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ADIPIC ACID

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) An acid used in the manufacture of resins, nylon, adhesives, polyurethane foams, and lubricants.

Specific Substances

    1) 1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid
    2) 1,6 Hexabeduiuc Acid
    3) Acifloctin
    4) Acinetten
    5) Adilactetten
    6) Adipic acid
    7) Adipinic acid
    8) AI3-03700
    9) Fema No 2011
    10) Hexanedioic acid
    11) Kyselina adipova (Czech)
    12) Molecular Formula: HOOC(CH2)4COOH
    13) Molten adipic acid
    14) OHM/TADS NUMBER: 7216575
    15) NIOSH/RTECS AU 8400000
    16) STCC 4966110
    17) WISWESSER NOTATION: QV4VQ
    18) CAS 124-04-9

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) SYNTHETIC: Prepared from cyclohexanol (Budavari, 1996). It is released into the atmosphere from motor vehicle exhaust (a result of photooxidation of precursor molecules that are commonly present in urban air) and is a constituent of tobacco smoke (HSDB , 2001).
    B) SOURCES
    1) NATURAL SOURCES: Beet juice (Budavari, 1996)
    C) USES
    1) INDUSTRIAL: In the manufacture of nylon, polyurethane foam, artificial resins, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, lubricants, paper, and adhesives (Bingham et al, 2001).
    a) About 90% of worldwide adipic acid production is used in nylon. Synthetic fiber producers are the predominant adipic acid manufacturers (Kirk-Othmer, 1984).
    2) FOOD: As a tartaric acid alternative in baking powders. Considered safe as a buffer, neutralizing, and flavoring agent (Bingham et al, 2001; S Sweetman , 2001).
    a) Used in non-alcoholic beverages at 40 ppm and in gelatins and puddings at 5000 ppm (Furia & Bellanca, 1975).
    3) Adipic acid may be included in preparations for the treatment of urinary tract infections (S Sweetman , 2001).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) There is little clinical information concerning exposures in humans. Animal data show moderate irritation with dermal exposure and ingestion; more severe toxicity after IP injection and eye exposure. A rare hypersensitivity reaction has been seen.
    1) Irritating to eyes, nose and throat.
    B) This management does not cover the adipate esters used as plasticizers in PVC plastics.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Human exposures not reported. In rabbits, 20 mg/24 hours produced severe eye irritation.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Inhalation may cause irritation or burns of the respiratory tract, depending on concentration. Pulmonary hemorrhage developed after intraperitoneal injection in rodents.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Human effects not reported. Poisoned animals experience somnolence or seizure activity.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Intestinal hemorrhage developed after oral administration in rodents.
    0.2.13) HEMATOLOGIC
    A) Human effects not noted. Poisoned animals experienced hemorrhage.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) May be a skin irritant, depending on concentration.
    0.2.19) IMMUNOLOGIC
    A) An immediate hypersensitivity asthmatic reaction is rarely reported.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) Pregnant mice given 263 mg/kg of adipic acid from day 6 to 15 of gestation developed no negative effects on nidation, maternal or fetal survival, or fetal abnormalities.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic potential of this agent.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) Human data are not available.
    B) Animal data suggests moderate toxicity. 20 mg/24 hours produced severe eye irritation in rabbits. Rats exposed to aerosol dust at levels of 126 micrograms per liter for 6 hours per day for 15 days showed NO toxicity.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) There is little clinical information concerning exposures in humans. Animal data show moderate irritation with dermal exposure and ingestion; more severe toxicity after IP injection and eye exposure. A rare hypersensitivity reaction has been seen.
    1) Irritating to eyes, nose and throat.
    B) This management does not cover the adipate esters used as plasticizers in PVC plastics.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Human exposures not reported. In rabbits, 20 mg/24 hours produced severe eye irritation.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) Human toxic exposures not reported. In rabbits, 20 mg/24 hours produced severe eye irritation (Bingham et al, 2001).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) Irritation due to adipic acid may cause sneezing (CHRIS , 1993).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Inhalation may cause irritation or burns of the respiratory tract, depending on concentration. Pulmonary hemorrhage developed after intraperitoneal injection in rodents.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Inhalation may cause irritation or burns of the respiratory tract, depending on concentration (Sittig, 1985).
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE
    a) Pulmonary hemorrhage developed after intraperitoneal injection in rodents (Horn et al, 1957).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Human effects not reported. Poisoned animals experience somnolence or seizure activity.
    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) SEIZURES
    a) Human effects not reported. Poisoned animals experience somnolence (general depressed activity) or seizure activity (RTECS , 2001).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Intestinal hemorrhage developed after oral administration in rodents.
    3.8.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) GI HEMORRHAGE
    a) Human effects not reported. Intestinal hemorrhage developed after oral administration in rodents. Intestinal irritation and adhesions developed after intraperitoneal injection in rodents (Horn et al, 1957).

