FORMALDEHYDE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
ALDEHYDE FORMIQUE (French) ALDEHYD MRAVENCI (Czech) ALDEIDE FORMICA (Italian) BFV DORMOL FA FANNOFORM FORMALDEHYD (Czech, Polish) FORMALDEHYDE FORMALDEHYDE, GAS FORMALDEHYDE, SOLUTION, FLAMMABLE FORMALITH FORMIC ALDEHYDE FORMOL FYDE IVALON KARSAN LYSOFORM METHALDEHYDE METHAN 21 METHANAL METHANAL SOLUTION METHYL ALDEHYDE METHYLENE GLYCOL METHYLENE OXIDE MORBICID MORBOCID OPLOSSINGEN (Dutch) OXOMETHANE OXYMETHYLENE PARAFORM POLYOXYMETHYLENE GLYCOLS SUPERLYSOFORM VERACUR
IDENTIFIERS
1198-Formaldehyde, solutions, (Formalin) 1198-Formaldehyde, solution, flammable 2209-Formaldehyde, solutions (Formalin) (corrosive)
4940342 4913145 4940341 4913144 4940365 4913169 4940364 4913168
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; RTECS, 2003; HSDB , 2002a; CHRIS , 2002)(Lewis, 2000)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Pure formaldehyde is not sold commercially due to its tendency to polymerize. It is most commonly available as formalin, an aqueous solutions containing from 37% to 56% formaldehyde, by weight, with varying amounts of methanol as a stabilizer (usually 10% to 15%). Other inhibitors of polymerization used with formaldehyde include: ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and isophthalobisguanamine (Bingham et al, 2001; NFPA, 2002a). Formaldehyde is also available as a solid polymer, paraformaldehyde (CAS 9002-81-7) in a powder or flaked form containing from 90 to 93% formaldehyde, and as its cyclic trimer, trioxane (CAS 123-63-7) (Bingham et al, 2001).
Formaldehyde is manufactured from methanol and air through a process using a metal or metal oxide catalyst ((HSDB, 2002)). Formaldehyde gas may be emitted from fiberboard in cabinets or furniture, shelving, wall panels, or sub-flooring. Burning wood, cigarette smoking, and other forms of incomplete combustion emit formaldehyde (NSC , 2002).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- NOTE: This topic is limited to inhalation and/or dermal/ocular exposure of formaldehyde due to occupational/environmental exposure. Refer to the FORMALIN management following an ACUTE ingestion/instillation of formalin.
- SOURCES: Formaldehyde is a water-soluble and colorless gas at room temperature. Pure formaldehyde is not sold commercially because of its tendency to polymerize. It is most commonly available as formalin, a liquid that is created by mixing formaldehyde and water (usually 37 g of formaldehyde gas to 100 mL solution). Because this solution will polymerize, 10% to 15% of methanol (stabilized) is added. Other aqueous solutions of formaldehyde are referred to as unstabilized (methanol-free), and the solutions may contain n-butanol, ethanol, or urea. Formaldehyde is used in many manufacturing processes (particularly plastics and resins) and as a tissue fixative and embalming agent. It may also be used in the disinfection of hemodialysis machines. Formaldehyde is also used to manufacture urea-formaldehyde, which is found in building insulation and particle boards. It can often be measured at low levels indoors.
- TOXICOLOGY: Formaldehyde is metabolized to formic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase with eventual conversion to carbon dioxide and water via a folate-dependent pathway. Formaldehyde exposure can occur in various ways, and only mild symptoms are expected in very low concentrations. Refer to the FORMALIN management following an ACUTE ingestion/instillation of formalin.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Uncommon poisoning that can result in significant morbidity.
TOXICITY: Formaldehyde may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Health effects from environmental or occupational exposure can come from the off-gassing of formaldehyde from building materials. The effects may include headache; nausea; burning of the eyes, nose, and throat; skin rashes; coughing; and chest tightness. Sensitive individuals may have reactions at concentrations as low as 0.1 parts per million (ppm). INHALATION: Respiratory tract irritation, rhinitis, anosmia, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, tracheitis, bronchitis, laryngospasm, pulmonary edema, headache, weakness, dizziness, and palpitations may result from inhalation. DERMAL: Dermatitis, brownish discoloration of the skin, urticaria, and pustulovesicular eruptions may develop from dermal exposure. OCULAR: Irritation, lacrimation, and conjunctivitis may develop with exposure to vapors. Eye exposure to solutions with high formaldehyde concentrations may produce severe corneal opacification and loss of vision. Solutions containing low formaldehyde concentrations may produce transient discomfort and irritation. CHRONIC: Chronic exposures may increase the risk of cancer and occupational asthma.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
May cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
TOXICOLOGY: Formaldehyde is metabolized to formic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase with eventual conversion to carbon dioxide and water via a folate-dependent pathway. Formaldehyde exposure can occur in various ways, and only mild symptoms are expected in very low concentrations. Refer to the FORMALIN management following an ACUTE ingestion/instillation of formalin. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Uncommon poisoning that can result in significant morbidity. TOXICITY: Formaldehyde may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Health effects from environmental or occupational exposure can come from the off-gassing of formaldehyde from building materials. The effects may include headache; nausea; burning of the eyes, nose, and throat; skin rashes; coughing; and chest tightness. Sensitive individuals may have reactions at concentrations as low as 0.1 parts per million (ppm). INHALATION: Respiratory tract irritation, rhinitis, anosmia, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, tracheitis, bronchitis, laryngospasm, pulmonary edema, headache, weakness, dizziness, and palpitations may result from inhalation. DERMAL: Dermatitis, brownish discoloration of the skin, urticaria, and pustulovesicular eruptions may develop from dermal exposure. OCULAR: Irritation, lacrimation, and conjunctivitis may develop with exposure to vapors. Eye exposure to solutions with high formaldehyde concentrations may produce severe corneal opacification and loss of vision. Solutions containing low formaldehyde concentrations may produce transient discomfort and irritation. CHRONIC: Chronic exposures may increase the risk of cancer and occupational asthma.
ALLERGIC DERMATITIS: Allergic dermatitis has been reported from skin exposure, as well as exposure to formaldehyde vapors. Findings include simple drying, erythema, urticaria, eczematous lesions, desquamation, hyperesthesia, and angioneurotic edema (Andersen & Maibach, 1984; Simon et al, 1984; Lembo et al, 1982; Lindskov, 1982).
EYES EYE IRRITATION: Formaldehyde vapors produce irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, particularly when the concentration exceeds 1 to 3 parts per million (ppm) (Horvath et al, 1988; Weber et al, 1988; Loomis, 1979). As the concentration increases, the degree of irritation increases. Although uncommon, ocular irritation has been noted at levels as low as 0.05 ppm (Grant & Schuman, 1993; Bernstein et al, 1984).
VISION IMPAIRMENT: Eye exposure to solutions may result in transient or irreversible visual impairment, depending on the concentration of formaldehyde in the solution (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
NOSE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES: Studies have found evidence of irritant effects and histopathological changes in the nasal mucosa of men with occupational exposure to formaldehyde, formaldehyde and wood dust, or formaldehyde and phenol (Edling et al, 1988; Holmstrom & Wilhelmsson, 1988; Berke, 1987).
THROAT
ALLERGIC REACTION: Formaldehyde is a dermal allergen and respiratory irritant (Morgan, 1989). Allergic reactions, including eczematoid dermatitis after repeated contact with the solution are possible. Clothing treated with formaldehyde has also caused dermatitis (HSDB, 2006).
CHRONIC EXPOSURE: In subjects chronically exposed to formaldehyde, symptoms may include malaise, headache, sleeping disturbances, irritability, nausea, and lack of appetite and may be associated with eye and upper airway irritation (Weber et al, 1988).
INJURY TO UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT: Irritation continues at 2 to 3 ppm, and at 4 to 5 ppm there is more intense discomfort. An airborne concentration of 10 ppm can only be briefly tolerated; 10 to 20 ppm causes severe difficulty in breathing, cough, and intense irritation. Concentrations above 50 ppm can cause pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and bronchial irritation, which may result in death (OSHA, 2002a). ASTHMA: Formaldehyde can produce reversible bronchoconstrictive, asthma-like effects under certain circumstances. Formaldehyde-induced asthma appears to occur infrequently (Nordman et al, 1985). Bronchial asthma, including episodes of wheezing and persistent cough, was reported in hospital workers exposed to formalin vapor (Hendrick et al, 1982; Hendrick & Lane, 1977; Hendrick & Lane, 1975). In some patients the symptoms appeared several hours after exposure (Hendrick & Lane, 1977).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- The major concerns with repeated formaldehyde exposure are allergy and possibly cancer. Formaldehyde is a potent allergen and can cause contact dermatitis, both irritant and allergic (Hathaway et al, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993). Formaldehyde exposure is one of the most common causes of occupational skin disease (Hathaway et al, 1996).
- Differing beliefs exist regarding the ability of formaldehyde to cause occupational asthma. A review of current literature indicates there is a lack of substantial evidence to prove that formaldehyde vapor inhalation induces allergic asthma (Zenz, 1994). There is no clear evidence that formaldehyde can act as a true respiratory allergen, distinct from its irritant effects (Bardana & Montanaro, 1991).
- Some formaldehyde-exposed workers have developed asthmatic symptoms. In one case, positive IgE and IgG titers to formaldehyde-human serum albumin conjugate were seen, but the patient did not respond to formaldehyde inhalation challenge at concentrations up to 5 ppm for 20 minutes. The authors concluded that immunologically mediated asthmatic reactions to formaldehyde are rare, if they exist at all (Grammer et al, 1993).
- In one occupational study, 46% of pathologists complained of formaldehyde allergy, but none had detectable IgE antibodies specific for formaldehyde-serum albumin conjugate. One possible explanation is that allergic individuals may voluntarily keep exposures to a minimum (Salkie, 1991).
- Other effects of chronic exposure include irritation as seen in acute exposure, as well as sneezing, coughing, and headache (ACGIH, 2000). Occupational laryngitis has been linked with chronic exposure to formaldehyde in one case (Roto & Sala, 1996).
- Schoolchildren exposed to formaldehyde at levels as high as 0.975 ppm complained of headache, cough, rhinitis, and epistaxis, and they developed formaldehyde-specific IgE detected by RAST assay. The elevated IgE levels did not correlate with symptoms (Wantke et al, 1996).
- Formaldehyde was an allergen in 3 different assays: the guinea pig maximization test, the occluded patch test of Buehler, and the murine local lymph node assay. It did not induce IgE in a mouse test predictive of an IgE-mediated mechanism of respiratory sensitization (Hilton et al, 1996).
- Rats given formaldehyde orally at doses up to 80 mg/kg for 28 days had higher lymph node weights and dose-dependent inhibition of antibody response (IgG + IgM) than controls (Vargova et al, 1993).
- Long-term, repeated exposure to formaldehyde has been associated with an increased risk of cancers of the bone marrow, lungs, mouth, nasal passages, and sinuses (ATSDR, 1995; OSHA, 2002b). There is no known threshold level at which there is no threat of cancer (NSC , 2002).
- Repeated exposures to either the liquid or its vapors may result in dermatitis, eczema, or hives (OSHA, 2002a).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
- PREHOSPITAL: Remove from exposure and remove contaminated clothing. Wash exposed skin with soap and water. Irrigate exposed eyes with water.
- Because formaldehyde spontaneously polymerizes in water, most commercial liquid formulations contain methanol to limit polymerization. This topic is limited to inhalation and/or dermal/ocular exposure of formaldehyde due to occupational/environmental exposure. Refer to the FORMALIN management following an ACUTE ingestion/instillation of formalin.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. TARGET ORGANS: Eyes and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
DERMAL EXPOSURE EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE Because formaldehyde spontaneously polymerizes in water, most commercial liquid formulations contain methanol to limit polymerization. This topic is limited to inhalation and/or dermal/ocular exposure of formaldehyde due to occupational/environmental exposure. Refer to the FORMALIN management following an ACUTE ingestion/instillation of formalin.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
- Exposure to 20 (IDLH) to 100 ppm of the gas may be lethal (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2009; HSDB - Hazardous Substances Data Bank, 2007).
ACUTE EXPOSURE - Exposure to 700 ppm for 8 hours was fatal to cats; a 2 hour exposure was fatal to mice. Mice and rabbit fatalities occurred after 10 hours exposure to 15 to 16 ppm (ACGIH, 1991). CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Rats exposed to air concentrations of 0.5 ppm for a few days showed inhibition of mucociliary action. Rats exposed to 1.6 ppm for 90 days showed a yellowing of the fur, but no other treatment related effects (i.e., alveolar macrophage number and activity, or lung weight changes). At a concentration of 4.6 ppm, a decrease in body weight was noted. 8 ppm caused a decrease in overall body weight, as well as decreased liver weight, signs of nasal irritation, and a decrease in phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages (ACGIH, 1991).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
The workplace ceiling limit (NIOSH) is 0.016 ppm (8 hour TWA) or 0.1 ppm for 15 minutes. The odor threshold is around 0.5 to 1 ppm and people may begin to experience symptoms of respiratory irritation around the odor threshold (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2009; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2008).
Typical reactions to airborne concentrations, include (ACGIH, 1991; Casteel et al, 1987; Hathaway et al, 1996): 0.1 to 0.3 ppm - lowest level where irritation is reported 0.8 ppm - odor threshold 1 to 2 ppm - irritation threshold, mild 2 to 3 ppm - irritation of eyes, nose, and throat 4 to 5 ppm - increasing irritation of mucous membranes and prominent lacrimation 10 to 20 ppm - profuse tearing, severe burning sensation, cough; can be tolerated for only a few minutes 50 to 100 ppm - will cause serious injury in 5 to 10 minutes
Airborne formaldehyde concentrations in a gross anatomy laboratory ranged from 0.07 to 2.94 ppm, far exceeding the ACGIH ceiling value of 0.3 ppm, and over 30% of the subjects were exposed to an 8-hr TWA exceeding the OSHA action level of 0.5 ppm. In this study, signs and symptoms included irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and airways, decreased FVC and FEV3, and increased FEV1/FVC (Akbar-Khanzadeh et al, 1994). Dermal exposure to solutions of 2% to 10% may result in blisters, fissures, and urticaria (Casteel et al, 1987). Contact of the human eye with aqueous solutions of formaldehyde has caused injuries ranging from severe irreversible corneal opacification and loss of vision, to minor transient injury or temporary discomfort, depending upon whether the solutions were of high or low concentrations (Grant & Schuman, 1993). Solutions of 25% to 44% formaldehyde may cause severe corneal damage (Hathaway et al, 1996). At levels of 1 to 10 ppm appreciable eye irritation may be seen on initial exposure. At levels of 25 to 50 ppm tissue damage is likely (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS50-00-0 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A2 ; Listed as: Formaldehyde A2 :Suspected Human Carcinogen: Human data are accepted as adequate in quality but are conflicting or insufficient to classify the agent as a confirmed human carcinogen; OR, the agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at dose(s), by route(s) of exposure, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) considered relevant to worker exposure. The A2 is used primarily when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals with relevance to humans.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B1 ; Listed as: Formaldehyde IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Formaldehyde NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Formalin (as formaldehyde) MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 4 ; Listed as: Formaldehyde Category 4 : Substances with carcinogenic potential for which genotoxicity plays no or at most a minor part. No significant contribution to human cancer risk is expected provided the MAK value is observed. The classification is supported especially by evidence that increases in cellular proliferation or changes in cellular differentiation are important in the mode of action. To characterize the cancer risk, the manifold mechanisms contributing to carcinogenesis and their characteristic dose-time-response relationships are taken into consideration.
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS50-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Slope Factor: RfD: 2x10(-1) mg/kg-day
Inhalation: Drinking Water:
CALCULATIONS
CONVERSION FACTORS 1 ppm = 1.2 mg/m(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993) 1 mg/L = 815 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS50-00-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS50-00-0 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS50-00-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS50-00-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
Listed as: Formaldehyde; see 29 CFR 1910.1048 Table Z-1 for Formaldehyde; see 29 CFR 1910.1048: 8-hour TWA: ppm: mg/m3: Ceiling Value: Skin Designation: No Notation(s): Not Listed
Table Z-2 for Formaldehyde; see 1910.1048:
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS50-00-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS50-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS50-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS50-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: Formaldehyde P or U series number: U122 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS50-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Formaldehyde Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): f f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS50-00-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS50-00-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS50-00-0 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1198 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2209 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1198 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2209 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS50-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Formaldehyde Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 3 (3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.
Flammability Rating (Red): 4 (4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
- Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde are stable during transport (CHRIS, 2001).
- Broken containers/packages should only be handled by persons wearing appropriate protective equipment (AAR, 2000).
- Exposure to formaldehyde may be minimized by employing alternatives to formaldehyde-containing products (those not fabricated using urea-formaldehyde glue or adhesives, coatings, insulations, lumber, or metal), washing durable-press fabrics before wear or use, using laminated or coated furniture products, and avoiding urea- formaldehyde-containing foam insulation ((CPSC, 1997)).
STORAGE
Formaldehyde is shipped in bottles and carboys, as well as in insulated tanks on barges, rail cars, and trucks (NFPA, 2002a) OHM/TADS, 2001).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
- Store in a cool, dry and well-ventilated location. Temperature control recommendations should be followed (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 2002a).
- Inside storage areas should have floors pitched toward a trapped drain or curbed retention area. These areas should be equipped with automatic sprinklers (ITI, 1995) OHM/TADS, 2001).
- Formaldehyde should not be stored in cofined spaces or near open-flame (ITI, 1995). Pressure-vacuum venting should be used (CHRIS, 2001).
- To reduce electrical hazard, storage tanks should be adequately grounded to discharge static electricty (ITI, 1995).
- Protect containers from any physical damage (ITI, 1995) OHM/TADS 2001).
Areas in which the concentration of formaldehyde exceeds the recommended TWA or STEL should be regulated; all entrances and accessways to such areas should be posted with a sign bearing the following warning (OSHA, 2002a): DANGER
FORMALDEHYDE
IRRITANT AND POTENTIAL CANCER HAZARD
AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY
Areas or containers in which formaldehyde-contaminated clothing and equipment is stored for ventilation should be posted with signs and labels bearing the following warning (OSHA, 2002a): DANGER
FORMALDEHYDE-CONTAMINATED (CLOTHING) EQUIPMENT
AVOID INHALATION AND SKIN CONTACT
- Please refer to 29 CFR section 1910.1048 for additional information regarding labeling requirements for formaldehyde.
Do not store formaldehyde with oxidizing materials, caustics, isocyanates, anhydrides, oxides, alkalies, acids or amines (NFPA, 2002a) OHM/TADS, 2001; OSHA, 2002c). Formaldehyde forms the potent carcinogen, bis-chloromethyl ether when it reacts with hydrochloric acid. Formaldehyde will form explosive compounds when combined with nitrogen dioxide, nitromethane, perchloric acid and aniline, or peroxyformic acid (Calvin, 1997 OSHA, 2002c).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Avoid breathing formaldehyde vapors (AAR, 1998) CHRIS, 1999).
- The following information is for aqueous solutions of formaldehyde: Appropriate protective clothing should be worn to prevent skin contact. Wash the skin, with copious amounts of soap and water, immediately after it becomes contaminated. Clothing which becomes wet should be removed as quickly as possible (AAR, 2000; CHRIS, 2001; NIOSH , 2001).
- Observe prudent precautions as for handling any carcinogen (HSDB, 2001).
- Compatible protective equipment construction materials include: butyl rubber, natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile rubber, nitrile rubber/polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-butadiene rubber (AAR, 2000).
- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS for hand protection (CCOHS, 1989):
Select a material and style of glove that adequately protects hands from hazard. Review Chemical Manufacturer's MSDS or Label, glove manufacturer's information, and regulatory/advisory agency sources to determine the protective ability of the glove. Inspect and test gloves for defects before using. Follow manufacturer's instructions for glove care and maintenance. Check gloves for proper fit. Wash off all chemical protective gloves with water before removing them. Evaluate material resistance under conditions of use. Variations between products may effect resistance. Maintain gloves carefully.
- GLOVES: In an interlaboratory study, 6 glove materials were evaluated for permeation resistance to formaldehyde in 9% W/W and 37% W/W aqueous solutions. Three of the materials were natural rubber latex taken from "surgeon's" gloves (approximately 0.17 mm in thickness) (Schwope et al, 1988).
For both formaldehyde concentrations, the natural rubber specimens exhibited break through times ranging from 1 to 15 minutes, depending on the analytical technique used for detection and, perhaps the glove material. Permeation rates were in the range of 0.1 to 1 mcg/cm(2)/min. The results for specimens from a polyvinyl chloride glove (0.16 mm) and a polyethylene glove (0.05 mm) were similar to those of the latex glove. Only the sixth material taken consistently yielded break through time greater than one hour with permeation rates approximating 0.01 mcg/cm(2)/min. Gloves based on neoprene/natural rubber blend or those which contain a layer of neoprene over a natural rubber substrate may provide good protection without significant decrements in tactility/dexterity.
- Please refer to 29 CFR section 1910.1048 for additional information regarding hygiene protection requirements for formaldehyde.
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Use appropriate eye protection to prevent contact. In areas where there is any possibility that persons may be exposed to formalin, eyewash fountains should be provided (NIOSH , 2001).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
- Please refer to 29 CFR section 1910.1048 for additional information regarding respiratory protection requirements for formaldehyde.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 50-00-0.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004) Flammable/combustible materials. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
Formaldehyde is a flammable gas; as an aqueous solution it is combustible. It presents a fire hazard when exposed to flame or heat (NFPA, 2002a; NIOSH , 2001). The gas is a greater fire hazard than the vapor (Lewis, 2000). Formaldehyde solutions can contain varying amounts of methanol. This will influence the solution's physical properties and potential hazards (Lewis, 2000). Formaldehyde vapors are slightly heavier than air (AAR, 2000).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS50-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Formaldehyde Flammability Rating: 4 (4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Do not get water inside containers.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS50-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):
- To fight a fire involving pure formaldehyde gas, stop the flow of gas. For an aqueous solution (37% formaldehyde, methanol-free), extinguish fire with "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. In the case of fire involving formaldehyde-containing solids, use appropriate means to extinguish surrounding fire. Take immediate steps to limit formaldehyde's spread to the environment, and prevent run-off water from contaminating sewers or water sources (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000).
- Approach fire from upwind. Flooding quantities of water should be used to cool exposed containers, and to dilute solutions to the point that combustion is not supportable (CHRIS, 2001; (NFPA, 2002a) OHM/TADS, 2001).
In a fire, the aqueous solution will evolve irritating gaseous formaldehyde (Lewis, 2000). Formaldehyde emits acrid fumes and smoke when heated to decomposition. Decomposition products include carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (ACGIH, 2000; (Lewis, 2000).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde represent an explosion hazard when exposed to flame or heat. Flammable vapors escape and form explosive mixtures with air over a large range (7 to 73% air concentration) (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a).
- An explosion may result when aqueous solutions are heated above their flash points (Lewis, 2000).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Formaldehyde emits acrid fumes and smoke when heated to decomposition. Decomposition products include carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (ACGIH, 1991) CHRIS 2001; (Lewis, 2000).
- The gas is a more dangerous fire hazard than is the vapor (Lewis, 2000).
- In a fire, the aqueous solution will evolve irritating gaseous formaldehyde (Lewis, 2000).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Formaldehyde is incompatible with acids, alkalis, amines, strong oxidizers, phenols, and urea (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; NIOSH , 2001).
The reaction with hydrogen chloride forms bis-chloromethyl ether, a potent carcinogen (NIOSH , 2001) OSHA, 2002c).
- It is a powerful reducing agent, especially in the presence of alkalis (Budavari, 1996).
- The reaction with nitrous oxides (nitrogen dioxide) becomes explosive at 180 degrees C (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a).
- This compound reacts violently with (Bretherick, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a):
- Formaldehyde is incompatible with (Budavari, 1996) OHM/TADS, 2001):
- Pure formaldehyde readily polymerizes; for this reason the pure form is generally not available commercially (Lewis, 2000).
- Formaldehyde slowly oxidizes to formic acid on exposure to air (Budavari, 1996).
- "At least 9 cases of catalyzed plant-scale preparations of phenol-formaldehyde resin which ran away with sudden pressure development and failure of bursting disks or reactors are briefly mentioned. No details of process conditions are given" (Bretherick, 1995).
- Some monomers react with formaldehyde (NFPA, 2002a).
- Aqueous formaldehyde is corrosive to carbon steel as well as copper and its alloys, but formaldehyde in vapor phase is not (HSDB, 2001; OHM/TADS, 2001).
- Formaldehyde reacts with water to form methylene glycol (Finkel, 1983).
- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: It combines directly with albumin, casein, gelatin, agar and starch to form insoluble compounds (OHM/TADS, 2001).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132(ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS50-00-0 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS50-00-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS50-00-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS50-00-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004) Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers (except for Hydrazine). Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Approach from upwind. Keep any possible ignition source out of the area. Control or stop the leak, if this can be done safely. Water spray can be employed to cool structures/containers, disperse vapors, protect personnel, as well as to dilute the spilled material so that it is no longer flammable. Apply water from as great a distance as possible. Isolate the discharged material for appropriate disposal (AAR, 2000; CHRIS, 2001; (NFPA, 2002a). "Use fluorocarbon water spray, Cellosize and Hycar to diminish vapors. Sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, or sodium sulfite can neutralize the spill" (HSDB, 2001). LAND SPILL: Dig a holding area to contain spilled material. Foamed polyurethane, foamed concrete, sand bags, or soil may be employed to channel any surface flow. Solutions can be absorbed with cement powder, fly ash, or commercial sorbents, and sodium bisulfite added to neutralize the material. Universal gelling agents may be used (AAR, 2000; HSDB, 2001). "If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner" (HSDB, 2001).
WATER SPILL: Utilize control booms or natural barriers to contain the spill. Injection of "universal" gelling agents can be used to solidify the area and increase the effectiveness of the booms. EPA approved active surface agents (e.g., detergents, alcohols, and soaps) can be used. If dissolved at a concentration of 10 ppm or greater, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount and add sodium bisulfite to neutralize the material. Suction hoses or mechanical dredges can remove immobilized masses and precipitates (AAR, 2000). AIR SPILL: Use water spray to knock down vapors. The resulting aqueous solution is toxic and corrosive, and should be contained (AAR, 2000). Recommended disposal methods (HSDB, 2001; (ITI, 1995) OHM/TADS, 2001): Absorb on vermiculite, then burn in open incinerator. Dissolve in flammable solvent, then spray into an afterburner-equipped incinerator. Bury in remote location. Combine with albumin, agar, casein, gelatin, or starch; this will form insoluble compounds.
Small spills of aqueous formaldehyde solutions may be absorbed with rags or other appropriate absorbing materials. The rags can then be allowed to evaporate within a fume hood, and then be burned (ITI, 1995).
Hydrogen peroxide has been utilized as an oxidant to treat industrial waste containing formaldehyde (Freeman, 1998). Ammonium salts will change formaldehyde to the less toxic compound, methenamine. Carbon may not be effective in absorbing this compound (OHM/TADS, 2001). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
Formaldehyde is a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C. Residence times of seconds for liquids as well as gases, and longer for solids (HSDB, 2001). This compound is also a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 degrees C. Residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids (HSDB, 2001).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Formaldehyde is released to the air in relatively large amounts. Use and manufacture of formaldehyde contribute to the levels of this compound found in the environment. However, the greatest contributor, directly and indirectly, is the combustion process. Photochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons or other formaldehyde precursors as well as the compound itself are generated as combustion products. Automobile exhaust, responsible for approximately 610 million pounds a year, is a major source of formaldehyde in ambient air. Many natural processes also generate this compound (Howard, 1989) HSDB, 2001).
- The ambient air levels in the United States, ranging from about 0.001 to 0.16 ppm, expose the entire US population. These concentrations tend to be higher in areas of high traffic. Two sub-populations have been identified as having higher potential formaldehyde exposures: 2.2 million US residents of mobile homes containing particle board and plywood have an average exposure of 0.4 ppm, and 1.7 million persons living in conventional homes insulated with urea-formaldehyde foam have a potential average exposure of 0.12 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001; Sittig, 1991). Environmental tobacco smoke will increase the indoor air concentration of formaldehyde and should be considered (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
Urea-formaldehyde fumes are liberated from urea foam insulation, plywood, particle and/or chip boards (Hawthorne & Gammage, 1982). The emission of formaldehyde from urea-formaldehyde foam used in building construction received widespread public comment in the late 1970s. Most of the measurements in residential dwellings containing urea-formaldehyde foam appear to be less than 5 ppm, although levels as high as 10 ppm were reported in one study (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
- Cigarette smoke also contributes to the overall formaldehyde level in air. Concentrations of formaldehyde in cigarette smoke, determined by high performance liquid chromatography and by colorimetry, have been reported as 45.2 to 73.1 and 37.5 to 44.5 mcg/cigarette, respectively (Clayton & Clayton, 1993) HSDB, 1999). The average exposure to formaldehyde from second-hand tobacco smoke is estimated at 0.23 to 0.27 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001).
- Formaldehyde concentrations in rain water captured in Mexico City and a forested site nearby were 0.68 ppb and 0.44 ppb, respectively. The concentration of formaldehyde in the air at ground level in Mexico City was 24 ppb (Baez et al, 1993).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
In the atmosphere, formaldehyde both photolyzes and reacts with reactive free radicals (primarily hydroxyl radicals). Half-lives in the sunlit troposphere are 1.25 to 6H for photolysis, and 7.13 to 71.3H for reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Reaction with nitrate radicals, though insignificant during the day, may be an important removal process at night. Due to its solubility, formaldehyde will efficiently transfer to rain and surface water. One model predicts dry deposition and wet removal half-lives of 19 and 50H, respectively. Formaldehyde is found in remote areas, although this is thought to be a result of local generation from longer-lived precursors which have been transported there, and not the direct transport of formaldehyde itself (Howard, 1989; Howard et al, 1991) HSDB, 2001).
SURFACE WATER In water, formaldehyde will biodegrade to low levels within a few days. Adsorption to sediment and volatilization are not expected to be significant routes. In seawater there is a long lag period (approximately 40H) prior to measurable loss of formaldehyde. It is thought that this is due to biological processes. Formaldehyde's fate in groundwater is unknown (Howard, 1989) HSDB, 2001).
TERRESTRIAL In soil, aqueous solutions of formaldehyde will leach through the soil. At high concentrations, the gas does adsorb somewhat to clay mineral. Although biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, formaldehyde's fate in soil is unknown (Howard, 1989) HSDB, 2001).
BIODEGRADATION
- Formaldehyde as an aqueous effluent is degraded by activated sludge and sewage in 48 to 72H. In a die-away test utilizing stagnant lake water, degradation was complete in 30H under aerobic conditions and 48H under anaerobic conditions (Howard, 1989) HSDB, 2001).
BIOACCUMULATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB, 2001):
TLm - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii): 50 mg/L for 48H (conditions of bioassay not specified) LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Larvae: 10 mg/L for 48 to 96H, static bioassay LC50 - (WATER) FLOUNDER: 100-300 mg/L for 48H, aerated salt water (conditions of bioassay not specified) LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii), Green egg: 565 mg/L for 96H, static bioassay LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii), Eyed egg: 198 mg/L for 96H, static bioassay LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii), Sac larvae: 89.5 mg/L for 96H, static bioassay LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii), Fingerlings: 61.9 mg/L for 96H, static bioassay LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii): 440 mg/L for 96H, static bioassay LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii): 214 mg/L for 24H, static bioassay LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii): 118 mcL/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay LC50 - (WATER) ATLANTIC SALMON (Salmo salar): 173 mcL/L for 96 H, flow-through bioassay LC50 - (WATER) LAKE TROUT (Salvelinus namaycush): 100 mcL/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay LC50 - (WATER) BLACK BULLHEAD (Ameiurus melas or Ictalurus melas): 62.1 mcL/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay LC50 - (WATER) CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus): 65.8 mcL/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay LC50 - (WATER) GREEN SUNFISH (Lepomis cyanellus): 173 mcL/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 100 mcL/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay LC50 - (WATER) SMALLMOUTH BASS (Micropterus dolomieui): 136 mcL/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay LC50 - (WATER) LARGEMOUTH BASS (Micropterus salmoides): 143 mcL/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay LC50 -(WATER) FLATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 24.1 mg/L for 96H, confidence limit 22.6 to 25.7 mg/L, flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 21.7 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 7.4 mg/L, hardness 50.8 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 37.0 mg/L calcium carbonate, pH 6.8
- Ecotoxicity Values (CHRIS, 2001; OHM/TADS, 2001):
TLm - (WATER) TROUT: 100 to 200 ppm for 48H, temperature controlled (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii): 50 ppm for 48 H, 18 to 20 degrees C, hard static and flow through (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT, 76 ppm, 24H, 18 to 20 degrees C, hard static and flow through (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) BROWN TROUT: 76 ppm for 24H, 18 to 20 degrees C, hard static and flow through (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) BROWN TROUT: 50 ppm for 48H, 18 to 20 degrees C, hard static or flow through (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) CATFISH: 32 ppm for 24H (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) CATFISH: 25 ppm for 48H (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus): 25 ppm for 96H (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) Daphnia: 2 ppm for 48H, 23 degrees (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) Daphnia magna: Greater than 100 and less than 1000 ppm for 24H (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) Scenedesmus: 0.3 ppm for 96H, 24 degrees (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) Microregma: 5 ppm (freshwater) TLm - (WATER) Escherichia deli: 1 ppm, 27 degrees (freshwater) LC50 - (WATER) FLOUNDER: 100 to 330 ppm for 48H, aerated (saltwater) LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Larvae: 10 mg/L for 48 to 96H, static (freshwater) LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Larvae: 15 ppm for 24H, static (freshwater) LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Fingerling: 35 ppm for 24H, static (freshwater) LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Fingerling: 18 ppm for 96H, formalin, static (saltwater) LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Fingerling: 15 ppm for 48 to 96 H, static (freshwater) LC50 - (WATER) SHRIMP: 330 to 1000 ppm for 48H, aerated (saltwater) LC50 - (WATER) Trachinotus carolinus, Juvenile: 69.1 to 74.9 ppm for 96H, formalin, static (saltwater) Lethal - (WATER) TROUT: 50 ppm for 24H (freshwater) Lethal - Shiners: 50 ppm for 120H, 18 degrees (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) TROUT: 50 ppm for 24 to 72H (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalarus punctastus): 126 ppm for 48H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus), Fingerlings: 87 ppm for 25H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) LARGEMOUTH BASS: 100 ppm for 72H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): Greater than 100 for 48H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) Tilopia sp.: 100 ppm for 72H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) Cyprinus carpio: 70 ppm for 72H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) Rana catesbeiana: 53 ppm for 24H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) R. pipiens: 22 ppm for 24H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) Bufo sp.: 45 ppm for 72H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) Notemigonus crysoleucas: 87 ppm for 24H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) Totalarus melas: Greater than 70 ppm for 24H, formalin (freshwater) Lethal - (WATER) L cyanellus: 90 ppm for 72H, formalin (freshwater)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Formaldehyde is an almost colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2001).
- Some formaldehyde aqueous solutions are amber to dark brown/maroon in color (AAR, 1998).
- Upon standing, especially at cold temperatures, the aqueous solution can become cloudy. At very low temperatures, a precipitate of trioxymethylene is formed (Budavari, 1996) OHM/TADS, 2001).
- The physical properties and/or hazards may be influenced by the solvent (Lewis, 2000).
PH
- 2.8 to 4.0 (aqueous solution) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000)
VAPOR PRESSURE
>1 atm (NIOSH , 2001) 400 mmHg (at -33 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2001) 10 mmHg (at -88.0 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (Formalin)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
DENSITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (Formalin): 1.08 g/mL (NIOSH , 2001) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (Formalin): 1.1 g/mL (CHRIS, 2001)
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
GAS: 0.82 (at -21 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997) GAS: 0.815 (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
AQUEOUS SOLUTION (Formalin): 1.03 g/mL (HSDB, 2001; (NFPA, 1997) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (37% formaldehyde; 0-15% methanol): 1.075 to 1.081 g/mL (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
BOILING POINT
-21 degrees C; -6 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001) -19 degrees C; -3 degrees F (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1998; NFPA, 1997) -19.5 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993) -33.0 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -46.0 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -57.3 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -65.0 degrees C (at 60 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -70.6 degrees C (at 40 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -79.6 degrees C (at 20 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996) -88.0 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (37% formaldehyde; 15% methanol):
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (37% formaldehyde; 0-15% methanol):
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (methanol free):
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (Formalin):
214 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001) 96 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)
FLASH POINT
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (37-56% formaldehyde):
60-83 degrees C; 140-181 degrees F (NFPA, 1997) 60 degrees C; 140 degrees F (Budavari, 1996)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (Formalin: 37% formaldehyde; methanol free):
85 degrees C; 185 degrees F (Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1997) 83 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991) 182 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS, 2001)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (Formalin: 37% formaldehyde; 15% methanol)
50 degrees C; 122 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996) 122 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS, 2001)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (Formalin: 15% formaldehyde; methanol free)
- For aqueous solutions, the flash point may be lowered by high formaldehyde or methanol concentrations (Lewis, 1997).
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- GAS: 300 degrees C; 572 degrees F (Budavari, 1996; NFPA, 1997)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (Formalin)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
Formaldehyde is quite soluble in water: up to 55% (55 g/100 mL) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).
It is soluble in acetone, alcohols, benzene, and ether (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow = 0.35 (calculated) (HSDB, 2001)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 3.27x10(-7) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1989)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
0.8 ppm (CHRIS, 2001) 0.83 ppm (reported range 0.05-1.0 ppm) (ACGIH, 1991) OHM/TADS (2001) reports the following odor thresholds: Lower: 0.8 ppm Medium: 49.9 ppm Upper: 102 ppm
Clayton & Clayton (1993) reports that most persons are able to detect formaldehyde at levels below 1 ppm; mild sensory irritation at 2-5 ppm; unpleasant at 5-10 ppm; and, intolerable at levels in excess of 25 ppm. 20 ppm is quickly irritating to the eyes (Lewis, 2000).
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