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FLUAZIFOP

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Fluazifop is a selective herbicide, used to control grass weeds in agriculture (Thompson, 1981).
    B) Fluazifop-p-butyl is the n-butyl ester of the acid fluazifop-p (EXTOXNET, 1996).

Specific Substances

    A) Fluazifop-butyl
    1) PP 009
    2) SL 236
    3) TS 7236
    4) Butyl 2-(4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinyloxy)
    5) phenoxy) propanoate.
    6) CAS 69806-50-4
    Fluazifop-p-butyl
    1) PP 005
    2) CAS 79241-46-6

Available Forms Sources

    A) SOURCES
    1) Trade names include Fusilade(R), Onecide(R), and Hache Uno Super(R)
    2) Formulations include:
    a) Fusilade 4E (USA): 4 lb/gallon (517 g/L)
    b) Fusilade (outside USA): 250 g/L
    c) Fusilade 2000: fluazifop-p-butyl 13.1%
    B) USES
    1) Fluazifop butyl and fluazifop-p-butyl are selective postemergent herbicides used to control most annual and perennial grass weeds on agricultural crops, including sugar beets, potatoes, cotton, soybeans, groundnuts, vines, citrus fruits, coffee, onions, asparagus, bananas, beans, peas, and other vegetables (Thompson, 1981; (EXTOXNET, 1996).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Little data are available. Solutions containing 13% in xylene have produced chemical burns when instilled into the eye or applied to the skin in animal studies. Fluazifop is a sensitizer when tested on guinea pig skin, and is expected to cause allergic contact dermatitis after prolonged or repeated exposure. Fluazifop-p-butyl is considered to be virtually non-toxic by the oral route.
    B) Many commercial preparations of fluazifop or fluazifop-p-butyl may contain xylene in concentrations as high as 38%. Consider both the irritant properties of fluazifop and the CNS depressant properties of xylene when assessing an exposure to the combination product.
    C) In animal studies, chronic toxicity was not reported at doses at or below 10 mg/kg/day.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Eye contact with a 13% mixture of fluazifop-p-butyl in a xylene solvent produced chemical burns in rabbits.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) IRRITATION - Oral ingestion may produce mouth, pharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric irritation.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Application of a 13% solution of fluazifop-p-butyl in xylene produced moderate chemical burns on rabbit skin.
    B) Fluazifop is a sensitizer on guinea pig skin. Repeated or prolonged exposure may result in allergic contact dermatitis.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) Offspring of rats exposed to moderate oral levels of fluazifop developed diaphragmatic hernia.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Fluazifop and fluazifop butyl can be detected in soil or water using an HPLC procedure with UV detection.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
    B) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED - Due to potential mucosal damage and the risk of aspiration of xylene, ipecac-induced emesis is NOT recommended.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL - No data are available on adsorption to activated charcoal. Due to the low potential for systemic toxicity, activated charcoal may not be necessary and may interfere with certain types of endoscopy procedures.
    D) GASTRIC LAVAGE - Due to the low potential for systemic toxicity and probable mucosal damage following ingestion, gastric lavage is not recommended.
    E) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) Fluazifop has little systemic toxicity in rodents, with LD50s of 1.5 to 3.3 g/kg. No human data are available.
    B) Rats given small amounts of fluazifop-p-butyl for 90 days developed no toxic effects at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Little data are available. Solutions containing 13% in xylene have produced chemical burns when instilled into the eye or applied to the skin in animal studies. Fluazifop is a sensitizer when tested on guinea pig skin, and is expected to cause allergic contact dermatitis after prolonged or repeated exposure. Fluazifop-p-butyl is considered to be virtually non-toxic by the oral route.
    B) Many commercial preparations of fluazifop or fluazifop-p-butyl may contain xylene in concentrations as high as 38%. Consider both the irritant properties of fluazifop and the CNS depressant properties of xylene when assessing an exposure to the combination product.
    C) In animal studies, chronic toxicity was not reported at doses at or below 10 mg/kg/day.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eye contact with a 13% mixture of fluazifop-p-butyl in a xylene solvent produced chemical burns in rabbits.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) BURNS - Eye contact with a 13% mixture of fluazifop-p-butyl in a xylene solvent produced chemical burns in rabbits (Technical Information, 1985).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) IRRITATION - Oral ingestion may produce mouth, pharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric irritation.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION
    1) Oral ingestion may produce mouth, pharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric irritation.
    3.8.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) IRRITATION
    a) Oral ingestion may produce mouth, pharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric irritation.

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Application of a 13% solution of fluazifop-p-butyl in xylene produced moderate chemical burns on rabbit skin.
    B) Fluazifop is a sensitizer on guinea pig skin. Repeated or prolonged exposure may result in allergic contact dermatitis.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CONTACT DERMATITIS
    1) Repeated or prolonged exposure may result in allergic contact dermatitis.
    3.14.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) CHEMICAL BURN
    a) BURNS - Application of a 13% solution of fluazifop-p-butyl in xylene produced moderate chemical burns on rabbit skin (Technical Information, 1985).
    2) DERMATITIS
    a) SENSITIZATION - Fluazifop is a sensitizer on guinea pig skin (Technical Information, 1985).
    b) FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL - can be slightly toxic via dermal exposure; it has caused only slight skin irritation in rabbits and was not a sensitizer in guinea pigs (EXTOXNET, 1996).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) Offspring of rats exposed to moderate oral levels of fluazifop developed diaphragmatic hernia.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) HERNIA
    1) RATS - Offspring of rats exposed to moderate oral levels of fluazifop developed diaphragmatic hernia (Technical Information, 1985).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS69806-50-4 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    B) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79241-46-6 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Fluazifop and fluazifop butyl can be detected in soil or water using an HPLC procedure with UV detection.

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) Fluazifop and fluazifop butyl can be detected in soil or water using an HPLC procedure with UV detection (Negre et al, 1987).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) Fluazifop and fluazifop butyl can be detected in soil or water using an HPLC procedure with UV detection.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) DILUTION -
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    B) EMESIS -
    1) Due to potential mucosal damage and the risk of aspiration of xylene, ipecac-induced emesis is NOT recommended (Technical Information, 1985).
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -
    1) No data are available on adsorption to activated charcoal. Due to the low potential for systemic toxicity, activated charcoal may not be necessary and may interfere with certain types of endoscopy procedures.
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    B) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Due to potential mucosal damage and the risk of aspiration of xylene, ipecac-induced emesis is NOT recommended (Technical Information, 1985).
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) No data are available on adsorption to activated charcoal. Due to the low potential for systemic toxicity, activated charcoal may not be necessary and may interfere with certain types of endoscopy procedures.
    D) GASTRIC LAVAGE/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Due to the low potential for systemic toxicity and probable mucosal damage following ingestion, gastric lavage is not recommended (Technical Information, 1985).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
    2) Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Observe patients with inhalation exposure for the possible development of respiratory tract irritation.
    2) Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    B) Mild washing with water using cotton swabs removed only 20 to 35% of the dose. Washing with a mild detergent solution removed about 50% (Ramsey et al, 1992).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) SKIN IRRITATION
    1) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) Fluazifop has little systemic toxicity in rodents, with LD50s of 1.5 to 3.3 g/kg. No human data are available.
    B) Rats given small amounts of fluazifop-p-butyl for 90 days developed no toxic effects at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) Solutions of 13 percent fluazifop in xylene have caused chemical burns of the eyes and skin in experimental animals following direct contact (Technical Information, 1985). Fluazifop-p-butyl in combination with xylene can result in severe systemic effects due to the presence of xylene (EXTOXNET, 1996).
    2) CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Rats given small amounts of fluazifop-p-butyl for 90 days developed no toxic effects at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day (EXTOXNET, 1996).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS69806-50-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS79241-46-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    C) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS69806-50-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    D) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS79241-46-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    E) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS69806-50-4 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    F) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79241-46-6 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    G) OSHA PEL Values for CAS69806-50-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    H) OSHA PEL Values for CAS79241-46-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) FLUAZIFOP BUTYL
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 1240 mg/kg (RTECS, 2000)
    2) LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
    a) >2 g/kg (RTECS, 2000)
    3) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 2910 mg/kg (RTECS, 2000)
    4) LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
    a) > 6.05 g/kg (RTECS, 2000)
    5) LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
    a) >5 g/kg (RTECS, 2000)
    B) FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) Female, 2721 mg/kg (Hartley & Kidd, 1987)
    b) Male, 4096 mg/kg (Hartley & Kidd, 1987)

Pharmacology Toxicology

Pharmacologic Mechanism

    A) Fluazifop-butyl is hydrolyzed to fluazifop, which interferes with plant ATP production (Hartley & Kidd, 1987). Fluazifop-p-butyl is hydrolyzed to fluazifop-butyl.

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Fluazifop is a direct irritant of the eyes and skin, and causes dermal sensitization in guinea pigs (Technical Information, 1985). Fluazifop-p-butyl is only slightly toxic by the oral route (EXTOXNET, 1996).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Fluazifop-butyl and fluazifop-p-butyl are pale straw-colored, odorless liquids (HSDB , 2000).

Ph

    A) 5.2 (for a 5% aqueous solution of fluazifop-p-butyl)

Molecular Weight

    A) 383.4

References

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