Hematologic

    3.13.1) SUMMARY
    A) Human effects not noted. Poisoned animals experienced hemorrhage.
    3.13.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEMORRHAGE
    a) Human effects not noted. Poisoned animals experienced hemorrhage (RTECS , 2001).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) May be a skin irritant, depending on concentration.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ERUPTION
    1) Human effects are unclear. Is a skin irritant, severity depending on concentration. It has a pronounced drying effect on the skin (CHRIS , 1993).

Immunologic

    3.19.1) SUMMARY
    A) An immediate hypersensitivity asthmatic reaction is rarely reported.
    3.19.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION
    1) An immediate hypersensitivity asthmatic reaction is rarely reported.
    2) CASE REPORT - A patient who developed bronchial asthma to spiramycin also developed a hypersensitivity reaction to adipic acid used in the manufacturing process. The reaction was seen at a non-irritant level, and was reproducible. It could be prevented by sodium cromoglycate (Moscato et al, 1984).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) Pregnant mice given 263 mg/kg of adipic acid from day 6 to 15 of gestation developed no negative effects on nidation, maternal or fetal survival, or fetal abnormalities.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) Only animal studies are available.
    2) Pregnant mice given 263 mg/kg of adipic acid from day 6 to 15 of gestation developed NO negative effects on nidation, maternal or fetal survival, or fetal abnormalities (Anon, 1972).
    3) Adipates (esters of adipic acid and alcohol), which are used in some PVC plasticizers, have shown some lethal mutations and antifertility effects (Singh et al, 1975).
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS124-04-9 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic potential of this agent.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic potential of this agent.

Genotoxicity

    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the mutagenic or genotoxic potential of this agent.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINALYSIS
    1) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring urinalysis is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) MONITORING
    a) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) If respiratory tract irritation is present, monitor chest x-ray.

Methods

    A) OTHER
    1) MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS - A novel microbial-screening procedure was developed for detection of adipic acid. The method involved postproduction addition of a specific Pseudomonas strain which produced a soluble fluorescent pigment during growth on the product of interest (Stieglitz & Weimer, 1985).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.3) DISPOSITION/INHALATION EXPOSURE
    6.3.3.5) OBSERVATION CRITERIA/INHALATION
    A) Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

Monitoring

    A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) DILUTION -
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    B) GENERAL -
    1) Dilution should be performed immediately. Do not induce emesis or administer activated charcoal. Observe for clinical findings and send to medical facility if evidence of irritation develops.
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) SUMMARY
    1) Adipic acid is irritating to mucous membranes. Toxicity is low to moderate, so gastric emptying should only be necessary if large amounts are ingested.
    B) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    C) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) Consider gastric aspiration with a small, flexible nasogastric tube if large amounts have been ingested and it can be performed within one hour of ingestion. The risks of perforation and worsening mucosal injury must be weighed against the potential benefits.
    D) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) The primary effects are mucosal irritation. Activated charcoal is not likely to be of benefit.
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) There is no specific treatment or antidote. Provide symptomatic and supportive care.
    B) GENERAL TREATMENT
    1) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the INHALATION EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) OBSERVATION REGIMES
    1) Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    B) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).
    6.8.2) TREATMENT
    A) GENERAL TREATMENT
    1) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the INHALATION EXPOSURE section when appropriate.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    B) BURN
    1) APPLICATION
    a) These recommendations apply to patients with MINOR chemical burns (FIRST DEGREE; SECOND DEGREE: less than 15% body surface area in adults; less than 10% body surface area in children; THIRD DEGREE: less than 2% body surface area). Consultation with a clinician experienced in burn therapy or a burn unit should be obtained if larger area or more severe burns are present. Neutralizing agents should NOT be used.
    2) DEBRIDEMENT
    a) After initial flushing with large volumes of water to remove any residual chemical material, clean wounds with a mild disinfectant soap and water.
    b) DEVITALIZED SKIN: Loose, nonviable tissue should be removed by gentle cleansing with surgical soap or formal skin debridement (Moylan, 1980; Haynes, 1981). Intravenous analgesia may be required (Roberts, 1988).
    c) BLISTERS: Removal and debridement of closed blisters is controversial. Current consensus is that intact blisters prevent pain and dehydration, promote healing, and allow motion; therefore, blisters should be left intact until they rupture spontaneously or healing is well underway, unless they are extremely large or inhibit motion (Roberts, 1988; Carvajal & Stewart, 1987).
    3) TREATMENT
    a) TOPICAL ANTIBIOTICS: Prophylactic topical antibiotic therapy with silver sulfadiazine is recommended for all burns except superficial partial thickness (first-degree) burns (Roberts, 1988). For first-degree burns bacitracin may be used, but effectiveness is not documented (Roberts, 1988).
    b) SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTICS: Systemic antibiotics are generally not indicated unless infection is present or the burn involves the hands, feet, or perineum.
    c) WOUND DRESSING:
    1) Depending on the site and area, the burn may be treated open (face, ears, or perineum) or covered with sterile nonstick porous gauze. The gauze dressing should be fluffy and thick enough to absorb all drainage.
    2) Alternatively, a petrolatum fine-mesh gauze dressing may be used alone on partial-thickness burns.
    d) DRESSING CHANGES:
    1) Daily dressing changes are indicated if a burn cream is used; changes every 3 to 4 days are adequate with a dry dressing.
    2) If dressing changes are to be done at home, the patient or caregiver should be instructed in proper techniques and given sufficient dressings and other necessary supplies.
    e) Analgesics such as acetaminophen with codeine may be used for pain relief if needed.
    4) TETANUS PROPHYLAXIS
    a) The patient's tetanus immunization status should be determined. Tetanus toxoid 0.5 milliliter intramuscularly or other indicated tetanus prophylaxis should be administered if required.
    C) GENERAL TREATMENT
    1) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the INHALATION EXPOSURE section when appropriate.
    D) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) EFFICACY
    1) No studies have addressed the utilization of extracorporeal elimination techniques in poisoning with this agent.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) Human data are not available.
    B) Animal data suggests moderate toxicity. 20 mg/24 hours produced severe eye irritation in rabbits. Rats exposed to aerosol dust at levels of 126 micrograms per liter for 6 hours per day for 15 days showed NO toxicity.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) Human data are not available. Animal data suggests moderate toxicity.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) SUMMARY - Toxicity appears to be moderate, but few tests have been done with animals.
    2) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE -
    a) EYE - 20 mg/24 hours produced severe eye irritation in rabbits (Bingham et al, 2001).
    b) INHALATION - Rats exposed to aerosol dust at levels of 126 micrograms per liter for 6 hours per day for 15 days showed NO toxicity. Laboratory values were normal, and their was no organ pathology (Gage, 1970).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS124-04-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Adipic acid
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; ANS impair
    d) Molecular Weight: 146.14
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS124-04-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS124-04-9 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Adipic acid
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS124-04-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) ANIMAL DATA
    1) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    a) 275 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 1900 mg/kg
    3) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
    a) 275 mg/kg
    4) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) > 11,000 mg/kg

Pharmacology Toxicology

Pharmacologic Mechanism

    A) Adipic acid is an inhibitor of both bacterial DNA polymerase and of multi-enzyme complexes isolated from cultured melanoma cells and keratinocytes. Data suggest that the inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis is due to interference with the activation of enzymes required for DNA synthesis (Galhaup, 1989).
    B) When given to rats, urinary oxalate lowering or urinary citrate increasing drugs, including adipate, inhibited the growth of oxalate and phosphate containing crystals and increased urinary binding capacity of Ca(2+) in urine (Hartung et al, 1981).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Adipic acid is a white crystalline (monoclinic prisms) powder (ITI, 1988).
    B) ADIPIC ACID, DIMETHYL ESTER: liquid which solidifies at 0 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
    C) ADIPIC ACID, DIETHYL ESTER: liquid (Budavari, 1996)

Ph

    A) 2.7 (at 25 degrees C) (saturated solution) (Budavari, 1996)
    B) 3.2 (25 degrees C) (0.1% solution) (Budavari, 1996)

Molecular Weight

    A) 146.14 (Budavari, 1996)

Other

    A) ODOR THRESHOLD
    1) Currently not available (CHRIS , 2002)

References

General Bibliography

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    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    3) 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
    4) 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
    5) 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
    6) 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    7) 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    8) 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    9) 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
    10) 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
    11) 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
    12) 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
    13) AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
    14) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.
    15) Anon: Teratogenic Evaluation of FDA-71-50 (Adipic Acid). NTIS No. PB 221 802, Food and Drug Res Labs Inc, East Orange, NJ, 1972.
    16) Bingham E, Cohrssen B, & Powell CH: Patty's Toxicology, 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 2001.
    17) Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed, Merck & Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.
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