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FIBERGLASS

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Fiberglass is a synthetic mineral fiber of the borosilicate variety which has low alkalinity and is made from heating a mixture of silica, limestone, aluminum hydroxide, soda ash, and borax (calcia-alumina-silica) (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996). The fiber-forming substance is glass (Sittig, 1991; Lewis, 1993).

Specific Substances

    1) Glass fiber
    2) Fibrous glass
    3) Fiberglass dust
    4) Borosilicate glass
    5) CAS 659979-17-3
    6) FIBREGLASS
    7) FIBROUS GLASS DUST (ACGIH)
    8) GLASS FIBERS

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Fiber diameter varies with the type of finished product:
    a) INSULATION: 5 to 15 microns
    b) PLASTIC REINFORCEMENT: 9 to 11 microns
    c) DRAPERY FABRICS: 4 to 6 microns (no longer produced)
    d) STAPLE FIBERS: 6 to 9 microns
    e) HIGH PERFORMANCE INSULATION (aircraft, space vehicles, life preservers): Less than 1 micron
    2) At one textile plant, the majority of textile products produced had the average diameter of 10 to 12 microns (Chiazze et al, 1997).
    B) SOURCES
    1) Fiberglass is a synthetic mineral fiber made from heating a mixture of silica, limestone, aluminum hydroxide, soda ash, and borax (ILO, 1998). After spinning, fibers are generally coated and bonded with phenolformaldehyde resins or starch (ACGIH, 1991).
    C) USES
    1) Fiberglass is found in thermal insulation and in a variety of textile products (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1993).
    2) Textile glass-fiber is used in the following products (Chiazze et al, 1997):
    a) Fiber-reinforced cement, roofing materials, papers, plastic composites (eg; aircraft components, appliance housings, automobile body parts, construction materials, marine products), fiberglass fabrics (cable and wire insulation, filters, high-temperature materials, ignition cable, orthopedic appliances, printed circuit boards, protective apparel, screening, structural materials, tire reinforcement cord, yarns, and thread).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Fiberglass is a chemically inert substance and produces no known toxic effects upon ingestion. Dermal exposure produces superficial and transient skin irritation.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Transient conjunctivitis may occur from mechanical irritation if fibers come in contact with patient's eyes.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Bronchitis has occurred during removal of non-intact fiberglass bats, although a direct causal relationship is questionable.
    B) Chronic inhalational exposure has been associated with an excess of bronchitis, but only rarely with pulmonary fibrosis and no association with lung cancer has been demonstrated in humans.
    C) Immediate allergic responses, with wheezing, dyspnea, or anaphylaxis may occur rarely following inhalational exposure.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Initial skin contact with fibers greater than 5.3 microns in diameter may produce an irritant dermatitis in many individuals. Tolerance may develop with chronic exposure. Dermatitis caused by secondary exposure through contaminated clothing or fabrics has occurred.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) There is no consistent evidence that fiberglass causes cancer in humans.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Chest x-rays may be helpful in evaluating patients with respiratory signs or symptoms following acute and periodically after chronic exposures to fiberglass.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    2) Wash exposed clothing separately in a tub or basin (NOT in a washing machine), as this may cross-contaminate clothes. Wear rubber gloves and rinse tub or basin thoroughly after using.
    3) TREATMENT - Antihistamines may be helpful to control pruritus following dermatologic exposures, and topical steroids may help with dermatitis. Dermatitis may also respond to topical steroids.
    4) Treat secondary skin or respiratory infections with appropriate antibiotics.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Fiberglass is a chemically inert substance and produces no known toxic effects upon ingestion. Dermal exposure produces superficial and transient skin irritation.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Transient conjunctivitis may occur from mechanical irritation if fibers come in contact with patient's eyes.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) CONJUNCTIVITIS - Transient conjunctivitis and keratitis have been described following ocular exposure. Irritant effects are mechanical in origin and may be complicated by corneal abrasions(Longley & Jones, 1966; Grant, 1993; Lewis, 1996).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) EPISTAXIS may occur following inhalational exposure.
    B) RHINITIS - Rhinorrhea or nasal congestion may occur (Petersen & Sebroe, 1991).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) CORYZA - Nasopharyngitis with symptoms of sore throat and coryza may occur following inhalational exposure.

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Bronchitis has occurred during removal of non-intact fiberglass bats, although a direct causal relationship is questionable.
    B) Chronic inhalational exposure has been associated with an excess of bronchitis, but only rarely with pulmonary fibrosis and no association with lung cancer has been demonstrated in humans.
    C) Immediate allergic responses, with wheezing, dyspnea, or anaphylaxis may occur rarely following inhalational exposure.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) PNEUMONITIS
    1) CASE - Bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonitis have occurred during removal of partially deteriorated fiberglass bats (Murphy, 1961), although a direct causal relationship is questionable.
    B) FIBROSIS OF LUNG
    1) CHRONIC TOXICITY
    a) Although pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiectasis have been described in patients with chronic inhalational exposures to fiberglass fibers, this is not common and other etiologies may have been involved (Takahashi et al, 1996; ACGIH, 1991). In long-term studies of fiberglass workers, no fibrosis or inflammatory changes were present on chest x-ray (Wright, 1968). Other studies have corroborated this lack of association (Gross, 1986).
    2) PULMONARY ABNORMALITIES -
    a) CHRONIC TOXICITY
    1) CASE SERIES - A study of 500 workers with occupational exposure to fiberglass concluded that 13 percent had pulmonary opacities or pleural abnormalities that may have been secondary to fiberglass exposure (Kilburn et al, 1992). However, these workers were also exposed to asbestos, making causative interpretation difficult.
    3) CHRONIC BRONCHITIS -
    a) CHRONIC TOXICITY
    1) In a questionnaire study of 333 retired sheet metal workers with 20 or more years in this trade, those with heavy fiberglass exposure had a more than 2 times increased risk of developing chronic bronchitis, although mixed exposure to asbestos and tobacco smoking were confounders (Hunting and Welch, 1993). Studies of workers in fiberglass manufacturing have generally found only tobacco smoking to be related to the development of chronic non-malignant respiratory disease (Chiazze et al, 1992; Chiazze et al, 1993).
    4) HEMORRHAGE -
    a) CHRONIC TOXICITY
    1) Rupture of small arteries in the upper respiratory tract, with resultant hemoptysis, has been described following inhalational exposure to fiberglass.
    C) ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION
    1) An immediate allergic response with coughing, wheezing, and dyspnea occurs rarely with inhalational exposures.
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) SARCOMA
    a) Inhalation studies in animals do not indicate fiberglass as a cause of fibrosis; however, studies where small fibers were implanted into the chest showed development of pleural sarcomas (Stanton et al, 1977).

Genitourinary

    3.10.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) RENAL FAILURE SYNDROME
    1) END STAGE RENAL DISEASE - In one review article discussing various cohort studies, it was suggested that inhalational exposure to fiberglass or silica may increase the long-term risk of renal disease including renal failure (Goldsmith & Goldsmith, 1993), although this has not been confirmed.

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Initial skin contact with fibers greater than 5.3 microns in diameter may produce an irritant dermatitis in many individuals. Tolerance may develop with chronic exposure. Dermatitis caused by secondary exposure through contaminated clothing or fabrics has occurred.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DERMATITIS
    1) INCIDENCE
    a) Irritant dermatitis occurs in most people following initial dermal exposure to fibers thicker than 5.3 microns (ACGIH, 1991). Fibers less than 4.6 microns in diameter are probably not irritating to the skin (ACGIH, 1991). Fiberglass dermatitis is one of the most prevalent occupational dermatoses documented (Alam, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Raffle et al, 1994; Mathias, 1994). Fair-skinned, blue-eyed individuals appear to be more sensitive to the dermatitis (Fisher, 1982).
    b) Dermatitis has resulted from washing exposed clothing or fabrics containing fiberglass with other household clothing and thus cross-contaminating these other clothes (Possick et al, 1970). Working with printed circuit boards, handling fiberglass ceiling panels, and handling fiberglass mats have all resulted in fiberglass dermatitis (Koh et al, 1992; Wang et al, 1993; Chang et al, 1996).
    2) SYMPTOMS - Burning, intense pruritus and erythema results from actual mechanical penetration of fiberglass glass spicules into the epidermis. This induces the release of histamine resulting in a cascade of clinical effects (Raffle et al, 1994; Mathias, 1994). The initial lesion may begin as a papule or papulo-vesicle. Dermatitis is often then aggravated by scratching, which may lead to bacterial superinfection. Linear erosions, petechiae, and purpura may develop. Lichenification is common in chronic exposures or symptoms.
    3) RESPONSE TO IMBEDDED PARTICLES - Penetration of large particles into nails or skin may result in paronychia or "fiberglass warts" (Fisher, 1989).
    4) RISK FACTORS - With chronic exposure, tolerance or "hardening" develops in most individuals (Fisher, 1982), and usually occurs over a few week period (Raffle et al, 1994).
    5) The finished fiberglass products are usually cured with coating agents, and should not cause dermatitis symptoms.
    6) The major allergen to continuous filament fibrous glass workers is the epoxy resin (Conde-Salazar et al, 1985; Holness & Nethercott, 1989). Such resins however, are not used in fiberglass insulating materials.
    7) Some cases of dermatitis caused by fiberglass products may be due to the binders or coating materials used in the manufacturing process, rather than the fiberglass fibers themselves. Phenolformaldehyde resins are used most commonly, but starch, mineral oil, polyvinyl chloride, silicones, polyester and epoxy resins, urea, melamine-formaldehyde resins, polyvinyl acetate, dyes, ammonium hydroxide, and silanes may also be used.
    B) ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME
    1) CASE REPORT - Erythema multiforme has been reported in a 23-year-old woman who had handled fiberglass with bare hands (Camarasa & Moreno, 1984).
    C) GRANULOMA
    1) CASE - A single case of a fiberglass worker who developed a granulomatous lesion on his penis has been reported (Hinnen et al, 1997).

Musculoskeletal

    3.15.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SYNOVITIS
    1) CASE REPORT - Chronic synovitis with effusion was reported in a 25-year-old man who manufactured surfboards using fiberglass. Examination of the synovial fluid revealed many glass fibers (long glass filaments) (Cleland et al, 1984).

Immunologic

    3.19.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ANAPHYLACTOID REACTION
    1) Anaphylaxis has been reported in fiberglass product exposures (Zanjanian & Sahu, 1981), but may have been caused by the coating material rather than the fiberglass itself.

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS65997-17-3 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) There is no consistent evidence that fiberglass causes cancer in humans.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) SUMMARY
    1) Fibrous glass is NOT currently labeled as a possible human carcinogen by the ACGIH (ACGIH, 1991) 1998) or NIOSH (US DHHS, 1994). No entries were found in the OSHA CFR 29.1910 regulations (OSHA, 1995) or the IRIS system (1998) for fiberglass or glass wool. No human carcinogenic data from fiberglass exposure (as fibrous glass) was reported in the RTECS(R) system (RTECS, 1998).
    2) Respirable sized glass wool is labeled by the National Toxicology Program as a substance which may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen, based on experimental animal studies in which intratracheal instillation or intraperitoneal injection in rats or hamsters resulted in cancer and tumors of the respiratory tract or other organs (US DHHS, 1994a).
    3) Several papers are available which review and re-analyze data from epidemiological studies concerning fiberglass (Lee et al, 1995; Chiazze et al, 1995). The consensus reached in these publications is that in the absence of cigarette smoking, there appears to be no excessive risk of cancer due to fiberglass (Alam, 1998).
    4) Epidemiological evidence does not support the presence of carcinogenic effects due to fiberglass on most humans (Enterline & Henderson, 1975; Bayliss et al, 1976; ILO, 1998; Alam, 1998). Two studies have suggested an association between fiberglass exposure for 15 years or more and laryngeal cancer, however these were inconclusive (Bertazzi et al, 1986; Moulin et al, 1986).
    a) A number of epidemiologic studies have not demonstrated that occupational fiberglass exposure results in an increased risk of developing lung cancer or non-malignant respiratory diseases; tobacco smoking however, was implicated in the development of these diseases in many studies (Marsh et al, 1990; Shannon et al, 1990; Wong et al, 1991; Chiazze et al, 1992) Chaizze et al, 1993; (Lee et al, 1995; Chiazze et al, 1997; Watkins et al, 1997).
    5) The IARC has classified various man-made mineral fibers as follows (IARC, 1988):
    Glass Wool:Group 2B (Possibly carcinogenic to humans)
    Glass Filaments:Group 3 (Not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans)
    Rock Wool:Group 2B (Possibly carcinogenic to humans)
    Slag Wool:Group 2B (Possibly carcinogenic to humans)
    Ceramic Fibers:Group 2B (Possible carcinogenic to humans)

    B) CARCINOMA
    1) One review of all published studies on glass wool man-made mineral fiber has concluded that it is carcinogenic and may be more potent than asbestos on a fiber-by-fiber basis (Infante et al, 1994). Fibrous glass (continuous glass filaments) in general has not been shown to be a human carcinogen (ACGIH, 1991; IARC, 1987; ILO, 1998; Alam, 1998).
    2) Special purpose refractory ceramic fibers are not classified with fiberglass in this review. The respirable size refractory ceramic fibers are currently under investigation for potential adverse health effects (Glass et al, 1995).
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) CARCINOMA
    1) Respirable glass wool fibers of a size that may be inhaled (<3.2 to <7 microns in length by <0.18 to 1 microns in diameter) produced adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, lung carcinoma, bronchoalveolar tumors, mesotheliomas, and sarcomas in rats and hamsters after intratracheal instillation. Mesotheliomas and sarcomas developed in rats following intraperitoneal injection. The results of animal studies involving inhalation of airborne fibers have been negative or inadequate (US DHHS, 1994).
    B) SARCOMA
    1) A dose-related carcinogenic response has been found in rats when fibrous glass (fibers less than 0.5 micron in diameter) was injected or implanted into the chest. Sarcomas and rare mesotheliomas developed (Stanton et al, 1977; Wagner et al, 1973; Pott & Friedrichs, 1972).
    C) OTHER
    1) RTECS CLASSIFICATIONS - In rats, mice, rabbits, and hamsters exposed to fibers by inhalation, implantation, and by intrapleural, intraperitoneal, or intratracheal routes, fiberglass was carcinogenic, neoplastic, or an equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria (RTECS, 1998).

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Chest x-rays may be helpful in evaluating patients with respiratory signs or symptoms following acute and periodically after chronic exposures to fiberglass.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) DERMAL
    a) Fiberglass dermatitis may be confirmed by demonstrating glass spicules on KOH preparation slides taken from the affected area.
    b) Another technique consists of placing a drop of cyanoacrylate glue on the skin, pressing a clean glass slide on the drop for 30 seconds, removing the slide, and looking for the fibers under polarized light. Polyester tape may be used instead of a glass slide (Lachapelle, 1986; Raffle et al, 1994).

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) Chest x-rays may be helpful in evaluating patients with respiratory signs or symptoms following acute exposure, or in monitoring patients with chronic exposures.

Methods

    A) OTHER
    1) AIRBORNE FIBERS - May be collected by drawing a known volume of air through a cassette containing a mixed cellulose ester filter. Fibers may be counted using NIOSH 7400 procedures for filter preparation and fiber identification. Fibers less than 3 micrometers in diameter are considered respirable (Jacob et al, 1993).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) Chest x-rays may be helpful in evaluating patients with respiratory signs or symptoms following acute and periodically after chronic exposures to fiberglass.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Chest x-rays may be helpful in evaluating patients with respiratory signs or symptoms following acute and periodically after chronic exposures to fiberglass.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Antihistamines may be helpful to control pruritus following dermatologic exposures, and topical steroids may help with dermatitis. Dermatitis may also respond to topical steroids.
    B) ANTIBIOTIC
    1) Treat secondary skin or respiratory infections with appropriate antibiotics.
    C) PROTECTING FROM CROSS-CONTAMINATION
    1) Wash exposed clothing separately in a tub or basin (NOT in a washing machine, as this may cross-contaminate clothes). Wear rubber gloves and rinse tub or basin thoroughly after use.
    D) WOUND CARE
    1) Embedded fiberglass particles in fingertips have been removed by applying a keratolytic agent, such as 5% salicylic acid in petrolatum (Fisher, 1989).
    E) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Emollient cream or ointment barrier products were of limited benefit in preventing irritation from fibers in glass fiber workers (Bendsoe et al, 1987).

Range Of Toxicity

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS65997-17-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS65997-17-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS65997-17-3 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS65997-17-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

References

General Bibliography

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    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
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    9) 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
    10) 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
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