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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) This management describes the toxicology associated with exposure to inorganic formate salts.

Specific Substances

    A) CALCIUM FORMATE
    1) Mravencan Vapenaty (Czech)
    2) Molecular Formula: C2-H2-O4.Ca
    3) CAS 544-17-2
    POTASSIUM FORMATE
    1) Molecular Formula: C-H-O2.K
    2) CAS 590-29-4
    SODIUM FORMATE
    1) Salachlor
    2) Molecular Formula: C-H-O2.Na
    3) CAS 141-53-7

Available Forms Sources

    A) USES
    1) CALCIUM FORMATE - is used primarily in the preservative for silage, in chrome tanning of leather flue gas scrubbing, component of drilling fluids and lubricants, binder for fine-ore briquets and as a preservative in foods (HSDB , 2002).
    2) POTASSIUM FORMATE: Used as a salt substitute (Grant, 1986).
    3) SODIUM FORMATE: Used in printing and dyeing fabrics and in analytical chemistry. Sodium formate is an astringent (Windholz, 1983; (Budavari, 1996).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Sodium formate is low in toxicity. Diuresis, methemoglobinemia, albuminuria, hematuria and cardiac depression have been reported, but are not well documented.
    B) Dermal, ocular or inhalation of calcium formate or sodium formate can result in irritation. Ingestion of either agent may cause gastric irritation or ulcer.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) No visual disturbances have been noted when formates have been administered orally or parenterally to animals or in humans ingesting potassium formate as a salt substitute.
    0.2.5) CARDIOVASCULAR
    A) Large doses may cause cardiac depression.
    0.2.10) GENITOURINARY
    A) Albuminuria and hematuria were reported in one patient after ingestion of sodium formate 3 to 4 g/day. A diuretic effect may be noted.
    0.2.13) HEMATOLOGIC
    A) Methemoglobinemia may be observed.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) The normal daily formate urinary excretion is 13 to 120 mg (Sollman, 1957).

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    B) Monitor renal function.
    C) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
    D) METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
    E) Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
    F) EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION - Should be performed in severe symptomatic patients, especially in neonates and children.

Range Of Toxicity

    A) CALCIUM FORMATE - ANIMAL DATA - acute LD50 values in mice were 1920 mg/kg orally and 154 mg/kg IV.
    B) SODIUM FORMATE - appears to have a low toxicity. Ten grams given orally in humans produced no toxicity.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Sodium formate is low in toxicity. Diuresis, methemoglobinemia, albuminuria, hematuria and cardiac depression have been reported, but are not well documented.
    B) Dermal, ocular or inhalation of calcium formate or sodium formate can result in irritation. Ingestion of either agent may cause gastric irritation or ulcer.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) No visual disturbances have been noted when formates have been administered orally or parenterally to animals or in humans ingesting potassium formate as a salt substitute.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) VISUAL DISTURBANCES - No visual disturbances have been noted when formates have been administered orally or parenterally to animals or in humans ingesting potassium formate as a salt substitute (Grant, 1986).
    B) CALCIUM FORMATE -is an eye irritant (Lewis, 1996; ((Anon, 2000)).
    C) SODIUM FORMATE - is an eye irritant((Anon, 2000a)). 4.13.1.1.A CALCIUM FORMATE - Exposure to high dust levels may irritate the nose (Anon, 200). 4.14.1.1.A CALCIUM FORMATE - Exposure to high dust levels may irritate the throat (Anon, 200).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.1) SUMMARY
    A) Large doses may cause cardiac depression.
    3.5.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HEART FAILURE
    1) Large doses may cause cardiac depression (Livierato, 1906). At the time of this review, no further data was found to support this clinical effect.

Respiratory

    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) SODIUM FORMATE - Inhalation of sodium formate can result in respiratory tract (mucous membrane) irritation ((Anon, 2000a)).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION
    1) Ingestion of calcium or sodium formate can result in gastric irritation or ulcer ((Anon, 2000); (Anon, 2000a)).

Genitourinary

    3.10.1) SUMMARY
    A) Albuminuria and hematuria were reported in one patient after ingestion of sodium formate 3 to 4 g/day. A diuretic effect may be noted.
    3.10.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ALBUMINURIA
    1) CASE REPORT - Albuminuria and hematuria were reported in one patient after ingestion of sodium formate 3 to 4 grams/day (Eppinger, 1913). A diuretic effect may be noted (Fleig, 1907).

Hematologic

    3.13.1) SUMMARY
    A) Methemoglobinemia may be observed.
    3.13.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    1) Methemoglobinemia may be noted (Croner & Seligmann, 1907).

Dermatologic

    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN IRRITATION
    1) CALCIUM FORMATE - Prolonged dermal exposure can result in drying of the skin ((Anon, 2000)).
    2) SODIUM FORMATE - Dermal exposure can result in skin irritation (i.e., redness, itching and pain) ((Anon, 2000a)).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS544-17-2 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    B) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS590-29-4 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    C) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS141-53-7 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) The normal daily formate urinary excretion is 13 to 120 mg (Sollman, 1957).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) The normal daily formate urinary excretion is 13 to 120 mg (Sollman, 1957).

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Monitor renal function.
    B) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
    2) METHYLENE BLUE
    a) INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules (Prod Info PROVAYBLUE(TM) intravenous injection, 2016) and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials (Prod Info methylene blue 1% intravenous injection, 2011). REPEAT DOSES: Additional doses may be required, especially for substances with prolonged absorption, slow elimination, or those that form metabolites that produce methemoglobin. NOTE: Large doses of methylene blue may cause methemoglobinemia or hemolysis (Howland, 2006). Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection (Prod Info methylene blue 1% intravenous injection, 2011; Herman et al, 1999). NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg (Hjelt et al, 1995).
    b) CONTRAINDICATIONS: G-6-PD deficiency (methylene blue may cause hemolysis), known hypersensitivity to methylene blue, methemoglobin reductase deficiency (Shepherd & Keyes, 2004)
    c) FAILURE: Failure of methylene blue therapy suggests: inadequate dose of methylene blue, inadequate decontamination, NADPH dependent methemoglobin reductase deficiency, hemoglobin M disease, sulfhemoglobinemia, or G-6-PD deficiency. Methylene blue is reduced by methemoglobin reductase and nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to leukomethylene blue. This in turn reduces methemoglobin. Red blood cells of patients with G-6-PD deficiency do not produce enough NADPH to convert methylene blue to leukomethylene blue (do Nascimento et al, 2008).
    d) DRUG INTERACTION: Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2011; Stanford et al, 2010; Prod Info methylene blue 1% IV injection, 2011).
    3) TOLUIDINE BLUE OR TOLONIUM CHLORIDE (GERMANY)
    a) DOSE: 2 to 4 mg/kg intravenously over 5 minutes. Dose may be repeated in 30 minutes (Nemec, 2011; Lindenmann et al, 2006; Kiese et al, 1972).
    b) SIDE EFFECTS: Hypotension with rapid intravenous administration. Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, hypotension, dysrhythmias, hemolysis, agranulocytosis and acute renal insufficiency after overdose (Dunipace et al, 1992; Hix & Wilson, 1987; Winek et al, 1969; Teunis et al, 1970; Marquez & Todd, 1959).
    c) CONTRAINDICATIONS: G-6-PD deficiency; may cause hemolysis.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
    1) EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION should be performed in severely symptomatic patients, especially in neonates and children, if the methemoglobinemia is not responsive to methylene blue therapy or if the level is not brought below 70% in a symptomatic patient.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) CALCIUM FORMATE - ANIMAL DATA - acute LD50 values in mice were 1920 mg/kg orally and 154 mg/kg IV.
    B) SODIUM FORMATE - appears to have a low toxicity. Ten grams given orally in humans produced no toxicity.

Therapeutic Dose

    7.2.1) ADULT
    A) GENERAL
    1) 3 to 4 grams/day have been administered as a general tonic (Eppinger, 1913).

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) ANIMAL DATA
    1) CALCIUM FORMATE - Acute LD50 values in mice were 1920 milligrams/kilogram orally and 154 milligrams/kilogram intravenously (HSDB , 2002).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) SODIUM FORMATE - appears to have have a low toxicity. Ten grams given orally in humans produced no symptoms (HSDB , 2002).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS544-17-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS590-29-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    C) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS141-53-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    D) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS544-17-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    E) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS590-29-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    F) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS141-53-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    G) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS544-17-2 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    H) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS590-29-4 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    I) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS141-53-7 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    J) OSHA PEL Values for CAS544-17-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    K) OSHA PEL Values for CAS590-29-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    L) OSHA PEL Values for CAS141-53-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) CALCIUM FORMATE
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 1920 mg/kg (RTECS, 1988)
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 2650 mg/kg (RTECS, 1988)
    B) POTASSIUM FORMATE
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 5500 mg/kg (RTECS, 1988)
    C) SODIUM FORMATE
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 11,200 mg/kg (RTECS, 1988)

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) CALCIUM FORMATE: crystalline powder or orthorhombic crystals with slight odor similar to acetic acid (Windholz, 1983; (HSDB , 1999).
    B) POTASSIUM FORMATE: colorless granules/or rhombic crystals (HSDB , 1999).
    C) SODIUM FORMATE: white, deliquescent crystals (Budavari, 1996).

Ph

    A) POTASSIUM FORMATE: Aqueous solutions are neutral (Windholz, 1983; (HSDB , 1999).
    B) SODIUM FORMATE: Aqueous solutions are neutral (Windholz, 1983; (Budavari, 1996).

Molecular Weight

    A) CALCIUM FORMATE: 130.12 (RTECS , 2000)
    B) POTASSIUM FORMATE: 84.12 (RTECS , 2000)
    C) SODIUM FORMATE: 68.01 (RTECS , 2000)

References

General Bibliography

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