1,1-DICHLOROETHANE

1,1-Dichloroethane is primarily used as a chemical intermediate. It is also used as a grain fumigant, coupling agent in antiknock gasoline, paint and varnish remover, metal degreaser, and ore flotation agent. It has limited use as a solvent for plastics, oils, and fats (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; Howard, 1990; Lewis, 2001).

FORMS

1,1-Dichloroethane is a colorless, mobile, oily, flammable liquid which has a chloroform-like odor and a saccharin-like taste (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

SOURCES

1,1-Dichloroethane is produced by the addition of anhydrous hydrogen chloride to vinyl chloride, by the addition of hydrogen chloride to acetylene, or by the chlorination of monochloromethane (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 2002)
Though it does not occur as a natural product, 1,1-dichloroethane appears to be an environmental breakdown product of some commonly used chlorinated solvents (Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1990).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies of acute oral toxic effects in humans were found. Overall toxicity is thought to be less than its isomer 1,2-dichloroethane. Animal studies indicated that 1,1-dichloroethane is well absorbed by ingestion. The central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular, hepatic and renal systems may be adversely affected. Death may be due to cardiac dysrhythmias, or aspiration. Neurologic effects have been reported including headache, weakness, vertigo, tremor, and dizziness.

INHALATION - Vapors may produce irritation of the respiratory tract and conjunctiva, CNS depression, and cardiac dysrhythmias.

DERMAL - 1,1-dichloroethane is a skin, mucous membrane and eye irritant. The liquid is readily absorbed through the skin, thus systemic effects may occur.

EYE - Contact with either the liquid or with high concentrations of vapor causes immediate discomfort. Conjunctival and corneal injury may occur.

When heated to decomposition, toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride gas, and phosgene are emitted.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

1,1-Dichloroethane is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. The liquid may be absorbed through the skin; however, it is apparently not dermally absorbed in amounts sufficient to produce systemic toxicity in humans (Hathaway et al, 1996). When used in the past as an anesthetic agent, 1,1-dichloroethane decreased the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine (ATSDR, 1990; Browning, 1965).

CNS depression and anesthesia may occur with exposure to high airborne concentrations. Signs and symptoms of acute exposure may include salivation, sneezing, cough, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Pathologic changes in the liver and kidney have been noted in acutely exposed experimental animals (Hathaway et al, 1996; ACGIH, 1996) HSDB, 1997).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies were found on the possible effects of chronic exposure to 1,1-dichloroethane in humans.

Marked CNS depression and mortality have occurred in experimental animals with repeated high-level oral exposure; little toxicity (other than transient CNS depression) was noted at lower chronic exposure levels (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

In cats, exposure to high airborne concentrations resulted in kidney injury with increased BUN and creatinine, crystallization in renal tubules, obstruction and dilation of renal tubules, hydronephrosis, and renal tubular degeneration (ACGIH, 1996). A dose-dependent increase in kidney glutathione has been observed in rats (ACGIH, 1996).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED

Oral ingestion may result in burns of the oropharynx. Emesis is not recommended.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

The following first aid measures are suggested (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000):

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

TARGET ORGANS - Skin, liver, kidneys, lungs and CNS.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Available data on 1,1-dichloroethane indicate that it is rather low in toxicity. At high concentrations, it is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract and causes CNS depression and anesthesia, but it has a relatively low capacity to cause liver or kidney injury even with repeated exposures (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996).
In the past, 1,1-dichloroethane was used as an anesthetic at approximately 25,000 ppm; however, there are no reported cases of human overexposure by inhalation (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-34-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: 1,1-Dichloroethane

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: 1,1-Dichloroethane

C : Possible human carcinogen.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: 1,1-Dichloroethane
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-34-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: CHRIS, 2002 HSDB, 2002 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2002
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TD- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 4.05 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1996; NIOSH , 2002)

1 mg/m(3) = 0.25 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.24 mm (Verschueren, 1983)
1 ppm = 4.11 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 1983)
1 mg/L = 247 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-34-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

1,1-Dichloroethane

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 100 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr; liver and kidney dam
Molecular Weight: 98.97

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-34-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-34-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: 1,1-Dichloroethane
REL:

TWA: 100 ppm (400 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix C (Chloroethanes)

IDLH:

IDLH: 3000 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-34-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: 1,1-Dichloroethane
Table Z-1 for 1,1-Dichloroethane:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 100

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 400

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-34-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-34-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 1,1-Dichloroethane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethane, 1,1-dichloro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethylidene dichloride
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-34-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-34-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1-dichloro-
P or U series number: U076
Footnote:
Listed as: Ethylidene dichloride
P or U series number: U076
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-34-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-34-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Ethylidene dichloride
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/94
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-34-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-34-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1-dichloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2362 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: 1,1-Dichloroethane

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2362
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2362 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: 1,1-Dichloroethane
UN Number: 2362

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-34-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: 1,1-Ethylidene Dichloride
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

1,1-Dichloroethane presents a very dangerous fire hazard and a moderate explosion hazard; sources of ignition (e.g., smoking and open flames) are prohibited where 1,1-dichloroethane is used, handled, or stored (Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Only non-sparking tools and equipment should be used, especially when opening or closing containers of this compound. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing when cleaning broken packages (Sittig, 1991) AAR, 2000).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store in tightly closed containers. Metal containers used in the transfer of 5 gallons or more of 1,1-dichloroethane should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Avoid contact with strong oxidizers (e.g., chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) since violent reactions can occur. 1,1-Dichloroethane forms explosive mixtures with air. It is incompatible with strong caustics, and attacks plastics and rubber (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Keep upwind to avoid breathing 1,1-dichloroethane vapors. Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing, including chemical protective gloves, to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. Wash immediately if skin becomes wet or contaminated. Wet or contaminated clothing should be immediately removed to avoid flammability hazard (AAR, 2000; (NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of eye contact (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-34-3.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 90
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 31000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Nitrile

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 144
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 6000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
When exposed to heat or flame, 1,1-dichloroethane presents a very dangerous fire hazard and moderate explosion hazard. If it is involved in a fire, do not attempt to extinguish unless the flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use flooding quantities of water to cool affected containers; keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon dioxide to fight the fire (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-34-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: 1,1-Ethylidene Dichloride
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

The flash point of 1,1-dichloroethane has been reported to range from -17 degrees C to 14 degrees C (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; NFPA, 1997).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-34-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: 1,1-Ethylidene Dichloride
Extinguishing Method(s): 4, 5

4: "Water may ineffective, except as a blanket" applies if a liquid has a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C), the specific gravity is 1.1 or greater, and the liquid is not water soluble. In this case, water should be gently applied as a fine spray or fog to the liquid surface.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

If 1,1-dichloroethane is involved in a fire, do not attempt to extinguish unless the flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use flooding quantities of water to cool affected containers; keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon dioxide to fight the fire (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Highly toxic fumes of phosgene, chlorides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide are emitted when 1,1-dichloroethane is heated to decomposition (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

When exposed to heat or flame, 1,1-dichloroethane presents a very dangerous fire hazard and a moderate explosion hazard (Lewis, 2000).

Prolonged contact of 1,1-dichloroethane with metallic or other azides may lead to the slow formation of explosive azides (Urben, 1999).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Highly toxic fumes of phosgene, chlorides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide are released when 1,1-dichloroethane is heated to decomposition (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

At high concentrations, it is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract and causes CNS depression and anesthesia (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

1,1-Dichloroethane forms an explosive mixture with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It reacts violently with strong oxidizers (e.g., chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) and is incompatible with strong caustics (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Contact with strong caustics will cause formation of flammable and toxic acetaldehyde gas (HSDB , 1999).

It attacks plastics and rubber (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-34-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-34-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Ethylidene chloride, 1,1-; (1,1-Dichloroethane)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 100
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 750
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 3,000
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 3,000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS75-34-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-34-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 3000 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Sources of ignition should be kept far away from spilled material. The area should be ventilated and access restricted until the cleanup is complete. To avoid the possibility of an explosion, 1,1-dichloroethane should be kept out of water sources and sewers; build dikes as necessary. If it can be done without undue personnel hazard, attempt to stop the leak. Water can be used to knock down vapors. Use vermiculite, earth, dry sand, or another absorbent material to absorb the spilled 1,1-dichloroethane before depositing in sealed containers (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is a suggested disposal method, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Exercise care to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
- 1,1-Dichloroethane is a potential candidate for liquid injection incineration, rotary kiln incineration, and fluidized bed incineration (HSDB , 2002).
This compound is also a potential candidate for the following wastewater treatment technologies: air stripping, solvent extraction, activated carbon, and resin adsorption (HSDB , 2002).
Small spills may be absorbed with paper towels. Place the towels in a hood to evaporate the 1,1-dichloroethane and then burn the towel (ITI, 1995).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Though it is not known to occur naturally, 1,1-dichloroethane is released into the environment as fugitive emissions and in wastewater during its production and use as a chemical intermediate and solvent (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

1,1-dichlorethane released into the atmosphere will degrade by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals at a half-life of 62 days. The relatively long half-life for this reaction suggests that 1,1-dichloroethane will have considerable time for dispersal. However, because this compound is moderately water soluble, it will also be washed out by rain (Howard, 1990).
- The half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane in air ranges from 247 hours (10.3 days) to 2468 hours (103 days) based on the photooxidation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- The principal removal mechanism of 1,1-dichloroethane from water is volatilization. The volatilization half-life from a typical pond is 6-9 days, 5-8 days from a typical lake, and 24-32 hours from a typical river. Comparatively, adsorption to sediment, biodegradation, and hydrolysis are not significant (Howard, 1990).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- If released onto soil, 1,1-dichloroethane will evaporate rapidly. There is also a possibility that it will leach into ground water based on its low adsorptivity (Howard, 1990).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

1,1-Dichloroethane has a 62 day half-life in the atmosphere based on reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. There was no information on the hydrolytic half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane; however, based on the 38 day half-life for ethyl chloride, it may be assumed that it will be somewhat longer due to the extra chloride substituent (Howard, 1990).

The photooxidation half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane ranges from 247 hours (10.3 days) to 2468 hours (103 days) based on measured rate data for the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air (Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons are generally considered to be resistant to biodegradation. Bank filtration, the passage of river water through earth, reduced the concentration of dichloroethanes by 25%. When 5 ppm of 1,1-dichloroethane was incubated with sewage seed for 7 days, 50% degradation was reported of which 19% was lost by evaporation. The same process with 10 ppm 1,1-dichloroethane resulted in 29% degradation and 4% evaporation loss (Howard, 1990).

The scientific judgement of the aerobic half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane ranges from 768 hours (32 days) to 3696 hours (22 weeks) based on methane acclimated soil grab sample data and sub-soil grab sample data from a ground water aquifer (Howard et al, 1991).
The scientific judgement of the anaerobic half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane ranges from 3072 hours (128 days) to 14,784 hours (88 weeks) based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Based on 1,1-dichloroethane's water solubility, the estimated bioconcentration factor is 1.2, indicating that bioconcentration in fish is insignificant (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES:

TLm - Artemia salina/Brine Shrimp: 320 mg/L for 24H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002)
TLm - Lagodon rhomboides/Pinperch: 160 mg/L for 24H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002)
TLm - Marine Pinperch: 250 to 275 mg/L (CHRIS , 2002)
LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus/Bluegill: 550 ppm for 96H -- static bioassay in fresh water at 23 degrees C; mild aeration applied after 24H (no specific isomer) (HSDB , 2002)
LC50 - Meidia beryllina/Tidewater Silverside: 480 ppm for 96H -- static bioassay in synthetic seawater at 23 degrees C; mild aeration applied after 24H (no specific isomer) (HSDB , 2002)
LC50 - Poecilia reticulata/Guppy: 202 ppm for 7D -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB , 2002)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

98.97

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

1,1-Dichloroethane is a colorless, mobile, oily, flammable liquid with a chloroform- or ether-like odor and a saccharin taste (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

It is a neutral liquid (Lewis, 2001).

Editor's Note: Strictly speaking this compound does not possess a pH, as it does not have an ionizable hydrogen atom. In water, the pH would be neutral, approximately pH 7.

VAPOR PRESSURE

70 mmHg (at 0 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

180 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

182 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996; NIOSH , 2002)

227 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

230 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

234 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001) Verschueren, 1983)

270 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.1680 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.174 (at 20/4 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000) Verschueren, 1993)
1.1757 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.2 (NFPA, 1997)
1.18 (NIOSH , 2002)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.17 kg/L (Ashford, 1994)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.174 g/mL (at 17 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001; ITI, 1995)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-97 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
-97.4 degrees C; -143.32 degrees F; 175.75 K (CHRIS , 2002)
-98 degrees C (Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000)
-143 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

MELTING POINT

-96.98 degrees C (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1990)
-97.7 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
-98 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995)

BOILING POINT

57 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

57.3 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1990; Lewis, 2000)

57-59 degrees C; 135-138 degrees F (Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 1997)

FLASH POINT

-17 degrees C; 2 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

-12 degrees C (Tagliabue closed cup) (Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001)

-8.33 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1996)

14 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001)

22 degrees F (Tagliabue open cup) (Lewis, 2000)

-5.6 (closed cup) (ITI, 1995)

2 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

<70 degrees F (AAR, 2000)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

457.8 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

493 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

856 degrees F (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

5.4% (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002)
5.6% (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000)
5.9% (ITI, 1995)

UPPER

11.4% (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002)
15.9% (ITI, 1995)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

1,1-Dichloroethane is insoluble to slightly soluble in water (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 1997).

5500 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996) Verschueren, 1983)
soluble in about 200 parts water (Budavari, 2000)
0.5 g/100 mL water (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
5060 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)
0.6% (NIOSH , 2002)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is very soluble in alcohol and ether; it is soluble in acetone, benzene, ethanol, ethyl ether, and in fixed and volatile oils (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001).
It is miscible with alcohol and other oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000).

OTHER

Solubility of water in 1,1-dichloroethane: 0.097 g in 100 g (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow = 1.79 (Howard, 1990)

Log Kow = 1.9 (HSDB , 2002)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

5.87x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1990)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

MASS

68 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

100-200 ppm (ACGIH, 1996)

SATURATION CONCENTRATION

30.8% (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
986 g/m(3) (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)
1406 g/m(3) (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

SURFACE TENSION

24.57 dynes/cm; 0.02475 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

50 atm; 734.8 psia; 5.065 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

261.5 degrees C; 502.7 degrees F; 534.65 K (CHRIS , 2002)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

10.9 (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

DIPOLE MOMENT

2.06 debyes (gas); 2.00 debyes in benzene (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-2,652 cal/g; -111 x 10(5) J/kg; -4,774 Btu/lb (CHRIS , 2002)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.41655 (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
1.4166 (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001)
1.4167 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
1.41638 (at 20 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

11.06 eV (NIOSH , 2002)

VISCOSITY

0.38 x 10(-3) Pa s (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

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1,1-DICHLOROETHANE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents