FENTHION

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

IMO CLASSIFICATION:3.2 Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid,
IMO CLASSIFICATION:6.1 Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid,
IMO CLASSIFICATION:6.1 Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid or

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C10-H15-O3-P-S2 ((CH3O)2P(S)OC6H3(CH3)SCH3)

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

131-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Budavari, 2000; EPA, 1990; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2001; RTECS , 2001)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Fenthion is utilized as an insecticide, acaricide, mosquitocide (larvae and adult), avicide, and in veterinary medicine as an ectoparasiticide (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; EPA, 1990a; Lewis, 1998).
It is primarily used as a contact and gastrointestinal insecticide to control cereal bugs, fruit flies, and leafhoppers (Hathaway et al, 1991a; HSDB, 2001).

FORMS

This compound is commercially available as a soluble liquid concentrate, ultra-low volume spray, ready-to-use liquid, wettable powder, as well as fogging and emulsifiable concentrates, dusts, and granules (EPA, 1990a; Hathaway et al, 1991a; HSDB, 2001).
The technical product (95 to 98% pure) is contaminated with the s-methyl isomer (HSDB, 2001).

SOURCES

The condensation of 4-methylmercapto-m-cresol and O,O-dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate produces fenthion (HSDB, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Fenthion is an organophosphate pesticide. It also causes delayed neurotoxicity and retinal changes.

Respiratory and ocular effects are the first symptoms to appear following inhalation exposure. Chest tightness, wheezing, cyanosis, bronchoconstriction, excessive bronchial secretion, and laryngeal spasm may occur. Blurred vision, miosis, tearing, rhinorrhea, and frontal headache may also be noted.

Ingestion may result in anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Dermal exposure may cause localized sweating and muscular fasciculations.

Severe intoxication causes weakness aggravated by exertion, involuntary muscle twitching, fasciculations, and paralysis. Respiratory paralysis may occur. Central nervous system effects include giddiness, confusion, ataxia, slurred speech, Cheyne-Stokes respirations, loss of reflexes, convulsions, and coma. Low blood pressure, cardiac irregularities, and complete heart block may occur.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system and plasma cholinesterase (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

The following information is for Organophosphate Compounds in general.
Severe toxicity may develop rapidly following exposure or may be delayed by 12 hours or more. Rapid removal from toxic environments, decontamination procedures, and specific therapy if required are essential.
First responders, emergency medical, and emergency department personnel should take proper precautions (wear rubber gowns, rubber aprons, rubber gloves, etc) when treating patients with organophosphate poisoning to avoid contamination. Emesis containing organophosphates should be placed in closed impervious containers for proper disposal.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Systemic effects can occur from dermal exposure to organophosphates.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

Inducing emesis is contraindicated because of possible early onset of respiratory depression and seizures.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Suction oral secretions.
ANTIDOTES

SUMMARY: Atropine is used to antagonize muscarinic effects. Oximes (pralidoxime in the US, or obidoxime in some other countries) are used to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Use of oximes is usually indicated for patients with moderate to severe toxicity.
AUTOINJECTORS

INDICATION: Atropine-containing autoinjectors are used for the initial treatment of poisoning by organophosphate nerve agents and organophosphate or carbamate insecticides (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). Pralidoxime use following carbamate exposure may not be indicated.
NOTE: The safety and efficacy of MARK I kit (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.), ATNAA, or DuoDote(R) has not been established in children. All of these autoinjectors contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002). Since the AtroPen(R) comes in different strengths, certain dose units have been approved for use in children (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
The AtroPen(R) autoinjector (atropine sulfate; Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc, Columbia, MD) delivers a dose of atropine in a self-contained unit. There are 4 AtroPen(R) strengths: AtroPen(R) 0.25 mg in 0.3 mL of solution (dispenses 0.21 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.25 mg of atropine sulfate), AtroPen(R) 0.5 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.42 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.5 mg of atropine sulfate), Atropen(R) 1 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.84 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 1 mg of atropine sulfate), and AtroPen(R) 2 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 1.67 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 2 mg of atropine sulfate) (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).

AtroPen(R): DOSE: ADULT AND CHILDREN OVER 10 YEARS OF AGE: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear, administer 2 additional 2 mg AtroPen(R) doses in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr. PEDIATRIC: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: dose for infants less than 7 kg (generally less than 6 months of age) = 0.25 mg (yellow pen), dose for children 7 to 18 kg (generally 6 months to 4 years of age) = 0.5 mg (blue pen), dose for children 18 to 41 kg (generally 4 to 10 years of age) = 1 mg (dark red pen), dose for children over 41 kg = 2 mg (green pen): inject one AtroPen(R) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Administer 2 additional AtroPen(R) doses (see above) in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
If pralidoxime is required, pralidoxime prefilled autoinjector delivers 600 mg IM (adult dosing); may repeat every 15 minutes up to 3 injections if symptoms persist. The safety and efficacy of pralidoxime auto-injector for use in nerve agent poisoning have not been established in pediatric patients (Prod Info pralidoxime chloride intramuscular auto-imjector solution, 2003)

ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Autoinjector, Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) is currently used by the US military and provides atropine injection and pralidoxime chloride injection in a single needle. Each self-contained unit dispenses 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

ATNAA: DOSE: ADULT: One ATNAA into the lateral thigh muscle or buttocks. Wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

MARK I: This device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) was used by the US military. (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.) Each kit contains two autoinjectors: an atropine and a pralidoxime autoinjector. The atropine autoinjector delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL via intramuscular injection. The pralidoxime autoinjector delivers 600 mg pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info DUODOTE(TM) IM injection, 2006).
DuoDote(R) is a dual chambered device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) that delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL sequentially using a single needle for use in a civilian or community setting. It should be administered by Emergency Medical Services personnel who have been trained to recognize and treat nerve agent or insecticide intoxication (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
DuoDote(R): DOSE: ADULT: Two or more mild symptoms, initial dose, 1 injector (atropine 2.1 mg/pralidoxime chloride 600 mg) IM into the mid-lateral thigh, wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect; subsequent doses, if at any time severe symptoms develop, administer 2 additional injectors in rapid succession IM into the mid-lateral thigh and immediately seek definitive medical care; MAX 3 doses unless definitive medical care is available (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
Therapeutic plasma concentrations of pralidoxime exceeding 4 mcg/mL were achieved within 4 to 8 minutes after injection (Sidell & Groff, 1974).
DIAZEPAM Autoinjector (Meridian Medical Technologies): Contains 10 mg of diazepam in 2 mL for intramuscular injection for seizure control (Prod Info diazepam autoinjector IM injection solution, 2005).
These devices are designed for initial field treatment. Although autoinjector doses may be adequate for nerve agent exposures, ORGANOPHOSPHATE exposures may require additional atropine or pralidoxime doses in the hospital setting that exceed those in the available autoinjectors.
For medical questions concerning Meridian products, you can call 1-800-438-1985. For general product information, call 1-800-638-8093.

SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
CONTRAINDICATIONS - Succinylcholine and other cholinergic agents are contraindicated.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
CARCINOGENICITY - This compound is a possible carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Carcinogenesis Bioassay finds "Clear Evidence" for the mouse, and "No Evidence" for the rat via the oral route (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000; RTECS , 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

CASE REPORTS

HUMAN - Groups of four men given oral doses of 0.02 or 0.07 mg/kg for 4 weeks had no symptoms. No hematological or clinical chemistry changes were seen, although at the 0.07 mg/kg level significant plasma cholinesterase depression was noted (ACGIH, 1991).

ANIMAL DATA

One hour of exposure to an airborne concentration of 1197 mg/m(3) caused no visible effects in rats (ACGIH, 1991).
In one study, rats were injected intramuscularly with 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg of fenthion. Long-lasting changes in the electroretinogram (ERG) and cholinesterase activity were noted (ACGIH, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS55-38-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Fenthion

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Fenthion
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS55-38-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 ACGIH, 1997; Budavari, 2000 EPA, 1990 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)CHICKEN:
- LD50- (ORAL)CHICKEN:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)DOG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)LABORATORY_QUAIL:
- LD50- (INTRACEREBRAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SKIN)CHICKEN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SKIN)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 11.57 mg/m(3) (at 760 mmHg and 68 degrees) (NIOSH , 1997)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS55-38-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Fenthion

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.05 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: BEI(A), IFV, Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
BEI(A): The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational. Substances identified as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibiting Pesticides are part of this notation.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Cholinesterase inhibition
Molecular Weight: 278.34

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS55-38-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS55-38-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Fenthion
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix D

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS55-38-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS55-38-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS55-38-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS55-38-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS55-38-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS55-38-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS55-38-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Fenthion [O,O-Dimethyl O-[3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenyl]ester, phosphorothioic acid]
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS55-38-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Fenthion
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS55-38-9 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS55-38-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Under normal storage conditions this compound is stable and can be kept for extended periods (OHM/TADS, 2001).

