GLYPHOSATE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NUMBER:2045054
EPA PESTICIDE CHEMICAL CODE:417300
NSC NUMBER:151063

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C3H8NO5P
HOOCCH2NHCH2PO(OH)2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

171-SUBSTANCES (LOW TO MODERATE HAZARD)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(EPA, 2005; HSDB, 2004; NLM, 2004; RTECS, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; Lewis, 2000)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Glyphosate is formulated into systemic herbicides that provide non-selective, post-emergent control of annual and perennial plants. The herbicide product is extensively used because of its suitability for general weed control on many food and non-food crops (forests, nurseries), on "no-till" farmland, on non-cropland (industrial, recreational, public areas), in aquaculture, and for aquatic weed control in reservoirs (HSDB, 2004; Meister, 2003; Pohanish, 2002; EPA, 2002).
Technical grade glyphosate (glyphosate acid, CAS 1071-83-6), as the pure chemical by itself, is not directly applied as a herbicide in the environment, nor is it included in product formulations. Rather, it is the isopropylamine (IPA) salt form of glyphosate that is formulated into most commercial products (Tsui & Chu, 2003; Krieger, 2001).

FORMS

Glyphosate is an odorless, colorless to white crystalline powder. It is a weak acid and zwitterionic (dipolar ion) with dissociation constants (pKa) that range from less than 2 to 10.6. As a 1% solution, it has a pH of 2 (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; Krieger, 2001).
Glyphosate's technical purity grade is generally greater than 90% (averaging 96% purity on a dry weight basis). The minimum purity for technical grade glyphosate is 80% (HSDB, 2004; Krieger, 2001; IPCS, 1994).
Glyphosate herbicides are commonly applied in spray form and primarily formulated as either a water-soluble liquid or concentrate solution, or a solution made with a water-soluble powder and other ingredients. Glyphosate herbicides also come as pressurized liquids, aerosols, emulsions, pellets/tablets, granules, powders, and microencapsulated products (Meister, 2003; Giesy et al, 2000; Krieger, 2001; EPA, 2002; Harbison, 1998).
Glyphosate herbicides commonly consist of water and the isopropylamine (IPA) salt form (CAS 38641-94-0) of glyphosate, or they include water, the IPA salt, plus a surfactant and other inert ingredients. Commercial herbicides may contain other glyphosate salts (trimethylsulfonium, monoammonium, and sodium) as the active ingredient (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; Giesy et al, 2000; EPA, 2002).
Glyphosate formulations and their toxicity differ depending on the type and concentration of the active ingredient and/or the added surfactants. The polyoxyethylene tallowamines (e.g., polyoxyethylene amine or POEA) is a class of surfactants most commonly used in glyphosate formulations. Other glyphosate herbicide additives include sulfuric and phosphoric acid and a variety of inert materials (HSDB, 2004; Giesy et al, 2000; EPA, 2002).

SOURCES

SOURCES OF EXPOSURE

OCCUPATIONAL

Potential occupational exposure to glyphosate exists for those involved in its manufacture, as well as the formulation and application of glyphosate herbicides. Worker exposure may occur during spraying, mixing, and cleaning. Potential exposure routes include inhalation, ingestion, and/or skin contact with the chemical or with plants and soil that have been sprayed. Worker exposure may also occur during transport, storage, and disposal of this chemical (HSDB, 2004; EPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

GENERAL POPULATION

The general public may be exposed to glyphosate, given its widespread use for control of terrestrial and aquatic weeds in residential and recreational areas (parks, golf courses, and reservoirs). Potential exposure routes for swimmers in treated reservoirs include dermal contact and incidental ingestion (69 FR 51301 - 51312, 2004; HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002).
Gardeners may be exposed to glyphosate through contact with or use of a variety of commercial herbicide products containing this chemical or through contact with treated plants (HSDB, 2004).
Dermal and dietary exposure is possible for persons intentionally or accidentally touching or consuming food and water that have been recently sprayed (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002).

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION

Production of glyphosate is a two-phase process. First, a mixture of glycine (50 parts), chloromethylphosphonic acid (92 parts), an aqueous solution of 50% sodium hydroxide (150 parts), and water (100 parts) are refluxed. Additional aqueous solution of 50% sodium hydroxide (50 parts) is added to maintain basic pH and refluxing is resumed. Then, the mixture is cooled and filtered before concentrated hydrochloric acid (160 parts) is added and the mixture is filtered again. Glyphosate is slowly precipitated out in the filtrate (IPCS, 1994).

COMMERCIAL SOURCES

Glyphosate-based herbicide formulations are sold under many tradenames and produced by numerous manufacturers. Glyphosate was first introduced as a commercial product in 1974. Glyphosate production and its use in commercial herbicides for agriculture continues to increase worldwide (Meister, 2003; Krieger, 2001).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

Editor's note: Many of the references used do not clearly distinguish between technical grade glyphosate (CAS 1071-83-6) and the isopropylamine (IPA) salt form of glyphosate (CAS 38641-94-0) commonly used in commercial formulations. This is the case for synonyms and tradenames, as well as for toxicity listings and physical properties. Throughout this document, an effort was made to indicate whether the information was related to the pure chemical, a salt form, or a product formulation.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide, and is the most widely used herbicide in the USA. It is available under a variety of trade names, including Roundup(R).

TOXICOLOGY: Glyphosate is an aminophosphonic analogue of the amino acid glycine. It kills plants by interfering with the synthesis of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Other chemicals added to glyphosate mixtures (eg, surfactants and diquat) are probably responsible for much of the reported toxicity.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is common, severe toxicity is rare. In the United States, poison centers in the past decade have reported more than 4000 exposures per year of glyphosate-containing herbicides, of which several hundred are evaluated in a healthcare facility. However, only about 1% of these exposures were intentional ingestions, and fatalities are rare. The clinical effects described are limited to glyphosate isoprophylamine (also known as Roundup(R)) and not glyphosate-trimesium, which appears to have a different mechanism of action that may produce rapid toxicity following ingestion. Two fatal cases of intoxication have been reported within 1 hour or less of oral exposure in an adult and a child to glyphosate-trimesium

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Ingestion can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, slight sedation, mouth and throat pain. Eye exposure can cause conjunctivitis. Dermal exposure can cause erythema, piloerection, and contact dermatitis.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Oral or gastrointestinal mucosal ulceration, hypotension, mild elevations in liver enzymes, leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis, oliguric/anuric renal failure, hyperthermia, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, ventricular dysrhythmias, coma, and seizures are rare manifestations generally only seen after deliberate ingestion. Severe toxicity resulting in death, most often following intentional exposure, has been related to hypovolemic shock followed by respiratory failure. Prolonged dermal exposure can cause burns. The development of respiratory distress, pulmonary edema, renal failure or acidosis requiring hemodialysis, and/or hyperkalemia are highly associated with poor prognosis.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation of material may be harmful.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Inhalation of Asbestos dust may have a damaging effect on the lungs.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Some liquids produce vapors that may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

USES: Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide, and is the most widely used herbicide in the USA. It is available under a variety of trade names, including Roundup(R).
TOXICOLOGY: Glyphosate is an aminophosphonic analogue of the amino acid glycine. It kills plants by interfering with the synthesis of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Other chemicals added to glyphosate mixtures (eg, surfactants and diquat) are probably responsible for much of the reported toxicity.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is common, severe toxicity is rare. In the United States, poison centers in the past decade have reported more than 4000 exposures per year of glyphosate-containing herbicides, of which several hundred are evaluated in a healthcare facility. However, only about 1% of these exposures were intentional ingestions, and fatalities are rare.
PRODUCT VARIABILITY: The clinical effects described are limited to glyphosate isoprophylamine (also known as Roundup(R)) and not glyphosate-trimesium, which appears to have a different mechanism of action that may produce rapid toxicity following ingestion. Two fatal cases of intoxication have been reported within 1 hour or less of oral exposure in an adult and a child to glyphosate-trimesium (Sorensen & Gregersen, 1999).

EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Ingestion can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, slight sedation, mouth and throat pain. Eye exposure can cause conjunctivitis. Dermal exposure can cause erythema, piloerection, and contact dermatitis.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Oral or gastrointestinal mucosal ulceration, hypotension, mild elevations in liver enzymes, leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis, oliguric/anuric renal failure, hyperthermia, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, ventricular dysrhythmias, coma, and seizures are rare manifestations generally only seen after deliberate ingestion. Severe toxicity resulting in death, most often following intentional exposure, has been related to hypovolemic shock followed by respiratory failure. In one study, the volume of surfactant not the type surfactant had a role in the development of hypotension, mental deterioration, respiratory failure, acute kidney injury and arrhythmia. Prolonged dermal exposure can cause burns. The development of respiratory distress, pulmonary edema, renal failure or acidosis requiring hemodialysis, and/or hyperkalemia are highly associated with poor prognosis.

Deaths following the ingestion of glyphosate have occurred. The average amount of the 41% solution of glyphosate herbicide ingested by nonsurvivors was 184 +/- 70 mL (range, 85 to 200 mL); however, amounts up to 500 mL have been survived with only mild to moderate symptoms (Talbot et al, 1991). Pulmonary edema, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia are predictors highly associated with poor outcome and mortality in a retrospective case series (n=131). Renal failure necessitating hemodialysis is also indicative of a poor prognosis (Lee et al, 2000).

CARDIOVASCULAR

Hypotension and signs of hypovolemic shock have been reported following acute ingestions (Chen et al, 1995; Talbot et al, 1991; Tominack et al, 1991; Sawada et al, 1988). In severe poisonings, oliguria and anuria may be secondary to hypotension. In one series, 18 (18.5%) of 97 patients who ingested a 41% concentration of glyphosate developed shock (Tominack et al, 1991).

Tachycardia and palpitations have been reported following glyphosate ingestion (Tominack et al, 1991).

Cardiac dysrhythmias (including ventricular dysrhythmias) and cardiac arrest have been reported following acute ingestions (Tominack et al, 1991).

RESPIRATORY

Acute lung injury has been reported in up to 13% of individuals orally exposed to glyphosate (Tominack et al, 1991) Pulmonary edema along with metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia were highly predictive of poor outcome and mortality in a retrospective case series (n=131) (Sawada & Nagai, 1987). In another case series, aspiration pneumonia was found to be the major cause of mortality (Chang et al, 1999).

