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HEXACHLORONAPHTHALENE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Hexachloronaphthalene is a higher, polychlorinated naphthalene used in insulation for electric wiring, in synthetic waxes, and as an additive in special lubricants.

Specific Substances

    1) Naphthalene, hexachloro-
    2) Halowax
    3) Halowax 1014
    4) Molecular Formula: C10-H2-C16
    5) CAS 1335-87-1
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C10-H2-Cl6

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Hexachloronaphthalene is a white to light-yellow solid with an aromatic odor (EPA, 1985; Lewis, 2000; ACGIH, 1986; Proctor et al, 1988).
    B) USES
    1) Hexachloronaphthalene is a higher, polychlorinated naphthalene used in insulation for electric wiring, in synthetic waxes, and as an additive in special lubricants (Clayton & Clayton, 1981; Proctor et al, 1988; ACGIH, 1986; Gosselin et al, 1984).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Acneiform rashes and chloracne have been reported. Severe hepatic necrosis and acute yellow atrophy of the liver have been noted in humans with vapor exposure. Jaundice, weight loss, nausea, restlessness, drowsiness, confusion, fever, and coma have been reported in patients with severe liver injury.
    B) Centrilobular hepatic necrosis was seen in rats. Eye irritation with excessive lacrimation and hyperkeratosis has occurred in exposed animals.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) CNS depression and coma may be seen.
    0.2.9) HEPATIC
    A) Severe hepatic injury and acute yellow atrophy of the liver may be seen following inhalation exposure. Centrilobular hepatic necrosis has been seen in poisoned animals.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Acneiform rashes and chloracne have been reported in exposed workers.
    B) Allergic dermal sensitization and photosensitization reactions may occur.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of hexachloronaphthalene. In addition, no data were available to assess the potential effects of hexachloronaphthalene exposure during pregnancy or lactation.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Monitor liver function tests in patients with significant exposure.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    C) If hepatic failure occurs, intensive supportive therapy should be provided.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) If hepatic failure occurs, intensive supportive therapy should be provided.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    2) A variety of topical treatments may useful if chloracne occurs. Dermatologic consultation is suggested.

Range Of Toxicity

    A) Inhalation exposure to a combination of penta- and hexachloronaphthalene averaging 1 to 2 mg/m(3) has resulted in fatal liver injury in humans.
    B) A combination of penta- and hexachloronaphthalene fed at a dose of 3 grams/day for one month killed 9 of 10 rats and produced weight loss and severe liver injury in all 10. Chronic inhalation exposure to 1.16 mg/m(3) caused definite liver injury in rats.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Acneiform rashes and chloracne have been reported. Severe hepatic necrosis and acute yellow atrophy of the liver have been noted in humans with vapor exposure. Jaundice, weight loss, nausea, restlessness, drowsiness, confusion, fever, and coma have been reported in patients with severe liver injury.
    B) Centrilobular hepatic necrosis was seen in rats. Eye irritation with excessive lacrimation and hyperkeratosis has occurred in exposed animals.

Vital Signs

    3.3.3) TEMPERATURE
    A) FEVER has been reported in patients with severe liver injury (Proctor & Hughes, 1978).

Heent

    3.4.3) EYES
    A) Eye irritation, excessive lacrimation, and hyperkeratosis have occurred in exposed experimental animals (Huber & Link, 1982).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) CNS depression and coma may be seen.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEFICIT
    1) Symptoms of central nervous system depression including drowsiness, confusion, restlessness, and coma have been reported in patients with severe hepatic injury (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Gosselin et al, 1984). These symptoms would seem to be the result of hepatic encephalopathy rather than primary effects of hexachloronaphthalene itself.

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) NAUSEA
    1) Nausea has been reported in patients with hepatic injury (Proctor et al, 1988).

Hepatic

    3.9.1) SUMMARY
    A) Severe hepatic injury and acute yellow atrophy of the liver may be seen following inhalation exposure. Centrilobular hepatic necrosis has been seen in poisoned animals.
    3.9.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HEPATIC NECROSIS
    1) Workers exposed by inhalation have developed severe hepatic injury with acute yellow atrophy of the liver. Jaundice, weight loss, nausea, restlessness, drowsiness, confusion, fever, and coma have been reported in patients with severe liver injury (Gosselin et al, 1984; ACGIH, 1986; Proctor et al, 1988).
    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEPATIC NECROSIS
    a) Centrilobular hepatic necrosis has been demonstrated in fatally poisoned experimental animals (Proctor & Hughes, 1978).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Acneiform rashes and chloracne have been reported in exposed workers.
    B) Allergic dermal sensitization and photosensitization reactions may occur.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CHLORINE ACNE
    1) Acneiform rashes and chloracne have been reported in exposed workers (Proctor et al, 1988). Hexachloronaphthalene is an experimental comedogenic agent (Tucker et al, 1986).
    a) Chloracne typically occurs from long-term contact with the fume or dust or shorter contact with the hot vapor. The reaction is usually slow to appear and may take months to return to normal (Proctor et al, 1988).
    B) PHOTOSENSITIVITY
    1) Allergic dermal sensitization and photosensitization reactions may follow hexachloronaphthalene exposure (EPA, 1985).
    C) ALOPECIA
    1) Dry, wrinkled skin, fissures in skin folds, hyperkeratization, and alopecia were noted in domestic animals exposed to hexachloronaphthalene (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of hexachloronaphthalene. In addition, no data were available to assess the potential effects of hexachloronaphthalene exposure during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of hexachloronaphthalene.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of hexachloronaphthalene exposure during pregnancy or lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1335-87-1 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic potential of hexachloronaphthalene.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Monitor liver function tests in patients with significant exposure.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Monitor liver function tests in patients with significant exposure.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) All patients with significant exposure to hexachloronaphthalene should be admitted to the hospital and monitored carefully for the possible development of serious hepatic injury.

Monitoring

    A) Monitor liver function tests in patients with significant exposure.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Monitor liver function tests.
    B) SUPPORT
    1) If hepatic failure occurs, intensive supportive therapy should be provided.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) OXYGEN
    1) Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required.
    B) SUPPORT
    1) Severe hepatic injury may follow inhalation exposure. Carefully monitor liver function tests and provide intensive supportive therapy if hepatic failure occurs.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) CHLORINE ACNE
    1) A variety of topical treatments including the use of antibiotics, expression of comedones, and incision and drainage of cysts may be useful if chloracne occurs (Proctor & Hughes, 1978). Dermatologic consultation is suggested.
    2) Patients with photosensitization may benefit from sun screens.
    B) ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION
    1) Patients with dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require systemic corticosteroid or antihistamine therapy.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) SUMMARY
    1) No studies have addressed the utilization of extracorporeal elimination techniques in hexachloronaphthalene poisoning.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) Inhalation exposure to a combination of penta- and hexachloronaphthalene averaging 1 to 2 mg/m(3) has resulted in fatal liver injury in humans.
    B) A combination of penta- and hexachloronaphthalene fed at a dose of 3 grams/day for one month killed 9 of 10 rats and produced weight loss and severe liver injury in all 10. Chronic inhalation exposure to 1.16 mg/m(3) caused definite liver injury in rats.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
    1) Inhalation exposure to a combination of penta- and hexachloronaphthalene averaging 1 to 2 milligrams per cubic meter has resulted in fatal liver injury (Elkins, 1959).
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) A combination of penta- and hexachloronaphthalene fed at a dose of 3 grams per day for one month killed 9 of 10 rats and produced weight loss and severe liver injury in all 10 (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
    1) Chronic inhalation exposure to 1.16 milligrams per cubic meter caused definite liver injury in rats (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1335-87-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Hexachloronaphthalene
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Skin
    3) Definitions:
    a) Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver dam; chloracne
    d) Molecular Weight: 334.74
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1335-87-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Hexachloronaphthalene
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: [skin]
    1) Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 2 mg/m3
    b) Note(s): Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1335-87-1 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Hexachloronaphthalene
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Hexachloronaphthalene
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS1335-87-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Hexachloronaphthalene
    2) Table Z-1 for Hexachloronaphthalene:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 0.2
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: Yes
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Hexachloronaphthalene is an experimental comedogenic agent (Tucker, 1986). Its mechanism of hepatic toxicity is unknown.

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Hexachloronaphthalene is a waxy white to yellow solid with an aromatic odor (EPA, 1985; Lewis, 2000; ACGIH, 1986; Proctor et al, 1988).

Ph

    1) No information found at the time of this review.

Molecular Weight

    A) 334.82 (Lewis, 2000)

References

General Bibliography

    1) 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    3) 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
    4) 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
    5) 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
    6) 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    7) 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    8) 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    9) 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
    10) 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
    11) 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
    12) 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
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