dog ingests the control system.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Human toxicity has not been commonly reported. Most available data are from animal exposures or studies conducted in animals.
    B) According to the manufacturer, formulations of hydramethylnon are practically nontoxic or of slight toxicity when administered orally or by dermal application in animals. Eye and mild skin irritation have occurred in laboratory animals. The manufacturer recommends avoiding ingestion, inhalation, dermal and eye contact.

Vital Signs

    3.3.3) TEMPERATURE
    A) CALVES - Significantly lower body temperatures occurred erratically during the administration of 1.3 to 1.5 g/kg/day of Amdro(R) in calves (Evans et al, 1984).
    B) DOGS - HEAT INTOLERANCE has been reported in dogs (Evans et al, 1984).

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Conjunctivitis occurred with exposure to the technical hydromethylnon but not with the soy bean oil concentrate.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) RABBITS - Technical grade hydramethylnon is irritating to the eyes of test rabbits; the soybean oil concentrate-bait is non-irritating (Prod Info, 1986; (Farm Chemicals Handbook, 1996).

Neurologic

    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) SEIZURES
    a) SWINE - Unpublished reports state that seizures have developed in swine given this compound (Evans et al, 1984).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DIARRHEA
    1) Information from the manufacturer states that in children who ingest small quantities the only symptom is diarrhea.

Hematologic

    3.13.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eosinopenia and leukopenia were seen as early as 14 days after animals were fed hydramethylnon; the dose was 1.3 to 1.5 g/kg/day for 21 days.
    3.13.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) WBC ABNORMAL
    a) EOSINOPENIA occurred in calves given 1.3 to 1.5 g/kg/day of Amdro(R) for 21 days (Evans et al, 1984) and in ponies fed AMDRO-treated grits (1/100th to 1/150th the calculated LD50) for 30 days (pp 383-402).
    2) LEUKOPENIA
    a) Leukopenia developed as early as 14 days after giving calves 1.3 to 1.5 g/kg/day of Amdro(R) (Evans et al, 1984) and in ponies fed AMDRO-treated grits (1/100th to 1/150th the calculated LD50) for 30 days (pp 383-402).
    3) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) DOGS - No hematologic effects were reported in dogs fed 0, 0.33, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg/day of AMDRO for 26 weeks (IRIS , 1996).

Dermatologic

    3.14.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) IRRITATION
    a) Application of one hydramethylnon insecticide to rabbit skin resulted in mild irritation (Prod Info MAXFORCE(R), hydramethylnon, 1988). Hartley & Kidd (1987) reported that hydramethylnon was not irritating following dermal exposure in animals.
    2) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Hydramethylnon and a 3.2% concentrate failed to cause sensitization in animals (Hartley & Kidd, 1987; Prod Info MAXFORCE(R), hydramethylnon, 1988).

Immunologic

    3.19.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDER
    a) A possible effect on the immune system of horses fed AMDRO has been suggested (pp 383-402). AMDRO-fed animals had increased severity of an upper respiratory disease and there was an increased incidence of diarrhea and upper respiratory infections in foals of AMDRO-fed mares as compared to controls. Lymphopenia was present.

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) No human reports of adverse reproductive effects were found at the time of this review. Adverse effects on the developing offspring of animals exposed to hydramethylnon have been reported only at doses which produced maternal toxicity.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) FETOTOXICITY
    1) RATS - Fetotoxicity (decreased fetal weight) but no teratogenicity occurred in rats at maternal doses of 30 mg/kg/day. Maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain and discolored body fat) occurred with doses of at least 10 mg/kg/day (IRIS , 1996).
    2) RATS - Fetotoxicity (reduced fetal weight gain) but no teratogenicity occurred in rats at maternal doses of 10mg/kg/day. Maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain) was present with doses of at least 5 mg/kg/day (IRIS , 1996).
    B) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) Teratogenicity studies have been negative (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
    2) A product manufacturer reports that hydramethylnon was not teratogenic in rabbits administered oral doses up to 20 mg/kg/day or in rats administered oral doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (Prod Info MAXFORCE(R), hydramethylnon, 1988).
    3) Teratogenicity in rats and rabbits has not been reported at doses below those which produce maternal toxicity (IRIS , 1996).
    4) Embryotoxicity studies have been negative (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
    5) No embryotoxicity occurred in rats or rabbits at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day (Prod Info MAXFORCE(R), hydramethylnon, 1988).
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) WEIGHT DECREASES
    a) RATS - 5 mg/kg/day: decreased food consumption and decreased weight gain in pregnant rats (IRIS , 1996)
    1) 2.5 mg/kg/day: no observed maternal toxicity in rats (IRIS , 1996)
    b) RABBITS - 5 mg/kg/day: decreased body weight (IRIS , 1996)
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) BREAST MILK
    1) Milk levels were undetectable in cows and goats given 0.05 and 0.2 mg/kg/day, respectively (Harley & Kidd, 1987).
    3.20.5) FERTILITY
    A) TESTIS DISORDER
    1) Ingestion of 5mg/kg/day for 90 days or two years was associated with decreased testicular weight and testicular atrophy in rats. Testicular atrophy was also reported in dogs fed 6 mg/kg/day for 90 days, and in mice fed 3.75 mg/kg/day for 18 months (IRIS , 1996).
    B) FERTILITY DECREASED MALE
    1) Male fertility was decreased in rats fed 100 and 200 ppm hydramethylnon over three generations (Prod Info MAXFORCE(R), hydramethylnon, 1988). Another study reperted that fertility in ponies was unaffected by consumption of AMDRO at levels which approximate consumption of accidentally contaminated food (pp 383-402).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS67485-29-4 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) Amdrol has been evaluated by the US EPA for its human carcinogenic potential and the evaluation will reviewed at a later date. A risk assessment summary will be provided in IRIS after the review has been completed (IRIS , 1996).
    B) At the time of this review, no information concerning potential human carcinogenicity from exposure to this chemical was found (IARC, 1987) US DHHS, 1994; NIOSH, 1994; (RTECS , 1996).

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Patients exposed to large amounts acutely or chronically exposed to smaller quantities should have a blood test to determine if leukopenia or eosinopenia may be present.

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) Hydramethylnon residues can be detected by HPLC with UV detection, and confirmed by GLC with ECD or chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (Stout et al, 1985).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) Patients exposed to large amounts acutely or chronically exposed to smaller quantities should have a blood test to determine if leukopenia or eosinopenia may be present.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SEIZURE
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Attempt initial control with a benzodiazepine (eg, diazepam, lorazepam). If seizures persist or recur, administer phenobarbital or propofol.
    b) Monitor for respiratory depression, hypotension, and dysrhythmias. Endotracheal intubation should be performed in patients with persistent seizures.
    c) Evaluate for hypoxia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoglycemia (or, if immediate bedside glucose testing is not available, treat with intravenous dextrose).
    2) DIAZEPAM
    a) ADULT DOSE: Initially 5 to 10 mg IV, OR 0.15 mg/kg IV up to 10 mg per dose up to a rate of 5 mg/minute; may be repeated every 5 to 20 minutes as needed (Brophy et al, 2012; Prod Info diazepam IM, IV injection, 2008; Manno, 2003).
    b) PEDIATRIC DOSE: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Hegenbarth & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 2008).
    c) Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and the need for endotracheal intubation. Consider a second agent if seizures persist or recur after repeated doses of diazepam .
    3) NO INTRAVENOUS ACCESS
    a) DIAZEPAM may be given rectally or intramuscularly (Manno, 2003). RECTAL DOSE: CHILD: Greater than 12 years: 0.2 mg/kg; 6 to 11 years: 0.3 mg/kg; 2 to 5 years: 0.5 mg/kg (Brophy et al, 2012).
    b) MIDAZOLAM has been used intramuscularly and intranasally, particularly in children when intravenous access has not been established. ADULT DOSE: 0.2 mg/kg IM, up to a maximum dose of 10 mg (Brophy et al, 2012). PEDIATRIC DOSE: INTRAMUSCULAR: 0.2 mg/kg IM, up to a maximum dose of 7 mg (Chamberlain et al, 1997) OR 10 mg IM (weight greater than 40 kg); 5 mg IM (weight 13 to 40 kg); INTRANASAL: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Brophy et al, 2012). BUCCAL midazolam, 10 mg, has been used in adolescents and older children (5-years-old or more) to control seizures when intravenous access was not established (Scott et al, 1999).
    4) LORAZEPAM
    a) MAXIMUM RATE: The rate of intravenous administration of lorazepam should not exceed 2 mg/min (Brophy et al, 2012; Prod Info lorazepam IM, IV injection, 2008).
    b) ADULT DOSE: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist (Manno, 2003; Brophy et al, 2012).
    c) PEDIATRIC DOSE: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue (Brophy et al, 2012; Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Hegenbarth & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 2008; Sreenath et al, 2009; Chin et al, 2008).
    5) PHENOBARBITAL
    a) ADULT LOADING DOSE: 20 mg/kg IV at an infusion rate of 50 to 100 mg/minute IV. An additional 5 to 10 mg/kg dose may be given 10 minutes after loading infusion if seizures persist or recur (Brophy et al, 2012).
    b) Patients receiving high doses will require endotracheal intubation and may require vasopressor support (Brophy et al, 2012).
    c) PEDIATRIC LOADING DOSE: 20 mg/kg may be given as single or divided application (2 mg/kg/minute in children weighing less than 40 kg up to 100 mg/min in children weighing greater than 40 kg). A plasma concentration of about 20 mg/L will be achieved by this dose (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    d) REPEAT PEDIATRIC DOSE: Repeat doses of 5 to 20 mg/kg may be given every 15 to 20 minutes if seizures persist, with cardiorespiratory monitoring (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    e) MONITOR: For hypotension, respiratory depression, and the need for endotracheal intubation (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Manno, 2003).
    f) SERUM CONCENTRATION MONITORING: Monitor serum concentrations over the next 12 to 24 hours. Therapeutic serum concentrations of phenobarbital range from 10 to 40 mcg/mL, although the optimal plasma concentration for some individuals may vary outside this range (Hvidberg & Dam, 1976; Choonara & Rane, 1990; AMA Department of Drugs, 1992).
    6) OTHER AGENTS
    a) If seizures persist after phenobarbital, propofol or pentobarbital infusion, or neuromuscular paralysis with general anesthesia (isoflurane) and continuous EEG monitoring should be considered (Manno, 2003). Other anticonvulsants can be considered (eg, valproate sodium, levetiracetam, lacosamide, topiramate) if seizures persist or recur; however, there is very little data regarding their use in toxin induced seizures, controlled trials are not available to define the optimal dosage ranges for these agents in status epilepticus (Brophy et al, 2012):
    1) VALPROATE SODIUM: ADULT DOSE: An initial dose of 20 to 40 mg/kg IV, at a rate of 3 to 6 mg/kg/minute; may give an additional dose of 20 mg/kg 10 minutes after loading infusion. PEDIATRIC DOSE: 1.5 to 3 mg/kg/minute (Brophy et al, 2012).
    2) LEVETIRACETAM: ADULT DOSE: 1000 to 3000 mg IV, at a rate of 2 to 5 mg/kg/min IV. PEDIATRIC DOSE: 20 to 60 mg/kg IV (Brophy et al, 2012; Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    3) LACOSAMIDE: ADULT DOSE: 200 to 400 mg IV; 200 mg IV over 15 minutes (Brophy et al, 2012). PEDIATRIC DOSE: In one study, median starting doses of 1.3 mg/kg/day and maintenance doses of 4.7 mg/kg/day were used in children 8 years and older (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    4) TOPIRAMATE: ADULT DOSE: 200 to 400 mg nasogastric/orally OR 300 to 1600 mg/day orally divided in 2 to 4 times daily (Brophy et al, 2012).

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Abstracts

Case Reports

    A) ADULT
    1) In one case up to 1/2 pound of the ant bait was thought to be ingested by an adult diabetic patient. No specific symptoms could be attributed to the Amdro(R), with the possible exception of diarrhea (New Mexico Poison Center Case No 16279).
    B) PEDIATRIC
    1) Information from the manufacturer states that children who ingest small quantities may have diarrhea.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) No human toxic dose yet been established.
    B) The TWA is 1.4 mg/cubic meter.
    C) The rat LD50 is 1300 mg/kg, equivalent to 2 ounces of bait per pound of body weight.
    D) Combat(R) Control System: According to the manufacturer, a medium-sized (20 kg) dog would experience adverse effects from the bait itself only after eating an amount equivalent to 250 trays. Mechanical obstruction may be seen if the dog ingests the control system.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) ANIMAL DATA
    1) NOEL - Chronic feeding trials (90 days) in rats, mice, and beagles demonstrated no-effect levels to be 50 milligrams/kilogram, 25 milligrams/kilogram, and 3 milligrams/kilogram, respectively (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
    2) According to the manufacturer, a medium-sized (20 kilogram) dog would experience adverse effects from the bait itself only after eating an amount equivalent to 250 trays of Combat(R) control system (Personal Communication, 1991).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS67485-29-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS67485-29-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS67485-29-4 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Amdro
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS67485-29-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    1) 1131 mg/kg (RTECS, 1997)
    2) >5,000 mg/kg -- for baits and cockroach gel (RTECS, 1990)
    B) LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
    1) >5000 mg/kg (Sine, 1987)

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Hydramethylnon appeared to selectively affect production of immunocompetent T and B cells in Holstein calves at doses of 113.5 grams/day for 50 days (Evans et al, 1984).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Yellow crystalline solid with a vegetable oil odor (HSDB , 2001) and is insoluble in water and soluble in ethanol, methanol, isopropranol, and acetone (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2001).

Molecular Weight

    A) HYDRAMETHYLNON: 494.48 (Budavari, 1996)

Animal Toxicology

Clinical Effects

    11.1.2) BOVINE/CATTLE
    A) LYMPHOPENIAS and eosinopenias appeared in weanling Holstein calves treated with AMDRO (113.5 grams/day for 50 days) (Evans et al, 1984). Cattle are sensitive immunologically to several environmental toxicants.
    11.1.3) CANINE/DOG
    A) Dogs ingesting very large amounts of bait from ant and roach control trays may exhibit transient signs of gagging or vomiting. No immune system changes have been reported in dogs.
    11.1.5) EQUINE/HORSE
    A) IMMUNE SYSTEM changes were seen in horses consuming AMDRO in amounts equivalent to the amount they might ingest while grazing a treated pasture (pp 383-402).

Treatment

    11.2.1) SUMMARY
    A) GENERAL TREATMENT
    1) It is recommended that pets be kept away from treated areas for at least 24 hours (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
    2) According to the manufacturer, pets who ingest the bait from ant and roach control trays are much more likely to experience adverse effects from the bulky foreign body (plastic tray container) they often ingest along with the bait (Personal Communication, 1991).
    11.2.2) LIFE SUPPORT
    A) GENERAL
    1) MAINTAIN VITAL FUNCTIONS: Secure airway, supply oxygen, and begin supportive fluid therapy if necessary.
    11.2.4) DECONTAMINATION
    A) GASTRIC DECONTAMINATION
    1) DOGS/CATS
    a) Remove bait trays from the animal's environment. Wash any remaining bait off of the animal's body, especially mouth and paws.
    b) EMESIS is probably not indicated. It would only be necessary if greater than 1 ounce bait/kg body weight was ingested. Prior to inducing emesis, the amount of foreign body material (plastic trays or tubes surrounding the bait) in the stomach should be determinated based on history or radiologic examination.
    c) Emesis should not be induced in the event of an obstructing foreign body.
    11.2.5) TREATMENT
    A) DOGS/CATS
    1) According to the manufacturer, these baits should not cause serious harm to pets if ingested. Unless a dog or cat has eaten several trays or tubes of bait, the owner may watch the pet at home carefully for 24 hours.
    2) If the animal shows any adverse gastrointestinal effects within several days of bait ingestion, he/she should be evaluated by a veterinarian, especially for foreign body (plastic container from Combat(R) pest control system) ingestion.

Range Of Toxicity

    11.3.2) MINIMAL TOXIC DOSE
    A) SPECIFIC TOXIN
    1) Hydramethylnon is poorly absorbed orally by mammals (Prod Info, 1986).
    2) FISH
    a) This product is very toxic to fish.
    3) DOG
    a) According to the manufacturer, a medium-sized (20 kg) dog would experience adverse effects from the bait itself only after eating an amount equivalent to 250 trays of Combat(R) pest control system (Personal Communication, 1991).
    b) CASE REPORT - Beagles chronically fed at a level of 3 mg/kg experienced no adverse effects (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
    4) RODENT
    a) LD50 (RAT, ORAL) - 1131 to 1300 mg/kg (equivalent to 2 ounces bait/pound body weight).
    5) CATTLE
    a) Calves fed 113.5 grams/day for 50 days showed no significant difference when compared to control calves for the following parameters: neutrophil and basophil counts; plasma protein and serum Ig concentrations; antibody formation and titers to Brucella challenge; physical examination; and necropsy examination.
    1) Calves dosed with hydramethylnon did have significantly lower hematocrit values on days 0, 5, and 35 (but not on other test days); lymphopenia on days 14 through 49; and eosinopenia on days 21 through 49 (Evans et al, 1984).

Continuing Care

    11.4.1) SUMMARY
    11.4.1.2) DECONTAMINATION/TREATMENT
    A) GENERAL TREATMENT
    1) It is recommended that pets be kept away from treated areas for at least 24 hours (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
    2) According to the manufacturer, pets who ingest the bait from ant and roach control trays are much more likely to experience adverse effects from the bulky foreign body (plastic tray container) they often ingest along with the bait (Personal Communication, 1991).
    11.4.2) DECONTAMINATION
    11.4.2.2) GASTRIC DECONTAMINATION
    A) GASTRIC DECONTAMINATION
    1) DOGS/CATS
    a) Remove bait trays from the animal's environment. Wash any remaining bait off of the animal's body, especially mouth and paws.
    b) EMESIS is probably not indicated. It would only be necessary if greater than 1 ounce bait/kg body weight was ingested. Prior to inducing emesis, the amount of foreign body material (plastic trays or tubes surrounding the bait) in the stomach should be determinated based on history or radiologic examination.
    c) Emesis should not be induced in the event of an obstructing foreign body.

Pharmacology Toxicology

    A) SPECIFIC TOXIN
    1) Hydramethylnon appeared to selectively affect production of immunocompetent T and B cells in Holstein calves at doses of 113.5 grams/day for 50 days (Evans et al, 1984).

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