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Mental status changes have developed in 11% to 12% of patients following acute ingestion, and may be secondary to hypoxia or hypotensive effects (Talbot et al, 1991; Tominack et al, 1991)

GASTROINTESTINAL

Nausea, vomiting, erythema of the mucous membranes, and epigastric pain are common findings following ingestion; paralytic ileus can develop in severe cases. Chemical burns of the esophagus and gastric region have been reported (Sawada & Nagai, 1987). Although reported less frequently, diarrhea can be moderate to severe, and produce alterations in fluid and electrolyte balance (Tominack et al, 1991).

LABORATORY STUDIES

Elevated liver enzymes and leukocytosis have occurred following exposure (Tominack et al, 1991).

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

ORAL: Analysis of 3 retrospective reviews with a total of 246 cases of ingestion of a commercial product containing glyphosate 41% and polyoxyethyleneamine surfactant 15% highlight the following signs and symptoms (Tominack et al, 1991; Talbot et al, 1991; Sawada et al, 1988) :

Oral and throat pain 41% to 43%
Oral mucosal ulceration/erosion 7% to 43%
Vomiting 44%; Diarrhea 12%
Abnormal mental status 11% to 12%
Oliguria/Anuria 10% to 14%
Metabolic Acidosis 14%
Hyperthermia 7%
Pulmonary edema 5% to 13%
Mild LFT elevation 19% to 40%
Leukocytosis 52% to 78%
Shock 9%

INHALATION: Based on limited data, inhalation of glyphosate produced pneumonitis in one worker (Carel & Pushnoy, 1999). This study has been refuted (Goldstein et al, 1999).
DERMAL: Commercial grade formulations have resulted in erythema and contact dermatitis (Moses, 1989a; CDFA, 1984). Based on studies on unabraded skin, dilute glyphosate products showed no greater irritation potential than all purpose cleaners. Skin sensitization was not observed, nor any potential for photoirritation or photosensitization. Testing on abraded skin can result in mild irritation and erythema (HSDB, 2004).

CASE REPORT: Approximately 24 hours after exposure, extensive chemical burns resulting in erythematous macules and areas of necrotic erosion occurred in a 78-year-old woman following prolonged cutaneous contact with glyphosate. Following supportive care (ie, wet dressings, topical steroid therapy, and systemic antibiotics), clinical improvement was observed within 1 week and complete resolution occurred at 4 weeks (Amerio et al, 2004).
In one study, accidental dermal exposure was asymptomatic (HSDB, 2004).

OCULAR: Following accidental ocular exposure, gross periorbital edema with chemosis of the eye developed in conjunction with tachycardia, palpitations, and hypertension. Treatment with intramuscular promethazine resolved the symptoms within 24 hours (Temple & Smith, 1992).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

DERMAL: Contact dermatitis occurred in agricultural workers chronically exposed to commercial grade glyphosate (Moses, 1989a; CDFA, 1984).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

PREHOSPITAL: Small amounts of water may be used for dilution after ingestion. Wash exposed skin, irrigate exposed eyes and remove contaminated clothing. Activated charcoal in general should be avoided.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Emesis is NOT recommended, although spontaneous vomiting may occur. The concentrated solution (41% glyphosate) may cause esophageal erosion; it is not known if lower concentrations are less irritating or if the surfactant is an irritant.
Rinse the mouth and dilute with milk or water. For smaller ingestions, oral irrigation and dilution may be all that is necessary.
If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
USE OF DILUENTS IS CONTROVERSIAL: While experimental models have suggested that immediate dilution may lessen caustic injury (Homan et al, 1993; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1995), this has not been adequately studied in humans.
DILUENT TYPE: Use any readily available nontoxic, cool liquid. Both milk and water have been shown to be effective in experimental studies of caustic ingestion (Maull et al, 1985; Rumack & Burrington, 1977; Homan et al, 1995; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1993).
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Potential adverse effects include vomiting and airway compromise (Caravati, 2004).
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do NOT attempt dilution in patients with respiratory distress, altered mental status, severe abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, or patients who are unable to swallow or protect their airway. Diluents should not be force fed to any patient who refuses to swallow (Rao & Hoffman, 2002).
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Do not administer activated charcoal to patients who are already vomiting or have evidence of caustic injury.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

GENERAL

Systemic effects of acute ingestion can include: hypotension, shock, pulmonary edema, and metabolic acidosis.

HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

At the time of this review, glyphosate has low toxicity when inhaled.
INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

FATAL PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS

The following fatal prognostic indicators were derived from several studies on glyphosate-surfactant intoxication in Taiwan. The surfactant commonly used in Taiwan is polyoxyethyleneamine. It is also reportedly the most commonly used surfactant worldwide (Chan et al, 2016):

Age greater than 40 years;
Large ingestion (greater than 200 mL);
Clinical findings include: an elevated creatinine, acidosis, hyperkalemia, tachycardia, and respiratory failure requiring intubation.

CASE REPORTS

The mean amount of concentrated Roundup(R) (40% glyphosate) ingested in 9 fatal cases was 206 mL (Sawada et al, 1988). These cases were all deliberate suicidal ingestion.
CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old woman died after ingesting approximately 500 mL of glyphosate as Roundup(R) (the formulation contained 41% glyphosate as the isopropylamine salt and 15% polyoxyethylene amine as a surfactant). At autopsy, there was evidence of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, pulmonary and brain edema and liver toxicity. A toxicology screen was negative (Sribanditmongkol et al, 2012).
CASE REPORT: A 25-year-old woman was admitted with a 4 day history of fever and painful oral ulcers after intentionally ingesting glyphosate. Physical exam showed extensive oral ulcers that bled easily. By day 3, it was determined that she had ingested 100 to 150 mL of glyphosate (43.15% w/w with 95% purity and net concentration of 41% SL) after developing subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum due to esophageal perforation. Her clinical course rapidly declined requiring mechanical ventilation, inotropes and dialysis. She died 12 days after ingestion (Jyoti et al, 2014).
Ingestion of approximately 50 mL of a glyphosate-trimesium herbicide formulation by a 6-year-old boy resulted in death within minutes. A 34-year-old woman who ingested approximately 150 mL of a glyphosate-trimesium herbicide also died quickly. Findings on postmortem examination included pulmonary edema, erosion of gastric mucous membranes, cerebral edema, and dilated right atrium and ventricle of the heart (Sorensen & Gregersen, 1999).
MORTALITY

CASE FATALITY RATE: The fatality rate in 67 cases of Roundup(R) poisoning was 7.5%, and the average dose was 184 +/- 70 mL (range 85 to 200 mL). All fatal cases were suicidal ingestions. Ingestion of larger, nonfatal doses (500 mL) was reported for some patients (Talbot et al, 1991).
In a series of 97 adult ingestion cases (ages 12 to 77), mortality was 17%. Most (88%) were suicidal attempts (Tominack et al, 1991).
In a series of 22 adult suicidal ingestion cases, 4 patients (18%) died (Sheu et al, 1998).
In a retrospective case series (n=131) of glyphosate-surfactant poisonings, patients that ingested greater than 200 mL were at increased risk of death (Lee et al, 2000).
In a series of 601 glyphosate ingestions there were 19 fatalities. Fatal cases had ingested 75 mo to 350 ml concentrated glyphosate (generally 36% w/v) (Roberts et al, 2010).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CASE REPORTS

No deaths occurred with a history of ingestion of less than 150 mL concentrate or in patients less than 40 years of age (Tominack et al, 1991).
The manufacturer reports that ingestions of 1 to 8 ounces (30 to 240 mL) of concentrate resulted in vomiting and diarrhea of 2 to 5 days duration, but no other symptoms. Sawada et al (1988) reported that 47 patients who ingested a mean of 104 mL developed significant symptoms (co-ingestants not reported) (Sawada et al, 1988).
A 69-year-old woman intentionally ingested 500 mL of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide (48% glyphosate potassium salts; Roundup Maxload (R)) and was found alert but vomiting by her spouse. Once admitted, she lost consciousness and became pulseless. Following CPR and repeated cardioversion; ventricular tachycardia was unresponsive to antiarrhythmics. Initial laboratory findings included severe hyperkalemia (potassium 10 mEq/L), normal renal function and metabolic acidosis. Treatment included percutaneous cardiopulmonary support and continuous hemodialysis which corrected the patient's elevated potassium concentration. The patient recovered following a complicated clinical course that included esophageal and gastric erosions and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The patient required intubation and mechanical ventilation for 20 days. Her serum glyphosate concentration on admission was 1625.74 mcg/mL and 18 hours later was 100.44 mcg/mL (Kamijo et al, 2012).
A 51-year-old man developed multiorgan system damage, including acute renal failure with oliguria and severe hypoxia, 12 hours after ingesting "4 gulps" (approximately 240 mL) of a product that contained 18% glyphosate, 0.73% diquat, and 7% polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA). After supportive therapy, including 4 hours of hemodialysis, the patient's status improved and he gradually regained renal function (Sampogna & Cunard, 2007).

INTRAVENOUS ROUTE

CASE REPORT: A 22-year-old man survived after self-injecting approximately 250 mL of diluted glyphosate-surfactant herbicide in a suicide attempt. The patient presented with mild metabolic acidosis and acute hemolysis, which required plasmapheresis and blood transfusions. He made a full recovery 4 days later (Wu et al, 2006).

SURFACTANT VOLUME

In a retrospective review of 107 patients with acute glyphosate intoxication, surfactant volume had a role in the development of severe toxicity compared to the surfactant type (ingredient) in various glyphosate herbicide products. In patients that ingested surfactant volumes of 8 mL or more there was a strong association with the development of hypotension (47.1%), mental deterioration (38.6%), respiratory failure (30%), acute kidney injury (17.1%) and arrhythmia (10%). Most patients improved with no long-term sequelae; however, 2 patients died of refractory shock, metabolic acidosis and respiratory failure (Seok et al, 2011).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1071-83-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Glyphosate

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Glyphosate

2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1071-83-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

LOAEL- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 4,500 mg/kg/D for 90D - male and female mice; weight gain decrease (69 FR 51301 - 51312, 2004)
LOAEL- (INHALATION)RAT:
- >0.36 mg/L for 28D - highest dose tested in rats (same dose as NOAEL) - exposure duration: 6H/D and 5D/W for 4W (69 FR 51301 - 51312, 2004)
LOAEL- (ORAL)RAT:
- 50 mg/kg/D for 90D - males and female rats; increased phosphorous and potassium levels (69 FR 51301 - 51312, 2004)
NOAEL- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- For technical grade glyphosate, EPA's short and intermediate term oral exposure NOAEL for humans is 175 mg/kg/D (69 FR 51301 - 51312, 2004).
UNASSIGNED- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- For technical grade glyphosate, EPA's chronic Reference Dose (RfD) for humans is 1.75 mg/kg/D (69 FR 51301 - 51312, 2004).

TOXICITY VALUES

LD50- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- >5,000 mg/kg - Acute human oral toxicity (Category IV) (69 FR 51301 - 51312, 2004)
LD50- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- >5,000 mg/kg - Acute human skin (dermal) toxicity (Category IV) (69 FR 51301 - 51312, 2004)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 130 mg/kg - convulsions, respiratory increase, increased body temperature (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 1,568 mg/kg - convulsions, respiratory increase, increased body temperature (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 235 mg/kg - convulsions, respiratory increase, increased body temperature (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 4,873 mg/kg - convulsions, respiratory increase, increased body temperature (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 5,000 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- 2,143 mg/kg - man: fibrosing alveolitis; interstitial fibrosis; vascular BP lowering (not characterized in autonomic section) (RTECS, 2004)
LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- 4 gm/kg - woman: respiratory depression; dysrhythmias (change in conduction); vascular BP lowering (not characterized in autonomic section) (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- 1,214 mg/kg - man: cardiac rate change; diarrhea and gastrointestinal hypermotility; vascular BP lowering (not characterized in autonomic section) (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 435 gm/kg for 13W, continuous - change in salivary gland structure/function, liver weight, bladder weight (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- 22,500 mg/kg/D for 90D intermittent- reduced activity, diarrhea and gastrointestinal hypermotility (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- 153 gm/kg for 13W, continuous - change in liver weight and erythrocyte (RBC) count, transaminases (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- 49,000 mg/kg/D for 14D intermittent - weight loss/weight gain decrease; death (RTECS, 2004)

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

To convert between glyphosate acid equivalents (a.e.), glyphosate active ingredients (a.i.), and concentrations in glyphosate herbicides like Roundup(R), one may assume the following (Giesy et al, 2000):

1 mg Roundup(R) = 0.31 mg glyphosate acid equivalents (a.e.)
1 mg of glyphosate active ingredient (a.i.) = 0.75 glyphosate a.e.
The glyphosate concentration in Roundup(R) is typically 360 gm-a.e./L or less (e.g., 240, 160, 120, 9 gm-a.e./L).
The standard Roundup(R) formulation of 360 gm (glyphosate) a.e./L = 0.75 lb glyphosate a.e./qt or 1.0 lb glyphosate a.i./qt.

OTHER CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 6.91 mg/m(3) at 25 degrees Celsius and 101.3 kPa (IPCS, 1994)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.145 ppm (IPCS, 1994)

The purity for technical grade glyphosate is generally >90% (96% purity (dry wt basis). The minimum purity for technical grade glyphosate is 80% (HSDB, 2004; Krieger, 2001).

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1071-83-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1071-83-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1071-83-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1071-83-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1071-83-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1071-83-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1071-83-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1071-83-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1071-83-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1071-83-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1071-83-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1071-83-6 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1071-83-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Wear appropriate, splash-proof, chemical protective clothing and equipment to prevent dermal and eye contact, inhalation, or ingestion of glyphosate solids (dusts), liquid, and mists/vapors (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling glyphosate material (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

Do not handle or store glyphosate around drinking water, food, or agricultural feedstuffs (HSDB, 2004; Meister, 2003; ILO ICSC, 2000).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store glyphosate solutions in synthetic, plastic, fiberglass, or aluminum containers. Do not store glyphosate in iron or galvanized steel (or unlined steel) containers, which glyphosate solutions can corrode. Follow manufacturer's container and storage recommendations for specific glyphosate products (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).
Keep glyphosate away from ignition sources; store containers in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated location (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).
Store glyphosate away from potable water and food items, as well as agricultural feed and seed (Meister, 2003; ILO ICSC, 2000).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Glyphosate can corrode iron and galvanized steel containers and subsequently form combustible and explosive gas mixtures (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).
Store containers of glyphosate separated from oxidizers (Pohanish, 2002).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Prevent eye and skin contact to glyphosate through use of appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment, including chemical-protective gloves, overclothing, and chemical safety goggles. Minimize inhalation of glyphosate dusts, spray mist, and vapors through use of adequate respiratory protection. Immediately remove any clothing that becomes wet or contaminated to prevent any dermal contact (Meister, 2003; Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear chemical-protective goggles or face shield when working with or around glyphosate. Avoid wearing contact lenses around this chemical (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

Avoid bodily contact with glyphosate (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Avoid inhalation of glyphosate dust, spray mist, particulate, and vapors by using appropriate respiratory protection (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1071-83-6.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 6.46
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None Detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 46
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.3
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

OTHER

INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION

Emergency showers and eye wash stations should be present in areas where glyphosate is used (Pohanish, 2002).
If glyphosate contacts the skin, promptly wash the the affected area(s) with water or soap and water; seek prompt medical attention as required (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).
In case of eye contact, remove contacts if present, and flush eyes with copious amounts of water for a minimum of 15 minutes; seek medical attention (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).
In case of inhalation, move victim to fresh air and seek immediate medical attention (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).
In case of ingestion, seek immediate medical attention (ILO ICSC, 2000).
Immediately remove any contaminated clothing and then wash body thoroughly with soap and water (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Some may burn but none ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Some may be transported hot.
The solid form of glyphosate is combustible and may burn under specific conditions, but it does not readily ignite (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).
Water-based formulations of glyphosate are not flammable (HSDB, 2004; Tomlin, 2000).
The corrosive reaction of glyphosate solutions with iron or steel (unlined or galvanized) may produce highly combustible, explosive gas mixtures (Pohanish, 2002).
High temperatures from fire may cause glyphosate decomposition and the release of toxic fumes (oxides of nitrogen and phosphorous) (Tomlin, 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1071-83-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Storage of glyphosate solutions in iron, galvanized steel, or unlined steel containers may result in hazardous corrosive reactions (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not scatter spilled material with high pressure water streams.
Dike fire-control water for later disposal.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1071-83-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray to control fires involving glyphosate (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

Runoff or dilution water resulting from fire control may be toxic or corrosive and should be controlled (ILO ICSC, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, glyphosate releases toxic and irritating fumes of nitrogen oxides and phosphorous oxides (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000; Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Contact of glyphosate solutions with iron or steel (unlined or galvanized) may produce highly explosive, combustible gas mixtures (Pohanish, 2002).

Glyphosate and its salts are ordinarily stable in air (Tomlin, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Avoid exposure (ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact) with glyphosate dust, mist, and vapors, as they are eye, skin, and respiratory irritants (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Glyphosate solutions can corrode and react with iron and galvanized steel to produce combustible, explosive gas mixtures (Pohanish, 2002).

The reactivity hazards and physical properties of different glyphosate formulations vary depending on the ingredients (ILO ICSC, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171(ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.

Evacuate unnecessary persons to a safe location upwind of the spill area. Prevent inhalation or ingestion of, or direct contact with of the spilled material in any form (solid, particulate, aerosols, vapors) (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000)

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1071-83-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1071-83-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS1071-83-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1071-83-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent dust cloud.
- Avoid inhalation of asbestos dust.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Wear appropriate protective clothing and respiratory equipment to avoid direct contact, inhalation, and ingestion of spilled glyphosate. Remove all ignition sources and ventilate the spill area. Prevent spills from entering sewers or water intakes (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Take up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.
SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.
Wear appropriate protective clothing and respiratory equipment to prevent inhalation, ingestion, or direct skin contact with glyphosate (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).
Moisten powdered glyphosate prior to collecting and placing the material into plastic containers (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).
Use sand or inert absorbent to cleanup spilled liquid. Collect absorbant and spilled liquid in sealable containers (Pohanish, 2002; ILO ICSC, 2000).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Mix glyphosate with excess calcium oxide or sodium hydroxide and sand or other adsorbent. When calcium oxide is used, sodium carbonate may be added to increase the rate of reaction. The total amount of alkali required will depend on the volume and concentration of glyphosate. To ensure chemical interactions are not too vigorous, it is advisable to run a small preliminary batch before proceeding to dispose of the entire quantity (HSDB, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Coagulation and filtration can successfully remove glyphosate from river water (Verschueren, 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Glyphosate is released to the environment through its common use as an herbicide spray for controlling terrestrial and aquatic weeds. Glyphosate herbicides can enter terrestrial and aquatic environments through targeted or accidental spraying, or as surface runoff or spray drift. Organisms may be exposed by dermal and dietary exposure routes from touching or consuming food or water that have been directly sprayed or exposed by spray drift (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; EPA, 2002; Verschueren, 2001).

Glyphosate herbicides are widely used in residential and recreational areas (e.g., parks, golf courses, reservoirs) to control both terrestrial and aquatic weeds (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002).

People may be exposed to glyphosate through their use of commercial products containing the chemical (commonly in its salt form) or by direct contact with plants that have been sprayed (HSDB, 2004; EPA, 2002).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Glyphosate is mainly released into the atmosphere through use of herbicide sprays, which commonly contain glyphosate in its isopropylamine (IPA) salt form. Glyphosate is non-volatile and exists only as an aerosol in the atmosphere, where it primarily degrades by photolysis or by gravitational settling. It is generally stable to photodegradation and hydrolysis (at pH 3, 6, and 9, and at 5-35 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004; EPA, 2002; Tomlin, 2000).
Vaporization from soil and plant surfaces is an insignificant transport pathway for glyphosate, given glyphosate's negligible vapor pressure (HSDB, 2004; Giesy et al, 2000).
Glyphosate can photodegrade in the presence of UV radiation, but not visible light. Glyphosate's physical state as a free molecule or a tightly-bound complex affects its photodegradation potential (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Adsorption to sediment or particulate matter and biodegradation are the principal means for glyphosate removal from the water column. Higher residue levels are associated with sediments and suspended sediments, as glyphosate readily forms insoluble complexes with metal ions which then precipitate out of the water column (HSDB, 2004; Perkins et al, 2000).
- Reported residue reduction levels and half-life data for glyphosate in aquatic ecosystems systems include the following (HSDB, 2004):
- Glyphosate dissipates rapidly in stillwater (lentic) lakes and ponds (Perkins et al, 2000).
- Glyphosate herbicide application at the highest recommended rates (8.9 L/ha for common surfactant-free products and 12 L/ha for common products that contain surfactants) to water 15 cm deep produced an estimated glyphosate acid equivalent (IPA salt) concentration of 2.88 mg/L (Perkins et al, 2000).
- Glyphosate does not readily elute from sediment. One study showed canal sediment retained >93% of the glyphosate applied 4 days earlier, before the canal was filled with water. In a soil column elution study, no detectable glyphosate was in the leachate at 45 days (HSDB, 2004).
- Studies on glyphosate photodegradation in aqueous solutions report the following:
GROUND WATER
- Iron, copper, calcium, and magnesium ions commonly form insoluble complexes with glyphosate in groundwater and some surface waters. These complexes typically precipitate out of the water column and into sediment (HSDB, 2004).
- One Texas study reported glyphosate detections in groundwater (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Glyphosate is strongly adsorbed by many soil types. Leachability and mobility in soils are limited by such environmental conditions as soil type, pH, temperature, precipitation, phosphate levels, organic matter content, microbial activity, clay content, cation exchange capacity, and metal ion concentrations (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Giesy et al, 2000; EPA, 2002).
- Glyphosate has an average half-life of 60 days in soil, according to literature surveys and field study data. Reported residue persistence and half-life data for glyphosate in soil ecosystems include the following (HSDB, 2004):
- Glyphosate's half-life ranged from 1.7-142 days (median of 14.9 days) in a bare ground soil study (Verschueren, 2001).
- Reported residue persistence and dissipation data for glyphosate in terrestrial plant ecosystems include the following (HSDB, 2004):
- Reported soil sorption values for glyphosate include the following:
- H-bonding and ion exchange are considered responsible for glyphosate's strong adsorption potential in many soils. Decreases in pH correlate with increased soil adsorption. A soil's cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the sorbent's surface area reportedly do not affect this relationship (HSDB, 2004).
- Glyphosate photodegradation on soil surfaces to AMPA, glyphosate's primary degradation product, can be a slow process(Verschueren, 2001).
- One study reported that a glyphosate level of 25 mg/kg in dry soil did not affect cellulose, starch, protein, or leaf litter degradation, nor did it affect nitrogen fixation after 84 days (Verschueren, 2001).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Once in the environment, glyphosate readily binds to soil, and to suspended organic matter, and sediment particles in water. In aqueous systems, photodegradation is another means for glyphosate dissipation (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; EPA, 2002).

Glyphosate is strongly adsorbed by many soil types. It has an average half-life of 60 days and is readily degraded by soil microbes. Its mobility in soils is limited by various environmental factors including soil type, pH, temperature, and precipitation. Vaporization from soil and plant surfaces is an insignificant transport pathway, given glyphosate's negligible vapor pressure. Photodegradation on soil surfaces to glyphosate's primary metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), can be a slow process (HSDB, 2004; EPA, 2002; Verschueren, 2001; Giesy et al, 2000).

BIODEGRADATION

The average soil biodegradation half-life for glyphosate is about 60 days. Soil microbes readily biodegrade glyphosate to its primary metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and other inorganic constituents (phosphate and carbon dioxide). Numerous physical and chemical soil factors that affect soil microbial activity also affect glyphosate biodegradation rates (HSDB, 2004; EPA, 2002; Giesy et al, 2000).

Glyphosate is strongly adsorbed to the upper organic layers in most soils. Biodegradation studies on glyphosate in soil report the following (HSDB, 2004):

Glyphosate decomposition ranges from 10-60% depending on soil and microorganism types.
A shake-flask study demonstrated that soil microorganisms can completely biodegrade glyphosate under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions:

Under aerobic conditions, 45-55% glyphosate mineralization occurred at 28 days in Ray silt loam, Drummer silty clay loam, and Lintonia sandy loam soils.
Under anaerobic conditions in Ray silt loam soil, 37.3% of the glyphosate was released as carbon dioxide (CO2).

At 9 days, 19% of glyphosate biodegraded in Williams silt loam soil (pH 6.4, 1.9% organic matter).
At 28 days, 17.4-45.5% of the glyphosate was released as CO2. Carbon dioxide release and biodegradation do not occur in sterilized soil. Addition of phosphate enhances CO2 release.
At 30-40 days, glyphosate biodegradation was 50% in three incubated Saskatchewan soils. At 90 days, biodegradation activity in the solvent-extractable and non-extractable fractions from these same three soils was similar at 7-16% and 7-14%, respectively.
Glyphosate is thought to be co-metabolized based on its biodegradation pattern.

Glyphosate degradation studies report that <3% of the initial soil concentration remained at 16 weeks (Verschueren, 2001).

Glyphosate's primary metabolite from soil biodegradation is aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). AMPA also rapidly biodegrades in soil (HSDB, 2004).

Other microbial biodegradation products for glyphosate include: N-nitrosoglyphosate, ammonia, N,N-dimethylphosphinic acid, N-methylphosphinic acid, aminoacetic acid (glycine), N-methylaminoacetic acid (sarcosine), hydroxymethylphosphonic acid, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, nitrate, phosphate, and water (Verschueren, 2001).
Rhizobiaceae bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. and Arthrobacter atrocyoneus) can use glyphosate as their sole phosphorus source, producing sarcosine, glycine, and formaldehyde as degradation products. The bacterium, Ochrobactrum anthropi, can degrade glyphosate to AMPA (Verschueren, 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Glyphosate is not likely to bioaccumulate or bioconcentrate in fish and other aquatic organisms. (HSDB, 2004).
In a 55-day study on two Oregon coastal hardwood communities, glyphosate and its primary metabolite, AMPA, were not detected in ten Coho salmon fingerlings (0.05 ppm detection level). Glyphosate was detected in stream water at 3 days and in stream sediment at 55 days (HSDB, 2004).

BIRDS

Glyphosate is unlikely to bioaccumulate in birds (HSDB, 2004).

PLANTS

TERRESTRIAL
- Glyphosate strongly adsorbs to most soils thus limiting uptake by plant roots. One study showed plants can update glyphosate in quartz sand, but not in sterile soil (HSDB, 2004).
- Glyphosate concentrations increase in plant foliage that has been sprayed. Concentrations in other plant parts also increase as glyphosate moves downward from the leaves into the stem and root systems (HSDB, 2004).

MAMMALS

Glyphosate is unlikely to bioaccumulate in mammals, as it is marginally retained and quickly eliminated. Glyphosate reportedly does not bioaccumulate in higher trophic level organisms (herbivores, omnivores, carnivores) (HSDB, 2004).

OTHER

OTHER
- Glyphosate does not bioaccumulate in higher trophic level organisms (herbivores, omnivores, carnivores) (HSDB, 2004)

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Crustacean (Procambarus simulans): 9 (BCF, edible portions) and 8 (BCF,whole body) -- 28 D at 3000 mcg/L (Verschueren, 2001).
Fish: 0.2-0.3 -- 10-14D (HSDB, 2004)
Fish (Ictalurus punctatus) : 0.18 (BCF, whole body) -- 14D at < 10,000 mcg/L; 0.26 (BCF, whole body) -- 10D at < 1000 mcg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
Fish (Micropterus salmoides): 0.03-0.04 (BCF, whole body) -- 14 D at <10,000 mcg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
Mollusc (Rangia cuneata): 9.6 (BCF, edible portion) -- 35D at 500 mcg/L; 4.8 (BCF, edible portion) -- 28D at 3000 mcg/L (Verschueren, 2001)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

Technical grade glyphosate acid (CAS 1071-83-6) is reportedly more toxic than the isopropylamine (IPA) salt form (CAS 38641-94-0) for some aquatic organisms due to the higher acidity (lower test media pH) caused by acid versus the salt form (Tsui & Chu, 2003).

Glyphosate is a weak acid. As a 1% aqueous solution, its pH is approximately 2 (Tsui & Chu, 2003; Krieger, 2001).
Environmental factors such as temperature, organic matter content, and pH may substantially affect the acute or chronic toxicity of glyphosate, the IPA salt form, and the various glyphosate formulations (HSDB, 2004; Tsui & Chu, 2003).

At higher temperatures, glyphosate was twice as toxic to rainbow trout (17 vs 7 degrees C) and bluegills (27 vs 17 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004).
At increase in pH from 6.5 to 7.5-9.5, increased glyphosate toxicity two to four times in bluegills and rainbow trout (HSDB, 2004).

Glyphosate formulations containing the surfactant polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA) tend to be more toxic to amphibians and aquatic organisms than formulations containing no added surfactants or technical grade glyphosate alone (Howe et al, 2004; Perkins et al, 2000).

A recent study using amphibian (Xenopus laevis) embryos reported an LC50 of 6.8 mg/L for the surfactant POEA itself. This was compared to an LC50 of 7,297 mg-(acid equivalent)/L for a common glyphosate herbicide containing no surfactants, and an LC50 of 9.3 mg-(acid equivalent)/L for a common glyphosate herbicide containing POEA (Perkins et al, 2000).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

Aquatic Organisms

ALGAE

EC50 - BLUE-GREEN ALGAE (Anabaena flos-aquae): 15 mg/L for 7D -- growth inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 0.01 mg/L -- oxygen evolution inhibition; 0.0038 mg/L -- growth inhibition; 35, 44, 70 mg/L -- photosynthesis inhibition; <25, <100 mg/L -- nitrogen fixation inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 1.1 mg/L for 72H -- nitrogen fixation inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 13.8 and 485 mg/L for 7D -- growth inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - DIATOM (Skeletonema costatum): 0.64 mg/L for 7D; 1.3 mg/L for 96H -- growth inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - DIATOM (Navicula pelliculosa): 42 mg/L for 7D -- growth inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)
EC100 - GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 3.2 mg/L for 72H -- nitrogen fixation inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)
IC50 - DIATOM (Skeletonema costatum): 2.27 mg (acid equivalent)/L for 96H, glyphosate acid, (95% CI=0.82-11.1) -- growth inhibition (Tsui & Chu, 2003)
IC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): -- 24.7 mg (acid equivalent)/L for 96H, glyphosate acid, (95% CI=22.8-26.7) -- growth inhibition (Tsui & Chu, 2003)
NOEC - GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 45 mg/L for 7D -- growth inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)

AQUATIC PLANTS

EC50 - DUCKWEED (Lemna gibba): 25.5 mg/L for 14 D -- growth inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - DUCKWEED (Lemna gibba): 16.6 mg/L for 14 D -- growth inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)

AMPHIBIANS

LC5 - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis) embryo: 5515.5 mg (acid equivalent)/L [acid equivalent basis (AE) in mg/L] for Rodeo(R) and 7.7 mg (acid equivalent)/L for Roundup(R) at 96H -- FETAX bioassay (Perkins et al, 2000)
LC10 - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis) embryo: 5867.2 mg/L [acid equivalent basis (AE) in mg/L] for Rodeo(R) and 8.0 mg (acid equivalent)/L for Roundup(R) at 96H -- FETAX bioassay (Perkins et al, 2000)
LC50 - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis) embryo: 7296.8 mg/L [acid equivalent basis (AE) in mg/L] for Rodeo(R) and 9.3 mg (acid equivalent)/L for Roundup(R) at 96H -- FETAX bioassay (Perkins et al, 2000)
LC50 - GREEN FROG (Rana clamitans), tadpoles (stage 25): >39.9 mg/L [equivalent to >17.9 mg (glyphosate acid)/L] for 24H and 96H, technical grade glyphosate (Howe et al, 2004)

CRUSTACEANS

EC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 780 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - GRASS SHRIMP (Palaemonetes vulgaris): 281 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LD50 - CLADOCERAN (Ceriodaphnia dubia): 147 mg (acid equivalent)/L for 48H, glyphosate acid, (95% CI=141-153) (Tsui & Chu, 2003)
LD50 - COPEPOD (Acartia tonsa): 35.3 mg (acid equivalent)/L for 48H, glyphosate acid, (95% CI=30.9-40.3) (Tsui & Chu, 2003)
LC50 - CRAWFISH: 21,632 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FIDDLER CRAB (Uca pugilator): 934 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - RED SWAMP CRAWFISH (Procambus clarki): 47 mg/L for 4D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SHRIMP (Mysidopsis bahia): >1,000 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
MATC - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 50-96 mg/L for 21D (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - FIDDLER CRAB (Uca pugilator): 650 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 560 mg/L for 48H; 50,100 mg/L for 21D(Verschueren, 2001)

FISH

LC0 - HARLEQUINFISH (Rasbora hetermorpha): 168 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 120 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 13 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus), wt=0.9g: 135 mg/L for 96H (95% CI=113-162), technical grade -- static bioassay, test conditions: no aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, 22 degrees C (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus): 14.5 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus), wt=2.2g: 130 mg/L for 96H (95% CI=108-156), technical grade -- static bioassay, test conditions: no aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, 22 degrees C (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas), wt=0.6g: 97 mg/L for 96H (95% CI=79-120), technical grade -- static bioassay, test conditions: no aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, 20 degrees C (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - FLAGFISH: 30 mg/L for 8D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 86 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri), wt=0.8g: 130 mg/L for 96H (95% CI=108-156), technical grade -- static bioassay, test conditions: no aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L (HSDB, 2004)
MATC -- FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): >25.7 mg/L for 255D (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 100 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 42 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)

INSECTS

EC50 - MIDGE (Chironomus riparius), larvae: 5,600 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MALARIA MOSQUITO (Anopheles quadrimaculatus): 673 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)

MICROORGANISMS

EC20 - BACTERIA (Photobacterium phosphoreum): 0.75 mg/L for 5 min (Biotox bioassay)(Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - BACTERIA (Photobacterium phosphoreum): 2.2 mg/L for 5 min (Biotox bioassay); 7.7 mg/L for 5 min (Microtox bioassay) (Verschueren, 2001)
IC50 - BACTERIA (Vibrio fischeri): 17.5 mg (acid equivalent)/L for 15 min, glyphosate acid, (95% CI=15.8-19.5) -- median growth inhibition , Microtox bioassay (Tsui & Chu, 2003)
IC50 - PROTOZOA (Euplotes vannus): 10.1 (acid equivalent)/L for 48H, glyphosate acid, (95% CI=6.47-14.5) -- median growth inhibition (Tsui & Chu, 2003)
IC50 - PROTOZOA (Tetrahymena pyriformis): 648 mg (acid equivalent)/L for 40H, glyphosate acid, (95% CI=430-1280) -- median growth inhibition (Tsui & Chu, 2003)
NOEC - SOIL BACTERIA: >25 mg/kg for 84D(Verschueren, 2001)

MOLLUSCS

LC50 - EASTERN OYSTER (Crassostrea virginica): >10 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)

Terrestrial Organisms

BIRDS

LD50 - (ORAL) BOBWHITE QUAIL: >3850 mg/kg, technical grade (HSDB, 2004)
LD50 - (DIET) QUAIL: >4640 ppm for 8 days, technical grade (HSDB, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

169.07

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Glyphosate exists as colorless to white crystals (Budavari, 2001; Verschueren, 2001; Tomlin, 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

<10(-7) hPa (at 45 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

1.31 x 10(-2) mPa (at 25 degrees C) (Tomlin, 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.705 (at 20 degrees C) (Tomlin, 2000)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.5 g/cm(3) (HSDB, 2004)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

189.5 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)
189.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C (Tomlin, 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

10,000 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
11.6 g/L (at 25 degrees C) (Tomlin, 2000)
12 g/L (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

insoluble in most common organic solvents, such as acetone, ethanol, and xylene (Budavari, 2001; Tomlin, 2000)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log P = 0.001 - 0.002 (measured) (Verschueren, 2001)

log P = <-3.2 (at pH 2 - 5 and 20 degrees C) (Tomlin, 2000)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

<2.1 x 10(-7) Pa m(3)/mol (Tomlin, 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE

decomposes at >200 degrees C (Tomlin, 2000)
230 degrees C (Budavari, 2001; Lide, 2003)

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

pKa = 5.77 +/- 0.03 (Tomlin, 2000)
pKa = 2.18 +/- 0.02 (at 20 +/- 2 degrees C) (Tomlin, 2000)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 51301 - 51312: Environmental Protection Agency: Glyphosate; Notice of filing a pesticide petition to establish a tolerance for a certain pesticide chemical in or on food. Federal Register 2004; 69(159):51301-51312.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

Aceto T Jr, Terplan K, & Fiore RR: Chemical burns of the esophagus in children and glucocorticoid therapy. J Med 1970; 1:101-109.

Acquavella J, Farmer D, & Cullen MR: A case-control study of non-hodgkin lymphoma and exposure to pesticides (letter). Cancer 1999; 86:729-731.

Acquavella JF, Weber JA, & Cullen MR: Human ocular effects from self-reported exposures to Roundup(R) herbicides. Human Exper Toxicol 1999a; 18:479-486.

Adam A, Marzuki A, Rahman HA, et al: The oral and intratracheal toxicities of Roundup and its components to rats. Vet Human Toxicol 1997; 3:147-151.

Adam JS & Brick HG: Pediatric caustic ingestion. Ann Otol Laryngol 1982; 91:656-658.

Alaspaa AO, Kuisma MJ, Hoppu K, et al: Out-of-hospital administration of activated charcoal by emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:207-12.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

American Heart Association: American Heart Association, Dallas, TX, 1987.

Amerio P, Motta A, Toto P, et al: Skin toxicity from glyphosate-surfactant formulation. J Toxicol - Clin Toxicol 2004; 42(3):317-319.

Anderson KD, Touse TM, & Randolph JG: A controlled trial of corticosteroids in children with corrosive injury of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:637-640.

Ansell-Edmont: SpecWare Chemical Application and Recommendation Guide. Ansell-Edmont. Coshocton, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.ansellpro.com/specware. As accessed 10/31/2001.

Artigas A, Bernard GR, Carlet J, et al: The American-European consensus conference on ARDS, part 2: ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies, and issues related to recovery and remodeling.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1332-1347.

Barbosa ER, Leiros da Costa MD, Bacheschi LA, et al: Parkinsonism after glycine-derivate exposure. Movement Disorders 2001; 16(3):565-568.

Bata Shoe Company: Industrial Footwear Catalog, Bata Shoe Company, Belcamp, MD, 1995.

Bedry R, Parrot F, & Pillet O: Non Fatal Intoxication with a Lethal Dose of a Glyphosate Herbicide, European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists Scientific Meeting, Birmingham, UK, 1993.

Best Manufacturing: ChemRest Chemical Resistance Guide. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com. As accessed 10/8/2002.

Best Manufacturing: Degradation and Permeation Data. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com/DomesticPrep2/. As accessed 04/09/2004.

Boss Manufacturing Company: Work Gloves, Boss Manufacturing Company, Kewanee, IL, 1998.

Boukthir S, Fetni I, Mrad SM, et al: [High doses of steroids in the management of caustic esophageal burns in children]. Arch Pediatr 2004; 11(1):13-17.

Bradberry SM, Proudfoot AT, & Vale JA: Glyphosate poisoning. Toxicol Rev 2004; 23(3):159-167.

Brewster DW, Warren J, & Hopkins WE II: Metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague-Dawley rats: tissue distribution identification, and quantitation of glyphosate-derived materials following a single oral dose. Fund Appl Toxicol 1991; 17:43-51.

Brower RG, Matthay AM, & Morris A: Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Eng J Med 2000; 342:1301-1308.

Budavari S: The Merck Index, 13th ed (CD-ROM version). Merck & Co, Inc. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2001.

Burgat V, Keck G, & Guerre P: Glyphosate toxicosis in domestic animals: a survey from the data of the Centre National d'Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaries (CNITV). Vet Human Toxicol 1998; 40:363-367.

Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.

CDFA: Pesticide related illnesses due to exposure to pesticides. California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1984.

Caravati EM: Alkali. In: Dart RC, ed. Medical Toxicology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.

Carel RS & Pushnoy LA: Pneumonitis and herbicide exposure (letter). Chest 1999; 116:1139-1140.

Cataletto M: Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute(ARDS). In: Domino FJ, ed. The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2012, 20th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2012.

Cattan P, Munoz-Bongrand N, & Berney T: Extensive abdominal surgery after caustic ingestion. Ann Surg 2000; 231:519-523.

Chan CW, Wu IL, Lee CH, et al: Successful extracorporeal life support in a case of severe glyphosate-surfactant intoxication. Crit Care Med 2016; 44(1):e45-e47.

Chang CY, Peng YC, & Hung DZ: Clinical impact of upper gastrointestinal tract injuries in glyphosate-surfactant oral intoxication. Human Exp Toxicol 1999; 18:475-478.

ChemFab Corporation: Chemical Permeation Guide Challenge Protective Clothing Fabrics, ChemFab Corporation, Merrimack, NH, 1993.

Chen KW, Huang JH, & Sung JM: Clinical experience of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide intoxication: a review of 100 cases (abstract). Ann Emerg Med 1995; 26:722.

Chen YJ , Wu ML , Deng JF , et al: The epidemiology of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide poisoning in Taiwan, 1986-2007: a poison center study. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47(7):670-677.

Cheng JC & Cheng MC: Glyphosate intoxication in 28 patients (abstract). Ann Emerg Med 1995; 26:721.

Chiene KY, Wang PY, & Lu KS: Esophagoplasty of corrosive stricture of the esophagus. Ann Surg 1974; 179:510-515.

Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al: Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43(2):61-87.

Cleveland WW, Chandler JR, & Lawson RB: Treatment of caustic burns of the esophagus. JAMA 1963; 186:182-183.

Coln D & Chang JHT: Experience with esophageal stenting for caustic burns in children. J Pediatr Surg 1986; 21:588-592.

Comasec Safety, Inc.: Chemical Resistance to Permeation Chart. Comasec Safety, Inc.. Enfield, CT. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.comasec.com/webcomasec/english/catalogue/mtabgb.html. As accessed 4/28/2003.

Comasec Safety, Inc.: Product Literature, Comasec Safety, Inc., Enfield, CT, 2003a.

Cowell JE, Kunstman JL, & Nord PJ: Validation of an analytical residue method for analysis of glyphosate and metabolite: an interlaboratory study. J Agric Food Chem 1986; 34:955-960.

Crain EF, Gershel JC, & Mezey AP: Caustic ingestions. Symptoms as predictors of esophageal injury. Am J Dis Child 1984a; 138(9):863-865.

Crain EF, Gershel JC, & Mezey AP: Caustic ingestions; symptoms as predictors of esophageal injury. Am J Dis Child 1984; 138:863-865.

DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.

Dagnone D, Matsui D, & Rieder MJ: Assessment of the palatability of vehicles for activated charcoal in pediatric volunteers. Pediatr Emerg Care 2002; 18:19-21.

Dallegrave E, Mantese FD, Coelho RS, et al: The teratogenic potential of the herbicide glyphosate-Roundup(R) in Wistar rats. Toxicol Lett 2003; 142:45-52.

Deyrup CL, Chang SM, & Weintraub RA: Simultaneous esterification and acylation of pesticides for analysis by gas chromatography. 1. Derivatization of glyphosate and (aminomethyl) phosphonic acid with fluorinated alcohols-perfluorinated anhydrides. J Agric Food Chem 1985; 33:944-947.

Dickson SJ, Meinhold RH, & Beer ID: Rapid determination of glyphosate in postmortem specimens using 31P NMR. J Anal Toxicol 1988; 12:242-286.

Dogan Y, Erkan T, Cokugras FC, et al: Caustic gastroesophageal lesions in childhood: an analysis of 473 cases. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006; 45(5):435-438.

DuPont: DuPont Suit Smart: Interactive Tool for the Selection of Protective Apparel. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/protectiveapparel/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp. As accessed 10/31/2002.

DuPont: Permeation Guide for DuPont Tychem Protective Fabrics. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2003. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/en/pdf/tyvektychem/pgcomplete20030128.pdf. As accessed 4/26/2004.

DuPont: Permeation Test Results. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.tyvekprotectiveapprl.com/databases/default.htm. As accessed 7/31/2002.

EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.

EPA: Technical Factsheet: GLYPHOSATE (National Primary Drinking Water Regulations). Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Groundwater & Drinking Water. Washington, D.C., USA. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-soc/glyphosa.html. As accessed October 22, 2004.

ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.

Elliot CG, Colby TV, & Kelly TM: Charcoal lung. Bronchiolitis obliterans after aspiration of activated charcoal. Chest 1989; 96:672-674.

Estrera A, Taylor W, & Mills LJ: Corrosive burns of the esophagus and stomach: a recommendation of an aggressive surgical approach. Ann Thorac Surg 1986; 41:276-283.

FDA: Poison treatment drug product for over-the-counter human use; tentative final monograph. FDA: Fed Register 1985; 50:2244-2262.

Ferguson MK, Migliore M, & Staszak VM: Early evaluation and therapy for caustic esophageal injury. Am J Surg 1989; 157:116-120.

Gandhi RP, Cooper A, & Barlow BA: Successful management of esophageal stricture without resection or replacement. J Pediatr 1989; 24:745-750.

Garlich FM, Goldman M, Pepe J, et al: Hemodialysis clearance of glyphosate following a life-threatening ingestion of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52(1):66-71.

Gaudreault P, Parent M, & McGuigan MA: Predictability of esophageal injury from signs and symptoms: a study of caustic ingestion in 378 children. Pediatrics 1983; 71:761-770.

Gaudreault P, Parent M, McGuigan MA, et al: Predictability of esophageal injury from signs and symptoms: a study of caustic ingestion in 378 children. Pediatrics 1983a; 71(5):767-770.

Giesy JP, Dobson S, & Solomon K: Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup(R) herbicide. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2000; 167:35-120.

Goldstein DA, Johnson G, & Farmer DR: Pneumonitis and herbicide exposure (letter). Chest 1999; 116:1139.

Golej J, Boigner H, Burda G, et al: Severe respiratory failure following charcoal application in a toddler. Resuscitation 2001; 49:315-318.

Gorman RL, Khin-Maung-Gyi MT, & Klein-Schwartz W: Initial symptoms as predictors of esophageal injury in alkaline corrosive ingestions. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10:89-94.

Graff GR, Stark J, & Berkenbosch JW: Chronic lung disease after activated charcoal aspiration. Pediatrics 2002; 109:959-961.

Guardian Manufacturing Group: Guardian Gloves Test Results. Guardian Manufacturing Group. Willard, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.guardian-mfg.com/guardianmfg.html. As accessed 12/11/2001.

Guenther Skokan E, Junkins EP, & Corneli HM: Taste test: children rate flavoring agents used with activated charcoal. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155:683-686.

Gundogdu HZ, Tanyel FC, & Buyukpamukcu N: Conservative treatment of caustic esophageal strictures in children. J Pediatr Surg 1992; 27:767-770.

Gupta SK, Croffie JM, & Fitzgerald JF: Is esophagogastroduodenoscopy necessary in all caustic ingestions?. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 32:50-53.

Guyton KZ, Loomis D, Grosse Y, et al: Carcinogenicity of tetrachlorvinphos, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and glyphosate. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16(5):490-491.

HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2004; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Haas CF: Mechanical ventilation with lung protective strategies: what works?. Crit Care Clin 2011; 27(3):469-486.

Haller JA & Bachman K: The comparative effect of current therapy on experimental caustic burns of the esophagus. Pediatrics 1964; 236-245.

Haller JA, Andrews HG, & White JJ: Pathophysiology and management of acute corrosive burns of the esophagus. J Pediatr Surg 1971; 6:578-584.

Harbison RD: Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 5th ed, Mosby-Year Book, Inc, St. Louis, MO, 1998.

Harris CR & Filandrinos D: Accidental administration of activated charcoal into the lung: aspiration by proxy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1470-1473.

Hawkins DB, Demeter MJ, & Barnett TE: Caustic ingestion: controversies in management. A review of 214 cases. Laryngoscope 1980; 90:98-109.

Hiraiwa K, Okabayashi K, & Ohtani M: Comparison between the effect of hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and diuresis on glyphosate excretion in Roundup herbicide poisoning (In Japanese). Chuudoku Kenkyuu 1990; 3:165-171.

Hogan RB & Polter DE: Nonsurgical management of lye-induced antral strictures with hydrostatic balloon dilation. Gastrointest Endosc 1986; 32:228-230.

Homan CS, Maitra SR, & Lane BP: Effective treatment of acute alkali injury of the esopahgus with early saline dilution therapy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:178-182.

Homan CS, Maitra SR, & Lane BP: Histopathologic evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of water and mild dilution for esophageal acid injury. Acad Emerg Med 1995; 2:587-591.

Homan CS, Maitra SR, & Lane BP: Therapeutic effects of water and milk for acute alkali injury of the esophagus. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24:14-19.

Howe CM, Berrill M, Pauli BD, et al: Toxicity of glyphosate-based pesticides to four North American frog species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2004; 23(8):1928-1938.

Howell JM, Dalsey WC, & Hartsell FW: Steroids for the treatment of corrosive esophageal injury: a statistical analysis of past studies. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10:421-425.

Howell JM: Alkaline ingestions. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 15:820-825.

Hsiao CT, Lin LJ, Hsiao KY, et al: Acute pancreatitis caused by severe glyphosate-surfactant oral intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26(3):384-385.

Huy PTB & Celerier M: Management of severe caustic stenosis of the hypopharynx and esophagus by ileocolic transposition via suprahyoid or transepiglottic approach. Ann Surg 1988; 207:439-445.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide), 97, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2008.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying, 95, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010a.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, 89, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, 92, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.

IARC: List of all agents, mixtures and exposures evaluated to date - IARC Monographs: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Volumes 1-88, 1972-PRESENT. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, FranceAvailable from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html. As accessed Oct 07, 2004.

ICAO: Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2003-2004. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002.

ILC Dover, Inc.: Ready 1 The Chemturion Limited Use Chemical Protective Suit, ILC Dover, Inc., Frederica, DE, 1998.

ILO ICSC: International Chemical Safety Card 0160: Glyphosate. International Labour Organization; prepared in cooperation with the International Programme on Chemical Safety and the European Commission. Geneva, Switzerland. 2000. Available from URL: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc01/icsc0160.htm. As accessed 9 November 2004.

IPCS: Environmental Health Criteria 159: Glyphosate, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1994.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: list of classifications, volumes 1-116. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Lyon, France. 2016. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php. As accessed 2016-08-24.

International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. As accessed 2015-08-06.

Iwata Y, Ishiguro M, & Hirano T: A case of poisoning with a glyphosate herbicide - changes in plasma levels and clinical course in a case of acute Roundup poisoning (In Japanese). Iyaku Jaanaru 1988; 24:1469-1472.

Jackson JR: Toxicity of herbicide containing glyphosate (letter). Lancet 1988; 1:414.

Jyoti W, Thabah MM, Rajagopalan S, et al: Esophageal perforation and death following glyphosate poisoning. J Postgrad Med 2014; 60(3):346-347.

Kageura M, Hieda Y, & Hara K: Analysis of glyphosate and (aminomethyl) phosphonic acid in a suspected poisoning case. Hihon Hooigaku Zasshi 1988; 42:128-132.

Kamijo Y, Kondo I, Kokuto M, et al: Miniprobe ultrasonography for determining prognosis in corrosive esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99(5):851-854.

Kamijo Y, Mekari M, Yoshimura K, et al: Glyphosate-surfactant herbicide products containing glyphosate potassium salt can cause fatal hyperkalemia if ingested in massive amounts. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50(2):159.

Kappler, Inc.: Suit Smart. Kappler, Inc.. Guntersville, AL. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.kappler.com/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp?select=1. As accessed 7/10/2001.

Kawamura K, Nobuhara H, & Tsuda K: Two cases of glyphosate (Roundup) poisoning (In Japanese). Gekkan Yakuji 1987; 29:163-166.

Kimberly-Clark, Inc.: Chemical Test Results. Kimberly-Clark, Inc.. Atlanta, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.kc-safety.com/tech_cres.html. As accessed 10/4/2002.

Kleinman ME, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, et al: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 14: pediatric advanced life support. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl.3):S876-S908.

Knox WG, Scott JR, & Zintel HA: Bouginage and steroids used singly or in combination in experimental corrosive esophagitis. Ann Surg 1967; 166:930-941.

Kollef MH & Schuster DP: The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:27-37.

Kraut JA & Madias NE: Metabolic acidosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6(5):274-285.

Krieger R: Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, 1 & 2, 2nd. Academic Press, Inc, San Diego, CA, 2001.

Kudzin ZH, Gralak DK, Drabowicz J, et al: Novel approach for the simultaneous analysis of glyphosate and its metabolites. J Chromatography A 2002; 947:129-141.

LaCrosse-Rainfair: Safety Products, LaCrosse-Rainfair, Racine, WI, 1997.

Lamireau T, Rebouissoux L, & Denis D: Accidental caustic ingestion in children: is endoscopy always mandatory?. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33:81-84.

Lee CH, Shih CP, Hsu KH, et al: The early prognostic factors of glyphosate-surfactant intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26(3):275-281.

Lee HL, Chen KW, & Chi CH: Clinical presentations and prognostic factors of a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide intoxication: a review of 131 cases. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7:906-910.

Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 10th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2000.

Li AP & Long TJ: An evaluation of the genotoxic potential of glyphosate. Fund Appl Toxicol 1988; 10:537-546.

Lide DR: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th. CRC Press, LLC, Boca Raton, FL, 2003.

Lin CM, Lai CP, & Fang TC: Cardiogenic shock in a patient with glyphosate-surfactant poisoning. J Formos Med Assoc 1999; 98:698-700.

Little AG, Naunheim KS, & Ferguson MK: Surgical management of esophageal strictures. Ann Thorac Surg 1988; 45:144-147.

LoVecchio F, Hamilton R, & Sturman K: A meta-analysis of the use of steroids in the prevention of stricture formation from second degree caustic burns of the esophagus (abstract). J Toxicol-Clin Toxicol 1996; 35:579-580.

MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/pro/ChemicalSearch.asp. As accessed 4/21/2003.

MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/ProductSearch.cfm?id=1. As accessed 6/10/2004.

Mack RB: The night the light went off in Sestos. Roundup (glyphosate) poisoning. North Carolina Med J 1993; 54:35-36.

Maibach HI: Irritation, sensitization, photoirritation and photosensitization assays with a glyphosate herbicide. Contact Derm 1986; 15:152-156.

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc: Product Literature, Protective Apparel, Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc., McBee, SC, 1995.

Marigold Industrial: US Chemical Resistance Chart, on-line version. Marigold Industrial. Norcross, GA. 2003. Available from URL: www.marigoldindustrial.com/charts/uschart/uschart.html. As accessed 4/14/2003.

Marshall F II: Caustic burns of the esophagus: ten year results of aggressive care. South Med J 1979; 72:1236-1237.

Matsukawa Y, Hachisuka H, & Sawada S: Bialaphos poisoning with apnea and metabolic acidosis. Clin Toxicol 1991; 29:141-146.

Matteucci MJ & Clark RF: GSH poisoning (letter). J Emerg Med 2005; 29(3):344-345.

Maull KI, Osman AP, & Maull CD: Liquid caustic ingestions: an in vitro study of the effects of buffer, neutralization, and dilution. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 4:1160-1162.

Meister RT: Crop Protection Handbook, Vol. 89, Meister Publishing Co, Willoughby, OH, 2003.

Memphis Glove Company: Permeation Guide. Memphis Glove Company. Memphis, TN. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.memphisglove.com/permeation.html. As accessed 7/2/2001.

Menkes DB, Temple WA, & Edwards IR: Intentional self-poisoning with glyphosate-containing herbicides. Hum Exp Toxicol 1991; 10:103-107.

Meredith JW, Kon ND, & Thompson JN: Management of injuries from liquid lye ingestion. J Trauma 1988; 28:1173-1180.

Millar AJW, Numanoglu A, & Mann M: Detection of caustid oesophageal injury tiwh technetium 99m-labelled sucralfate. J Ped SUrg 2001; 36:262-265.

Moazam F, Talbert JL, & Miller D: Caustic ingestion and its sequelae in children. South Med J 1987; 80:187-188.

Montgomery Safety Products: Montgomery Safety Products Chemical Resistant Glove Guide, Montgomery Safety Products, Canton, OH, 1995.

Moon JM, Min YI, & Chun BJ: Can early hemodialysis affect the outcome of the ingestion of glyphosate herbicide?. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2006; 44(3):329-332.

Moses M: Glyphosate herbicide toxicity (letter). JAMA 1989; 261:2549.

Moses M: The safety of Roundup(R) pesticide (letter). JAMA 1989a; 262:2679.

Moye HA, Miles CJ, & Scherer SJ: A simplified high- performance liquid chromatographic residue procedure for the determination of glyphosate herbicide and (aminomethyl) phosphonic acid in fruits and vegetables employing postcolumn fluorogenic labeling. J Agric Food Chem 1983; 31:69-72.

NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002.

NHLBI ARDS Network: Mechanical ventilation protocol summary. Massachusetts General Hospital. Boston, MA. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.ardsnet.org/system/files/6mlcardsmall_2008update_final_JULY2008.pdf. As accessed 2013-08-07.

NLM : ChemIDplus. Specialized Information Services. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD, USA. 2004. Available from URL: http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 1, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 2, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 3, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 4, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004.

Naradzay J & Barish RA: Approach to ophthalmologic emergencies. Med Clin North Am 2006; 90(2):305-328.

Nat-Wear: Protective Clothing, Hazards Chart. Nat-Wear. Miora, NY. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.natwear.com/hazchart1.htm. As accessed 7/12/2001.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Butylene Oxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648083cdbb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Dibromoethane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802796db&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037904e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Acrylonitrile (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648028e6a3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Biphenyl (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1b7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c646&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN1 CAS Reg. No. 538-07-8) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN2 CAS Reg. No. 51-75-2) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN3 CAS Reg. No. 555-77-1) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Tetroxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091855b&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Trifluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008o. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e32&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008p. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dd58&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene (Draft-Revised). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a08a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tellurium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e2a1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tert-Octyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008r. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5c7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tetramethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-17.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7d608&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethylacetyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008t. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5cc&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Zinc Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for n-Butyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064808f9591&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute: Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute. Bethesda, MD. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 2007.

National Research Council : Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 5, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 6, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2008.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 7, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 8, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.

Neese Industries, Inc.: Fabric Properties Rating Chart. Neese Industries, Inc.. Gonzales, LA. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.neeseind.com/new/TechGroup.asp?Group=Fabric+Properties&Family=Technical. As accessed 4/15/2003.

None Listed: Position paper: cathartics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42(3):243-253.

North: Chemical Resistance Comparison Chart - Protective Footwear . North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.linkpath.com/index2gisufrm.php?t=N-USA1. As accessed April 30, 2004.

North: eZ Guide Interactive Software. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.northsafety.com/feature1.htm. As accessed 8/31/2002.

Nuutinen M, Uhari M, & Karvali T: Consequences of caustic ingestions in children. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83:1200-1205.

Oakes DD, Sherck JP, & Mark JBD: Lye ingestion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 83:194-204.

Palli E, Makris D, Diakaki C, et al: Rapture of the large intestine caused by severe oral glyphosate-surfactant intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 2011; 29(4):459-460.

Peate WF: Work-related eye injuries and illnesses. Am Fam Physician 2007; 75(7):1017-1022.

Peberdy MA , Callaway CW , Neumar RW , et al: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science. Part 9: post–cardiac arrest care. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl 3):S768-S786.

Pelclova D & Navratil T: Do corticosteroids prevent oesophageal stricture after corrosive ingestion?. Toxicol Rev 2005; 24(2):125-129.

Perkins PJ, Boermans HJ, & Stephenson GR: Toxicity of glyphosate and triclopyr using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay - Xenopus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2000; 19(4):940-945.

Personal Communication: Personal Communication. National Pesticide Network, 1984a.

Personal Communication: Personal Communication: Round-up. Dr. Spraul. Monsanto Comp, St Louis, Missouri, 63166, 1984b.

Playtex: Fits Tough Jobs Like a Glove, Playtex, Westport, CT, 1995.

Pohanish RP: Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 4th ed, Noyes Publications / William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, NY, 2002.

Pollack MM, Dunbar BS, & Holbrook PR: Aspiration of activated charcoal and gastric contents. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10:528-529.

Powell HA, Kerby NW, & Rowell P: High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid and their extraction from cyanobacteria. J Chromatol 1990; 502:201-207.

Previtera C, Giusti F, & Gugliemi M: Predictive value of visible lesions (cheeks, lips, oropharynx) in suspected caustic ingestion: may endoscopy reasonably be omitted in completely negative pediatric patients?. Pediatr Emerg Care 1990; 6:176-178.

Product Information: dobutamine HCl 5% dextrose intravenous injection, dobutamine HCl 5% dextrose intravenous injection. Baxter Healthcare Corporation (per DailyMed), Deerfield, IL, 2012.

Product Information: dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection. Hospira,Inc, Lake Forest, IL, 2004.

Product Information: norepinephrine bitartrate injection, norepinephrine bitartrate injection. Sicor Pharmaceuticals,Inc, Irvine, CA, 2005.

Pushnoy LA, Avnon LS, & Carel RS: Herbicide (Roundup) pneumonitis. Chest 1998; 114:1769-1771.

RTECS: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2004; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Rao RB & Hoffman RS: Caustics and Batteries, in Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA et al (eds): Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 7th ed, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2002.

Rau NR, Nagaraj MV, Prakash PS, et al: Fatal pulmonary aspiration of oral activated charcoal. Br Med J 1988; 297:918-919.

Reyes HM, Lin CY, & Schluhk FF: Experimental treatment of corrosive esophageal burns. J Pediatr Surg 1974; 9:317-327.

River City: Protective Wear Product Literature, River City, Memphis, TN, 1995.

Roberts DM , Buckley NA , Mohamed F , et al: A prospective observational study of the clinical toxicology of glyphosate-containing herbicides in adults with acute self-poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48(2):129-136.

Roseboom H & Berkhoff CJ: Determination of the herbicide glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid by high-perfromance liquid chromatography after fluorescence labelling. Analytica Chimica Acta 1982; 135:373-377.

Rosenberg N, Kunderman PJ, & Vroman L: Prevention of experimental esophageal stricture by cortisone II. Arch Surg 1953; 66:593-598.

Rumack BH & Burrington JD: Caustic ingestions: a rational look at diluents. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1977; 11:27-34.

Saedi S, Nyhus LM, & Gabrys BF: Pharmacological prevention of esophageal stricture: an experimental study in the cat. Am Surg 1973a; 39:465-469.

Saedi S, Nyhust LM, & Gabrys BF: Pharmacological prevention of esophageal stricture: an experimental study in the cat. Am Surg 1973; 39:465-469.

Safety 4: North Safety Products: Chemical Protection Guide. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.safety4.com/guide/set_guide.htm. As accessed 8/14/2002.

Sampogna RV & Cunard R: Roundup intoxication and a rationale for treatment. Clin Nephrol 2007; 68(3):190-196.

Sawada Y & Nagai Y: Roundup intoxication - its clinical status and participation with surface active agents (In Japanese). Igaku no Ayumi 1987; 143(1):25-26.

Sawada Y, Nagai Y, & Ueyama M: Probable toxicity of surface-active agent in commercial herbicide containing glyphosate (letter). Lancet 1988; 1:299.

Schild JA: Caustic ingestion in adult patients. Laryngoscope 1985; 95:1199-1201.

Seok SJ, Park JS, Hong JR, et al: Surfactant volume is an essential element in human toxicity in acute glyphosate herbicide intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49(10):892-899.

Servus: Norcross Safety Products, Servus Rubber, Servus, Rock Island, IL, 1995.

Sheu JJ, Wang JD, & Wu YK: Determinants of lethality from suicidal pesticide poisoning in metropolitan HsinChu. Vet Human Toxicol 1998; 40:332-336.

Simpson WM & Schuman SH: Recognition and management of acute pesticide poisoning. Am Fam Physician 2002; 65(8):1599-1604.

Sorensen FW & Gregersen M: Rapid lethal intoxication caused by the herbicide glyphosate-trimesium (Touchdown). Human & Experiment Toxicol 1999; 18:735-737.

Spiller HA & Rogers GC: Evaluation of administration of activated charcoal in the home. Pediatrics 2002; 108:E100.

Sribanditmongkol P, Jutavijittum P, Pongraveevongsa P, et al: Pathological and toxicological findings in glyphosate-surfactant herbicide fatality: a case report. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2012; 33(3):234-237.

Standard Safety Equipment: Product Literature, Standard Safety Equipment, McHenry, IL, 1995.

Stella J & Ryan M: Glyphosate herbicide formulation: a potentially lethal ingestion. Emerg Med Australasia 2004; 16:235-239.

Stolbach A & Hoffman RS: Respiratory Principles. In: Nelson LS, Hoffman RS, Lewin NA, et al, eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th ed. McGraw Hill Medical, New York, NY, 2011.

Sugawa C & Lucas CE: Caustic injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract in adults: a clinical and endoscopic study. Surgery 1989; 106:802-807.

Symbas PN, Vlasis SE, & Hatcher CR Jr: Esophagitis secondary to ingestion of caustic material. Ann Thorac Surg 1983; 36:73-77.

Tai T, Yamashita M, & Wakimori H: Effect of Roundup on isolated rat cardiac muscle (abstract). Ann Emerg Med 1995; 26:721.

Tai T, Yamashita M, & Wakimori H: Hemodynamic effects of Roundup, glyphosate and surfactant in dogs. Chudoku Kenkyu 1990; 3:63-68.

Talbot A, Ku TS, & Chen CL: Glyphosate levels in acute Roundup herbicide poisoning (abstract). Ann Emerg Med 1995; 26:717.

Talbot AR, Shiaw MH, & Huang JS: Acute poisoning with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide ('Round-up'): a review of 93 cases. Hum Exp Toxicol 1991; 10:1-8.

Talbot AR: Glyphosate ("Roundup") poisoning (Abstract 196). Vet Hum Toxicol 1989; 31:378.

Temple WA & Smith NA: Glyphosate herbicide poisoning experience in New Zealand. New Zealand Med J 1992; 105:173-174.

Thakore S & Murphy N: The potential role of prehospital administration of activated charcoal. Emerg Med J 2002; 19:63-65.

Tingley: Chemical Degradation for Footwear and Clothing. Tingley. South Plainfield, NJ. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.tingleyrubber.com/tingley/Guide_ChemDeg.pdf. As accessed 10/16/2002.

Tominack RL, Yang GY, & Tsai WJ: Taiwan National Poison Center survey of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide ingestions. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1991; 29:91-109.

Tominack RL: Glyphosate - Contemporary clinical features (abstract). J Toxicol-Clin Toxicol 1999; 37:374-375.

Tomlin CDS: The Pesticide Manual, 12th ed, British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK, 2000.

Treem WR, Long WR, & Friedman D: Successful management of an acquired gastric outlet obstruction with endoscopy guided balloon dilatation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1987; 6:992-996.

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Chemical and Biological Tests (database). Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/. As accessed 10/18/2002.

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Trellchem Chemical Protective Suits, Interactive manual & Chemical Database. Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2001.

Tsuda K, Yamauchi N, & Okazaki N: A comparative study between direct hemoperfusion and hemodialysis for removing glyphosate. Jpn J Clin Toxicol 1989; 2:393-396.

Tsui MTK & Chu LM: Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations: comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors. Chemosphere 2003; 52:1189-1197.

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management: Protective Action Criteria (PAC) with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs: Rev. 26 for chemicals of concern. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.hss.doe.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/Chem_Safety/teel.html. As accessed 2011-06-27.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project : 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEXA5E1.HTM?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932. As accessed 2011-06-27.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities 2010b; 40CFR(261.33, e-f):77-.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2011. Available from URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList&list_type=date. As accessed 2011-06-21.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010a. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: The list of extremely hazardous substances and their threshold planning quantities (CAS Number Order). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010c. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-part355.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Part 1910 - Occupational safety and health standards (continued) Occupational Safety, and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Subpart Z - toxic and hazardous substances. CFR 2010 2010; Vol6(SEC1910):7-.

U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA): Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 29 CFR 2010 2010; 29(1910.119):348-.

US Environmental Protection Agency: Technical Fact Sheet on: Glyphosate. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/dwh/t-soc/glyphosa.html. As accessed October 25, 2004.

United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Vinyl Acetate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6af&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

Vergauwen p, Moulin D, & Buts JP: Caustic burns of the upper digestive and respiratory tracts. Eur J Pediatr 1991; 150:700-703.

Verschueren K: Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. CD-ROM version. Wiley-Interscience. Hoboken, NJ. 2001.

Wells Lamont Industrial: Chemical Resistant Glove Application Chart. Wells Lamont Industrial. Morton Grove, IL. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.wellslamontindustry.com. As accessed 10/31/2002.

Weng SF, Hung DZ, Hu SY, et al: Rhabdomyolysis from an intramuscular injection of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008; 46(9):890-891.

Wester RC, Melendres J, & Sarason R: Glyphosate skin binding, absorption, residual tissue distribution, and skin decontamination. Fund Appl Toxicol 1991; 16:725-732.

Wijburg FA, Beukers MM, & Heymans HS: Nasogastric intubation as sole treatment of caustic esophageal lesions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985; 94:337-341.

Wijburg FA, Heymans HS, & Urbanus NA: Caustic esophageal lesions in childhood: prevention of stricture formation. J Pediatr Surg 1989; 24(2):171-173.

Williams GM, Kroes R, & Munro IC: Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2000; 31:117-165.

Willson DF, Truwit JD, Conaway MR, et al: The adult calfactant in acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) trial. Chest 2015; 148(2):356-364.

Wilson DF, Thomas NJ, Markovitz BP, et al: Effect of exogenous surfactant (calfactant) in pediatric acute lung injury. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293:470-476.

Workrite: Chemical Splash Protection Garments, Technical Data and Application Guide, W.L. Gore Material Chemical Resistance Guide, Workrite, Oxnard, CA, 1997.

Wu JY, Chang SS, Tseng CP, et al: Parenteral glyphosate-surfactant herbicide intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 2006; 24(4):504-506.

Wu MH & Lai WW: Surgical management of extensive corrosive injuries of the alimentary tract. Surg Gynecol Obstetr 1993; 177:12-16.

Yarington CT & Heatly CA: Steroids, antibiotics, and early esophagoscopy in caustic esophageal trauma. N Y State J Med 1963; 63:2960-2963.

You Y, Jung WJ, & Lee MJ: Effect of intravenous fat emulsion therapy on glyphosate-surfactant-induced cardiovascular collapse. Am J Emerg Med 2012; 30(9):2097.e1-2097.e2.

Zargar SA, Kochhar R, & Mehta S: The role of fiberoptic endoscopy in the management of corrosive ingestion and modified endoscopic classification of burns. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 37:165-169.

Zargar SA, Kochhar R, & Nagi B: Ingestion of corrosive acids: spectrum of injury to upper gastrointestinal tract and natural history. Gastroenterology 1989; 97:702-707.

FeedBack

GLYPHOSATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents