GALLIUM ARSENIDE

Gallium arsenide is the most widely used gallium compound. It operates beyond the cutoff frequencies of other diodes, and is used extensively in microelectronics industry because of its photovoltaic properties. It is used in LEDs (light-emitting diodes used for telephone dials), lasers, laser windows, and photodetectors and in the photoelectronic transmission of data by optical fibers. Its estimated that 35,000 kilograms of gallium will be used annually in the microelectrics industry (Bingham et al, 2001).
It is the material of choice for semiconductors in devices such as millimeter wave and microwave telecommunications systems, and ultrafast supercomputers (Webb et al, 1984).
Gallium arsenide is used in medical lasers and is finding applications in transistors for military electronics equipment (infrared emitters) such as radar-jamming devices, microwave devices, solar cells and semiconductor applications (transistors, solar cells, lasers) (Cowen, 1986; Abergel et al, 1984; HSDB , 2001; Bingham et al, 2001).

FORMS

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) occurs as dark grey crystals with a metallic sheen which are prepared by allowing a mixture of arsenic and hydrogen vapor to pass over gallium(III) oxide at a temperature of 600 degrees (Budavari, 1996).
It is available as single crystals, as ingots, as a highly purified electronic grade polycrystalline, and as alloys with gallium phosphide or indium arsenide (Lewis, 1993; HSDB , 2001).

SOURCES

Gallium metal is found widely in the earth's lithosphere, with the mineral germanite sulfide as the richest source (Bingham et al, 2001).
There may be as much as 15 grams of gallium per ton of the lithosperic material (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Gallium metal is also found in zinc blends, clays, feldspars, coals, the ores of chromium, manganese, and iron, bauxite, and some tin ores, and may be recovered from by-products in alumina or zinc production and during aluminum refining operations (Bingham et al, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Gallium arsenide is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Acute toxicity is unlikely and has not been reported. Gallium arsenide components are used in the semiconductor industry and are unlikely to produce acute symptoms.

Chronic toxicity is possible from occupational exposure, but has not been reported. Any anticipated toxicity would most likely be due to the arsenic component.

Chronic health effects due to inorganic arsenic include: primarily cancers {i.e., lung cancer}, perforation of the nasal septum, laryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, peripheral neuropathy, and encephalopathy.
Dermatologic exposure to inorganic arsenic has resulted in hyperkeratosis of the palms and skin cancer.

Under certain conditions arsine gas may be liberated from gallium arsenide.

For further information on arsenic and arsine gas please refer to the ARSENIC or ARSINE managements.

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum human lethal exposure to gallium arsenide has not been determined (Bingham et al, 2001).
Arsenic trioxide may be released from gallium arsenide after absorption (Webb et al, 1984; Webb et al, 1986). The usual lethal dose of arsenic trioxide for an adult human is 200 to 300 mg (Gosselin et al, 1984).
Arsine gas may be released from gallium arsenide under certain conditions. Exposure to 250 ppm of arsine gas for 30 minutes is usually fatal (Bingham et al, 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

GALLIUM - The only reported human toxicity from gallium compounds was in a woman exposed to gallium trifluoride fumes, but the concentration of the fumes were not provided (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Humans administered intravenous gallium-72 at doses of 10 to 100 microcuries mixed with stable gallium at unspecified doses have developed gastrointestinal symptoms, itching and rashes, and bone marrow depression (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

ARSENIC - Acute ingestion of between 9 and 14 mg of arsenic trioxide caused classic gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of arsenic poisoning in a 16-month-old child (Watson et al, 1981).
ARSENIC - The single oral toxic dose of arsenic trioxide may range from 5 to 50 mg (Bingham et al, 2001). Estimates of oral toxic doses of various arsenic compounds range from 1 mg to 10 grams.
ARSINE - Arsine gas may be released from gallium arsenide under certain conditions (Sax, 1984; Bingham et al, 2001). Exposure to 3 to 10 ppm of arsine gas can produce symptomatic poisoning in a few hours, and experimental animals exposed to 0.5 to 2 ppm developed changes in the blood over a few days (ACGIH, 1991).

CHRONIC TOXICITY-

At the time of this review, there are no reports of chronic human toxicity from gallium arsenide (Bingham et al, 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1303-00-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Gallium arsenide

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Gallium arsenide

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1303-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

ANIMAL DATA
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

OTHER

Gallium arsenide contains 48.2% gallium and 51.8% arsenic (Budavari, 1996).

To calculate potential mg amount of arsenic exposure from gallium arsenide, multiply total mg of gallium arsenide by 0.518.

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1303-00-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Gallium arsenide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.0003 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: R
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
R: Respirable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph C (of TLV booklet).

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): LRT irr
Molecular Weight: 144.64

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1303-00-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1303-00-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1303-00-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1303-00-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1303-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1303-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1303-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1303-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1303-00-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1303-00-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1303-00-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Gallium arsenide (GaAs)

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1303-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1303-00-0.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1303-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1303-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Gallium arsenide can react with steam, acids, and acid fumes to evolve arsine gas (Lewis, 1992).

Gallium arsenide can release arsenic fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1992).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1303-00-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1303-00-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS1303-00-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1303-00-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

144.64 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Gallium arsenide occurs as cubic crystals with a dark grey metallic sheen (Budavari, 1996).

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
5.31 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

MELTING POINT: 1238 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents