FORMAMIDE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C-H3-N-O

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

128-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR / WATER-IMMISCIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1996)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Formamide is used as an ionizing and pharmaceutical solvent and as a solvent for plastics manufacturing, butadiene extraction, and processing. It is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis, and as a softener for paper, animal glues, and water-soluble gums; in lignin-casein inks and felt tip pens; and, when mixed with an equal amount of water, as a penetration promoter when used on veneer panels (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1996; Lewis, 1993).
It is used as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pigments; as a treating agent for protein and synthetic fibers; as a coagulating agent for sodium and silicate grouts; and as a synthesizing agent for imidazoles, pyrimidine, 1,3,5-triazines, caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 1996; ITI, 1988).
It also is used to manufacture formic esters and hydrocyanic acid by catalytic dehydration. When hydrolyzed by sulfuric acid, formamide will produce formic acid. It will produce hydrogen cyanide when dehydrated at low pressure and high temperature (HSDB , 1996).

SOURCES

To prepare large amounts of formamide, mix carbon monoxide and ammonia at high pressure and temperature (Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Formamide is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Exposure in experimental animals has caused seizures, marked weight loss, gastritis, malnutrition, polycythemia, and suppressed platelet and lymphocyte counts. Fatigue, nausea, and acidosis may also occur.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Wash the contaminated skin with water. Where there is evidence of skin irritation, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory tract, CNS and reproductive system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation or seizures, do not induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

In rabbits, the lethal dermal dose is approximately 17 g/kg (ACGIH, 1991).
Of six rats studied, four died before the tenth feeding of 1.5 g formamide/kg body weight. The remaining two rats died by the twelfth day of the study (ACGIH, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

Rats were treated with 3000 mg formamide/kg through semiocclusive patches, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 3 months, resulting in poor general health and organ weight changes (ACGIH, 1991).

Rats in the same study treated with 300 or 1000 mg/kg developed polycythemia (ACGIH, 1991).

Forty-six percent of rats given 1 mL of formamide intraperitoneally on gestational days 11 through 16 were stunted and exhibited defects of the palate and extremities (HSDB , 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-12-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Formamide
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Formamide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-12-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 1996 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1996 Note: All values are from RTECS 1996, unless otherwise noted.
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SKIN)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 1.87 mg/m(3) (NIOSH , 1996)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-12-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Formamide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and skin irr; kidney and liver dam
Molecular Weight: 45.04

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-12-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-12-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Formamide
REL:

TWA: 10 ppm (15 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-12-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-12-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-12-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-12-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-12-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-12-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-12-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-12-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-12-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Formamide

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-12-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Formamide
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Formamide has exploded while in storage (Lewis, 1996).
Purines such as caffeine and adenine will stabilize formamide in storage (HSDB , 1996).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store formamide in stainless steel or aluminum tanks (HSDB , 1996).
Mild steel may be used for tank cars and drums when iron in small amounts is permissible (HSDB , 1996).
Keep containers closed and protected from moisture (ITI, 1988).
Ensure that the corrosion resistance of containers is relatively strong (ITI, 1988).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Avoid storing a modified Karl Fischer reagent with formamide replacing methanol in bottles. Gas pressure may build up over several months and burst the bottles (Bretherick, 1995).
Formamide is incompatible with oxidizers, iodine, pyridine, sulfur trioxide, copper, brass, and lead (NIOSH , 1996).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-12-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
- Substance may be transported hot.
- If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-12-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Formamide
Flammability Rating: 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.
CAUTION: For mixtures containing a high percentage of an alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-12-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Formamide
Extinguishing Method(s): 2

2: "Water or foam may cause frothing" refers to a situation where materials with a flash point above 212 degrees F (100 degrees C) are burning. Potentially violent frothing can be dangerous to fire fighters near the burning liquid. However, when highly viscous liquids are burning, fire fighters can intentionally cause frothing on the liquid surface to prevent further introduction of oxygen.

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Formamide emits toxic fumes of NOx when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).
At boiling point, formamide decomposes into ammonia, water, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen cyanide (HSDB , 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Formamide may react vigorously with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1996).

Formamide will dissolve casein, glucose, zein, tannins, starch, lignin, polyvinyl, alcohol, cellulose acetate, nylon, copper chlorides, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, iron, aluminum, nickel, alkali metal acetates, and some inorganic sulfates and nitrates (Budavari, 1996).

It produces toxic fumes of NOx when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

Formamide has exploded while in storage (Lewis, 1996).

Storing formamide (that has replaced methanol) in bottles with a modified Karl Fischer reagent may cause gas pressure to build up and the bottles to burst (Bretherick, 1995).

A mixture containing the following substances can be detonated at 20 degrees C: 51% calcium nitrate, 12% ammonium nitrate, 27% formamide, and 10% water (Bretherick, 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-12-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-12-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Formamide
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 20
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 125
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1250
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS75-12-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-12-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Mix with a combustible solvent, place on paper or in a plastic bag, put outdoors, and burn in an open area (ITI, 1988).
After dissolving formamide in a combustible solvent, put the mixture in an iron pan and burn in an open pit (ITI, 1988).
Spray formamide into a furnace equipped with an alkali scrubber (ITI, 1988).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Manufacturing processes involving formamide and its use as a solvent and intermediate probably account for most of its release to the environment (HSDB , 1996).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

It is expected that formamide exists almost completely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere (HSDB , 1996).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Formamide volatilization from aquatic environments is not expected to be significant (HSDB , 1996).
- Environmental hydrolysis may be a possibility for formamide based on its chemical structure (HSDB , 1996).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Formamide is thought to be very mobile in soil based on a Koc value of 3.6. Significant leaching may occur (HSDB , 1996).
- Based on an approximate vapor pressure of 0.023 mmHg at 25 degrees C, formamide may evaporate from dry soils; however, it is not expected to volatilize from moist soils (HSDB , 1996).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Reaction with photochemically formed hydroxyl radicals degrades formamide fairly rapidly in air. The typical half-life is 2.1 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals/cm(3) (HSDB , 1996).

BIODEGRADATION

Theoretical BODs of 1.6, 4.7, and 11.8% were measured for formamide. The inoculation periods were 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively. Theoretical BODs of 22.6 and 57.7% and greater than 30% were measured using a Japanese MITI BOD test (HSDB , 1996).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Using a regression-derived equation and based on a log Kow of minus 1.51, formamide's bioconcentration factor is estimated at 0.042 (HSDB , 1996).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

45.04 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Formamide is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, oily, slightly viscous liquid (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

It has a mild, ammonia-like odor (Ashford, 1994).

At atmospheric pressure, formamide begins to decompose into carbon monoxide and ammonia at 180 degrees C (Budavari, 1996).

7.1 (0.5 mol aqueous solution) (Budavari, 1996)

VAPOR PRESSURE

29.7 mmHg (at 129.4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

3 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.1292 (25/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.12483 (30/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.13340 (20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.134 (20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
1.13756 (15/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.1334 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.146 g/mL (Lewis, 1993)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

2.6 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

MELTING POINT

2.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

BOILING POINT

210.5 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

193.5 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)
175.5 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)
147 degrees C (at 60 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)
122.5 degrees C (at 20 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)
109.5 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)
70.5 degrees C (at 1 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

FLASH POINT

154 degrees C (open cup) (Budavari, 1996)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

unknown (NIOSH , 1996)

UPPER

unknown (NIOSH , 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

It is miscible with water (Budavari, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Formamide is very slightly soluble in benzene and ether (Budavari, 1996).
It is miscible with methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, dioxane, ethylene glycol, U.S.P. glycerol, and phenol (Budavari, 1996).
Formamide is insoluble in hexane and CHCl3 (Lewis, 1996).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

58.35 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

84 (Budavari, 1996)
58.5 (at 15 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)
57 (at 21 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

10.20 eV (NIOSH , 1996)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents