HEXANE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
HEXANE DIPROPYL ESANI (Italian) GETTYSOLVE-B HEKSAN (Polish) HEX HEXANEN (Dutch) HEXANES HEXYL HYDRIDE NCI-C60571 n-HEXANE Normal-HEXANE SKELLYSOLVE B NORMAL-HESANE
IDENTIFIERS
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB, 2003; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2001; RTECS , 2001)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Hexane is used as a solvent (in adhesives, coatings, paints and paint thinner, as well as in vegetable oils), paraffin processing desorbent, and chemical reaction medium. It is also used in determining the refractive index of minerals and, when dyed red or blue, as a filling for low-temperature thermometers (instead of mercury) (AAR, 2000; ACGIH, 2001; Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 2000). Hexane is used as a solvent to extract oils from seeds such as cotton and sunflower. It is also used in the separation of fatty acids, as a denaturant for alcohol, a laboratory reagent, and a cleaning agent for the textile, furniture, and leather industries. Approximately 30% of all hexane is used for soybean extraction(HSDB, 2003; Lewis, 1998). Hexane is a component of many products that are associated with the gasoline and petroleum industries (HSDB, 2003).
The technical grades of hexane may contain a mixture of approximately 50% n-hexane and 50% isohexane and cyclohexane (Verschueren, 2000). Small amounts of cyclopentane, pentane and heptane isomers may also be present (OSHA, 2003) A mixture of commercial grade hexane may contain from 20% to 80% normal hexane (ACGIH, 2001). Hexane is a colorless, volatile liquid with a gasoline-like odor (HSDB, 2003).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Industrial solvent used as a component of glues, silicones, spray paints, specialized cements, and break cleaners.
- TOXICOLOGY: Hexanes, especially, n-hexane, are metabolized to a 2,5-hexanedione intermediate that decreases the phosphorylation of neurofilament proteins and there disrupts the axonal cytoskeleton.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Toxicology and poisoning from exposure to hexanes is uncommon.
DERMAL: Hexane is irritating to skin, and can cause redness, pain and blister formation. Chronic exposure can cause defatting dermatitis. INGESTION: Not well described. Can cause gastrointestinal irritation, aspiration pneumonitis, and likely CNS depression. OCULAR: Hexane is an eye irritant. Splash contact might cause corneal injury. INHALATION: Is the most common route of exposure. Low concentrations cause eye and respiratory irritation, dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting. High concentrations can also cause CNS depression. At very high concentrations, hexane can cause death from asphyxiation as it displaces oxygen. Chronic inhalation can cause a peripheral neuropathy characterized by pain, weakness, loss of sensation, impaired gait, myalgias, muscle atrophy, hyporeflexia, and sometimes visual disturbances.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Exposure usually occurs by inhalation, but n-hexane may also be absorbed after oral or dermal exposure (Harbison, 1998; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000a). Hexane irritates the eyes, nose, throat, skin, mucous membranes and respiratory tract (Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 2000a).
- Hexane is considered moderately neurotoxic (Bingham et al, 2001a; Lewis, 1998). It is narcotic at high concentrations (Lewis, 2000a; OHM/TADS, 2003). Acute exposure to high concentrations may result in severe CNS depression, asphyxia and death (Hathaway et al, 1996; ILO, 1998; HSDB, 2003).
- Symptoms of exposure include anesthesia, lightheadedness, giddiness, vertigo, euphoria, headache, hallucinations, dizziness, nausea, paralysis, numb extremities and muscle weakness (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000a; Hathaway et al, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001a) ACGIH, 1996; (HSDB, 2003; ITI, 1995).
- Hexane is a potentially fatal simple asphyxiant that works by displacing oxygen in the air (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Chemical pneumonia is a symptom of overexposure and can also occur with aspiration of the liquid after ingestion; hexane presents an acute aspiration hazard (Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998; NIOSH , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
- Hexane may produce pulmonary edema (Harada et al, 1999). It may also vaporize in the lungs, diluting oxygen to below a critical level, and resulting in asphyxiation, brain damage, or cardiac arrest (HSDB, 2003).
- Skin irritation, with redness and increased blood flow, swelling, pain, itching and painful burning, followed by blister formation, occur after contact with hexane (Hathaway et al, 1996; Pohanish, 2002). Dermal irritation reported after prolonged exposure to n-hexane is reportedly due to its defatting property (Proctor et al, 1988). A symptom of overexposure is dermatitis (Budavari, 1996).
- Intentional inhalation of substances containing n-hexane for the purpose of achieving an intoxicating "high" has been reported. Peripheral neuropathy or quadriplegia have resulted in individuals deliberately 'sniffing' vapors from glue, lacquers, or solvents containing n-hexane (Harbison, 1998; Couri & Milks, 1982).
- n-Hexane reduced the threshold for ventricular fibrillation in rats, and lowered levels of myocardial magnesium and potassium. The fibrillation threshold was still low after supplementation with magnesium and potassium. Electron microscopy revealed cellular changes after n-hexane treatment which could explain the decreased threshold (Khedun et al, 1996).
- Hexane acted synergistically with toluene to induce hearing loss in rats exposed to airborne concentrations of 1000 ppm of each chemical, 21 hours per day for 28 days (Nylen et al, 1994b).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Sensorimotor peripheral polyneuropathy has been associated with chronic and low-grade exposure to n-hexane (ILO, 1998; Proctor et al, 1988; Barregard et al, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; Baselt, 1997). Repeated exposure to airborne levels as low as 500 ppm (or probably lower) of n-hexane can produce progressively worsening damage to the peripheral nerves (polyneuritis or polyneuropathy) (Paulson & Waylonis, 1976; ACGIH, 1992).
- Typical neurological findings are MOTOR DEFICIENCY involving dorsal extension of the foot, affecting the anterior tibial nerve, and weakness or PARALYSIS of the lower limbs, thigh and less frequently the upper limbs, muscle weakness, loss of sensation, stumbling, impaired gait or difficulty walking (Baselt, 1997; ITI, 1995; ILO, 1983; ILO, 1998).
- Generally, the peripheral neuropathies are bilateral and symmetrical. Considerable muscle atrophy can occur, with decreased or absent reflexes, including the Achilles tendon reflex (Inoue, 1970; ILO, 1998; Chauplannaz, 1982). The reported polyneuritis attributed to hexane may result from a mixture of solvents, of which hexane is only a minor component (ACGIH, 1991).
- In some cases, SENSORY NERVE LOSS can occur as well (Herskowitz, 1971). Numbness may occur in a glove-and-stocking distribution, followed by hand and foot weakness without ataxia or spasticity (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
- One case was described of a 60-year-old man who slowly developed pain, paresthesias, and numbness in the feet and legs, followed 10 years later by the same symptoms in the hands and arms. The symptoms first appeared after ten years of chronic exposure to low airborne levels of n-hexane (and possibly other substances); leaded gasoline and diesel oil were also present. Average airborne levels of n-hexane were estimated to be 100 mg/m(3) during the first 10 years of exposure (Barregard et al, 1991).
- In a group of 56 workers exposed to n-hexane in an offset printing factory, 36% (n=20) developed obvious peripheral neuropathy, and another 46% (n=26) had subclinical peripheral neuropathy. The risk of developing peripheral neuropathy was not related to duration of exposure in this group of workers (Chang et al, 1993).
- CNS DAMAGE may also be seen, with symptoms of blurred vision and memory loss; these may be permanent (Pohanish, 2002; ILO, 1998).
- Paralysis is reversible, generally within 1 to 8 months after exposure ceases, and full resolution may be noted over 3 to 21 months (ILO, 1983). Recovery may be biphasic; progression of neuropathy may continue for several months when exposure is stopped, followed by a slow recovery (Huang et al, 1989).
- Return of motor and sensory function may be substantial; however, residual spinal cord damage has been noted in the most severely injured patients (Graham et al, 1987; Oryshkevich et al, 1986). Recovery may be accelerated by treatment with vitamins, steroids, and gangliosides (Malizia, 1983).
- Myalgia has been reported as a presenting symptom of peripheral neuropathy from chronic hexane exposure (Proctor et al, 1988). Muscle pain may persist long after other symptoms of polyneuropathy have subsided (Chang, 1990). Hexane-induced peripheral polyneuropathy is more common in WOMEN than in men (Abbritti, 1976).
- Parkinsonism was reported in two patients occupationally exposed to n-hexane for 30 years. In the first, a mixture of solvents was involved, so hexane could not be identified as the sole causative agent (Pezzoli et al, 1989). In the second, the parkinsonism progressively worsened despite a reduction in exposure levels after diagnosis (Pezzoli et al, 1995).
- A study of 97 children who had chronic inhalant abuse of glues (volatile solvents containing hexane), but who had ostensibly suspended inhalation, showed they had both clinical and normative evidence of continuing brain disturbance, by EEG. The authors concluded that glue sniffing may have long-term electrocerebral sequelae (Griesel et al, 1990).
- Skin changes have been reported from chronic hexane exposure; these include coldness, redness, and roughness (Iida, 1982). The skin irritation reported after prolonged exposure to n-hexane is reportedly due to its defatting property (Proctor et al, 1988).
- Suppression of serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels was seen in a group of 35 workers exposed to n-hexane, compared with unexposed controls. There was a significant correlation between levels of urinary 2,5-hexanedione and serum IgG. No changes in white cell count were noted (Karakaya et al, 1996).
- n-Hexane suppressed chemotaxis, but not respiratory burst response, in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in chronically exposed shoe workers (Governa et al, 1994).
- Studies in rats have shown that of the various hexane isomers, only n-hexane produces peripheral neurotoxic effects (Egan, 1980). In rats, the damage involved swelling of axons in shorter exposures of 13 weeks to airborne concentrations of 6,500 or 10,000 ppm (Cavender, 1984), whereas longer exposure times were associated with degeneration of axons (Kurida, 1966).
- Significant interaction (potentiation of neurological effects in experimental animals) was seen with METHYL ETHYL KETONE (Alternkirch, 1979) and HYPOXIA (Axelsson, 1953). Methyl ethyl ketone has been demonstrated to slow the conversion of n-hexane to 2,5-hexanedione in inhalation exposed human volunteers (van Engelen et al, 1997). Peripheral nerve injury in rodents is inhibited by xylene and toluene (Nylen, 1996; Nylen & Hagman, 1994a; Nylen et al, 1994b).
- Auditory nerve damage is reported in n-hexane exposed rats and is enhanced by XYLENE and TOLUENE (Nylen, 1996; Nylen & Hagman, 1994a). It is not known if this occurs in humans.
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
- ORAL EXPOSURE: In general, gastrointestinal decontamination is not indicated because of the risk of aspiration.
- INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2-agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.
- EYE EXPOSURE: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, perform a slit lamp exam.
- DERMAL EXPOSURE: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly. INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, and peripheral nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
DERMAL EXPOSURE EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE In general, gastrointestinal decontamination is not indicated because of the risk of aspiration. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue). Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years). Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
- Hexane may be one of the most highly toxic members of the alkane family. Ingestion of approximately 50 grams of hexane may be fatal to humans (Bingham et al, 2001).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
- OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL): 500 ppm (1800 mg/m(3)) as an 8-hour TWA. NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL): 50 ppm (180 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. ACGIH threshold limit value (TLV): 50 ppm (176 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. IDLH: 1100 ppm is considered immediately dangerous to life and health (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010; American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; ACGIH, 2001).
- Workers exposed to 1000 to 25,500 ppm of hexane for 30 to 60 minutes experienced drowsiness (Bingham et al, 2001).
- Humans exposed to 2000 ppm for 10 minutes suffered no effects, but exposure to 5000 ppm caused dizziness and giddiness (ACGIH, 2001).
- Exposure to 1500 ppm caused slight nausea, headache, and irritation of the eyes and throat (Hathaway et al, 1996).
- In an industrial setting, exposure to 1000 ppm of solvents containing hexane produced mild symptoms, such as dizziness. No symptoms were observed for exposure to less than 500 ppm (Hathaway et al, 1996).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS110-54-3 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: n-Hexane EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential. ; Listed as: n-Hexane IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: n-Hexane MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS110-54-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Inhalation: Drinking Water:
References: Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; HSDB, 2003; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; RTECS, 2003 Note: Values are from RTECS unless otherwise noted. LC50- (INHALATION)RAT: LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: 25 g/kg Juvenile, 24 ml/kg (HSDB, 2003) Adult, 45 ml/kg (HSDB, 2003) Young Adult, 49.0 ml/kg (Budavari, 2000) 28.7 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001a) 28,710 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000a) 750 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000a)
LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE: LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT: LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 9018 ppm for 6H/2Y- intermittent -- neoplastic, tumors 10,000 ppm for 6H/13W- intermittent -- changes in sense organs, motor activity, and cell count
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: Female, 5000 ppm for 20H at 6-19D of pregnancy -- fetotoxicity (except death) Female, 1000 ppm for 6H at 8-16D of pregnancy -- reduced weight gain in newborns Female, 10,000 ppm for 7H at 15D prior to mating and 1-18D of pregnancy -- behavioral changes in newborns 1000 ppm for 4H/59W- intermittent -- carcinogenic, testicular tumors 1200 ppm for 12H/16W- intermittent -- peripheral nerve changes, weight loss or decreased weight gain, biochemical changes 1 pph for 6H/13W-intermittent -- changes in brain weight, weight loss or decreased weight gain 2000 ppm for 12H/24W- intermittent -- spinal cord, peripheral nerve and biochemical changes 500 ppm for 24H/9W-continuous -- spastic paralysis, weight loss or decreased weight gain 1000 ppm for 24H/11W-continuous -- brain and coverings changes, muscle weakness, weight loss or decreased weight gain 476 ppm for 6H/4W-intermittent -- respiratory and biochemical changes 3000 ppm for 6H/2Y-intermittent -- weight loss or decreased weight gain
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)CHICKEN: TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE: TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: 18,900 mg/kg for 35D-intermittent -- peripheral nerve changes, weight loss or decreased weight gain 4788 mg/kg for 7D-intermittent -- liver, blood, and biochemical changes
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT: 40 g/kg for 4W-intermittent -- weight loss or decreased weight gain Female, 3 g/kg at 6-15D of pregnancy -- teratogenicity (Lewis, 2000a) Male, 20,000 mg/kg -- spermatogenesis and toxic effects on the prostate, seminal vesicles, Cowper's and accessory glands
CALCULATIONS
CONVERSION FACTORS 1 ppm = 3.52 mg/m(3) (Graham et al, 1987; HSDB, 2003) 1 ppm = 3.53 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2001)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS110-54-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS110-54-3 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS110-54-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
Listed as: n-Hexane REL: TWA: 50 ppm (180 mg/m(3)) STEL: Ceiling: Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed Skin Designation: Not Listed Note(s):
IDLH: IDLH: 1100 ppm Note(s): [10%LEL]
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS110-54-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
Listed as: n-Hexane Table Z-1 for n-Hexane: 8-hour TWA: ppm: 500 mg/m3: 1800 Ceiling Value: Skin Designation: No Notation(s): Not Listed
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS110-54-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS110-54-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS110-54-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS110-54-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS110-54-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS110-54-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS110-54-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS110-54-3 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1208 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1208 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS110-54-3 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Hexane Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): [blank cell] Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
Hexane is incompatible with strong oxidizers. Sources of ignition should be kept away from hexane storage areas (Pohanish, 2002). Containers of hexane should be inspected frequently for leaks (ITI, 1995). To prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with hexane, wear appropriate personnel protective clothing, and wash promptly with copious amounts of water or soap and water when skin is wet or contaminated. Remove clothing immediately if it becomes wet or contaminated to avoid flammability hazard (AAR, 2000; Pohanish, 2002).
HANDLING
- Keep sources of ignition such as open flames and smoking away from areas where hexane is used, handled, or stored. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers. Hexane may accumulate static electrical charges, which may cause ignition of vapors. Broken packages of hexane should not be handled unless wearing appropriate personal protective clothing (AAR, 2000; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
STORAGE
Containers of hexane should be kept tightly closed. Drums of hexane must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters (Sittig, 1991). All metal containers should be grounded and bonded (Sittig, 1991). Containers of hexane should be inspected frequently for leaks (ITI, 1995).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Rooms in which hexane is stored should be kept cool and well-ventilated (Sittig, 1991). Proper ventilation is a major health and safety consideration when dealing with hexane (Harbison, 1998).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with hexane. Keep upwind; avoid breathing vapors. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective clothing. Wash promptly with copious amounts of water or soap and water if skin becomes wet or contaminated. Remove clothing immediately if it becomes wet or contaminated to avoid flammability hazard; isolate contaminated clothing and shoes at the site (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of hexane contacting the eyes. If hexane does get into the eyes, remove contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately (Sittig, 1991).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
- Wear appropriate respirator to avoid breathing in hexane. If a person breathes in large amounts of hexane, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen; if breathing has stopped, begin artificial respiration (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 110-54-3.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.
If hexane is not on fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from it (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991). If hexane is on fire, do not extinguish the fire unless the flow of hexane can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog; solid streams of water may spread the fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water; apply water from as far away as possible. To fight fire, use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS110-54-3 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Hexane Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
- INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES
Hexane is a flammable liquid, with a flashpoint of -22 degrees C (closed cup) (ILO, 1998). Hexane is a flammable liquid and a very dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000).
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing a high percentage of an alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS110-54-3 (NFPA, 2002):
- Foam, dry chemicals, or carbon dioxide should be used to extinguish hexane fires. It may be ineffective to use water (CHRIS , 2001).
- Containers of hexane exposed to fire should be cooled with water (CHRIS , 2001).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Hexane is a flammable liquid and a very dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Keep hexane out of confined spaces (e.g. sewers) to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).
- A fire or explosion hazard exists when hexane reacts with strong oxidants (ILO, 1998).
- Due to it's low flash point, (-7 degrees F/-22 degrees C), hexane can form an explosive mixture with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- Hexane is a highly flammable liquid, serving as a hazardous fire and explosion risk when exposed to heat or flame. Mixtures of hexane and dinitrogen tetraoxide may explode at 28 degrees C (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997; Urben, 2000).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Hexane vapor, being heavier than air, may travel along the ground. It is possible for the vapor to ignite from a distance (ILO, 1998).
- When heated to decomposition, hexane emits acrid smoke and fumes (Lewis, 2000).
- Hexane vapors are heavier than air; ventilate area to avoid asphyxiation and explosion hazards (AAR, 2000; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Sittig, 1991).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Hexane is a highly flammable liquid, serving as a hazardous fire and explosion risk when exposed to heat or flame. Mixtures of hexane and dinitrogen tetraoxide may explode at 28 degrees C (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997; Urben, 2000).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS110-54-3 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS110-54-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Hexane TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 50 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 400 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 3300 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 8600 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS110-54-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS110-54-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 1100 ppm Note(s): [10%LEL]
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) If hexane is not on fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from the area. Keep people who are not wearing personal protective clothing away from the spill area until cleanup is complete. Keep hexane out of water sources and sewers to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations; build dikes to contain the flow of spilled hexane as necessary. Attempt to stop the leak if that can be done without undue personal hazard. Use water spray to knock down vapors (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).
LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) If hexane is spilled on land, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or other holding area to contain the spill. Dike surface flow using soil, sandbags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete; absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents and deposit in sealed containers (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991). If hexane is spilled on water, use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel; remove trapped material with suction hoses (AAR, 2000). If hexane is spilled into the air, use water spray or mist to knock down vapors (AAR, 2000).
"At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices" (HSDB , 2001). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
Incineration is a suggested disposal method (Sittig, 1991). Atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber is also a disposal method for hexane (HSDB , 2001).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Hexane is released to the environment in a number of ways. Hexane release has been tied to the manufacture, use, and disposal of many petroleum and gasoline industry products (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB, 2004).
- Hexane is released to the environment from printing pastes, paints, varnishes, adhesives and other coatings; hazardous waste disposal sites, landfills and waste incinerators; the combustion of gasoline and diesel fueled engines (HSDB, 2004).
- Hexane is found in petroleum products. Due to petroleum combustion, hexane is ubiquitous in ambient air at low levels (Harbison, 1998).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Hexane is expected to exist entirely in the vapor phase in ambient air. It will probably not undergo direct photolysis in the troposphere. Reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is significant. The estimated half-life is 3.0 days (HSDB, 2004). The half-life for reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere is 1.3D (Verschueren, 2001). The lifetime of hexane under photochemical smog conditions was estimated to be 5.9 hours in S.E. England (Verschueren, 2001).
SURFACE WATER Photolysis and hydrolysis of hexane in aquatic systems are not expected to be important. Biodegradation of hexane may occur in aquatic environments; however, volatilization and adsorption are expected to be far more important fate processes. An estimated Koc of 150 indicates hexane may absorb to carbon and may partition from the water column to organic matter contained in sediments and suspended materials. Based upon an estimated Henry's Law Constant of 1.83 atm-m(3)/mol at 25 degrees C, hexane is expected to rapidly volatilize from environmental waters (HSDB, 2004). Based on the Henry's Law Constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (25 degrees C, 1 meter deep, flowing 1 m/sec with a wind speed of 3 m/sec) has been estimated to be 1.0 hour. The volatilization half-life from a model lake, which considers the effect of adsorption, can be estimated to be approximately 3.0 days (HSDB, 2004). Its volatility should cause it to rapidly disperse (OHM/TADS , 2001). Photooxidation occurred with exposure to UV light in an aqueous medium at 50 degrees C. There was 50% degradation to carbon dioxide after 24H (Verschueren, 2001).
TERRESTRIAL It is not expected that hydrolysis or photolysis of hexane in soils would be an important fate process. While hexane may biodegrade in soil, volatilization and adsorption are more likely. It is expected that hexane would have a low to slight soil mobility class, due to a calculated Koc 150. It is expected that hexane will volatilize rapidly from moist surface soil, based on an estimated Henry's Law Constant of 1.83 atm-m(3)/mol (HSDB, 2004).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Volatilization and adsorption are expected to be important fate mechanisms for hexane in soil and water. The organic carbon partition coefficient (estimated Koc: 150) indicates low to slight soil mobility and a tendency to adsorb to aquatic sediments and suspended material in the water column. It volatilizes rapidly from water and moist surface soil, based on the estimated Henry's Law Constant of 1.83 atm-m(3)/mol at 25 degrees C. The vapor reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere, and this is a significant degradation process in air (HSDB, 2004).
- Hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation are not important fate processes in soil or aquatic systems (HSDB, 2004).
BIODEGRADATION
- Hexane underwent hydroxylation and oxidation by methane oxidizing bacteria. By-products were a mixture of alcohol, aldehyde, acid, and ketone (Verschueren, 2001).
- Catabolic degradation occurred by bacteria that degrade gasoline, including Pseudomonas species, Nocardia species, and Micrococcus species (Verschueren, 2001).
- From 0-30% theoretical mineralization occurred under anaerobic conditions (20 mg C/L at 35 degrees C in the dark). This required 56D in a freshwater swamp sample and 96D in marine sediment (Verschueren, 2001).
- While it is possible that hexane will biodegrade in soil and water, it is more likely that volatilization and adsorption will occur (HSDB, 2004).
- Hexane does not biodegrade well (OHM/TADS , 2001).
BIOACCUMULATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Hexane exists as a colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor (HSDB, 2003).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 150 mmHg (at 24.8 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
- 10 mmHg (at 15.8 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)
- 124 torr (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)
- 145 torr (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
- 100 mmHg (at 15.8 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
0.66 (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS, 2003) 0.7 (water=1) (NFPA, 1997) 0.660 (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001) 0.65937 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001) 0.659 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2003)
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
2.97 (air=1) (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2001; ILO, 1998; OHM/TADS , 2001) 3.0 (air=1) (CHRIS , 2001; NFPA, 1997)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-219 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001) -95 degrees C (Lewis, 1997) -219.3 degrees F; -139.6 degrees C; 133.6 K (CHRIS , 2001)
-95 degrees C (ILO, 1998; OHM/TADS , 2001) -100 to -95 degrees C (Budavari, 2000) -95.3 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
BOILING POINT
- 156 degrees F; 69 degrees C (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)
- 69 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; ILO, 1998; OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991)
- 68.95 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)
- 67-70 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
- 68.742 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
- 155.7 degrees F (at 1 atm); 68.7 degrees C (at 1 atm); 341.9 K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2001)
FLASH POINT
- -7 degrees F; -22 degrees C (NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997)
- -21.67 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)
- -22 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; ILO, 1998)
- -30 degrees C (closed cup) (ITI, 1995)
- <0 degrees C (Tagliabue closed cup) (Ashford, 1994)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 437 degrees F; 225 degrees C (NFPA, 1997)
- 261.11 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)
- 240 degrees C (ILO, 1998)
- 260 degrees C; 500 degrees F (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
Hexane is not soluble in water (ACGIH, 2001; ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1997). 138 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)
Hexane is very soluble in alcohol (ACGIH, 2001) Hexane is miscible with alcohol, chloroform, and ether (Budavari, 2000).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow=3.90 (HSDB , 2001)
- log Kow = 4.11 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
130 ppm (ACGIH, 2001) 875 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2000) 230 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2000) Water-odor threshold is 0.0064 mg/l (Pohanish, 2002). Air-odor threshold is 230 to 875 mg/m(3) (Pohanish, 2002). Hexane odors are irritating at 1800 mg/m(3) (Bingham et al, 2001)
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