HANDLING

According to 49 CFR 171.2: "No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by.../the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171 to 177)" (HSDB , 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store fenthion in its original container (HSDB , 2001).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Store locked away from food, feed, and children (HSDB , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Appropriate personal protective clothing should be worn to prevent skin contact with fenthion. If contact occurs, washing with soap and water should be done immediately. Contaminated or wet clothing should be quickly removed and replaced. At the end of a work shift, potentially contaminated clothing should be changed before leaving the job location (NISOH , 2001; OHM/TADS, 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Appropriate eye protection should be worn to prevent contact with this compound. If any fenthion touches the eye, flush with water for 20 minutes (HSDB , 2001; NISOH , 2001; OHM/TADS, 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 55-38-9.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Fenthion is a noncombustible liquid (NISOH , 2001).
Extremely toxic phosphorus and sulfur oxide fumes are generated when this compound is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS55-38-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS55-38-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Extremely toxic phosphorus and sulfur oxide fumes are generated when fenthion is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Fenthion is incompatible with oxidizers and insecticides which are highly alkaline (HSDB , 2001).

Fenthion is thermally stable up to 210 degrees C (Budavari, 2000).

It is resistant to alkalies up to pH 9 (Budavari, 2000).

This compound is non-corrosive. Stable to light (HSDB , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS55-38-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS55-38-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS55-38-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS55-38-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Isolate and contain a fenthion spill. This may be accomplished by the construction of bentonite or butyl rubber lined dams, impoundments, or interceptor trenches. In water, a bentonite or clay swale can be employed to divert the uncontaminated portion of the watershed around the contaminated portion (OHM/TADS, 2001).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Fenthion residue and sorbent materials may be packed in 17H epoxy-lined drums and then disposed of in an incinerator with scrubbing equipment or at an EPA approved disposal site (OHM/TADS, 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

This compound enters the environment through applications and its use as an insecticide (HSDB , 2001).

The general human population is exposed to fenthion in foods containing insecticide residue (HSDB , 2001)

"The US Fish and Wildlife Services (FWS) has determined that certain uses of fenthion may jeopardize the continued existence of endangered species or critical habitat of certain endangered species." (EPA, 1990)

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Fenthion will exist in the particulate- and vapor-phases within the atmosphere. In the vapor-phase it will quickly degrade by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; half-life for this reaction of approximately 5 hours. Particulate-phase fenthion will be subject to wet and dry deposition (HSDB , 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In water, biodegradation and photodegradation are the important environmental routes, with photodegradation dominant under sunlit conditions. Hydrolysis occurs, but is usually too slow to be a significant route; hydrolysis half-lives of 101 days in distilled water and 69 days in saltwater. Additionally, volatilization is expected to be a relatively slow process. Fenthion's half-life in various bodies of water ranges from 2.9 to 21.1 days, although it may be more persistent under conditions where there is limited light and oxygen (HSDB , 2001).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- This compound is expected to quickly degrade in soil; half-life of less than 1 day in nonsterile silt loam soil at room temperature, in the dark, with 75% moisture present. It is unknown to what degree fenthion will leach into groundwater (EPA, 1990).
- Biodegradation and photo-oxidation are the significant routes in soil, with photo-oxidation dominant under sunlit conditions. Fenthion is expected to have low mobility in soils. The US Department of Agriculture's Pesticide Properties Database lists the soil half-life of fenthion as 34 days (HSDB , 2001).

BIODEGRADATION

This insecticide was found to be susceptible to biodegradation via anaerobic or non-photolytic organisms (HSDB , 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

A measured, mean BCF of 16,600 in guppies, a measured BCF of 62 in tadpoles, and estimated BCFs of 760 and 200 indicates that fenthion it likely to significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Avian Toxicity:

LD50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK (Anas platyrhynchos), Male: 5.94 mg/kg (90% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK (Anas platyrhynchos): 231 ppm for 5D at 10D old (technical mixture) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) PHEASANT (Phasianus colchicus), Female: 17.8 mg/kg (99% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) RING NECKED PHEASANT: 202 ppm for 5D at 10D old (technical mixture) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) CHUKAR (Alectoris chukar): 25.9 mg/kg (90% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix japonica), Female: 10.6 mg/kg (99% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix japonica): 86 ppm for 5D at 19D old (technical mixture) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix japonica): 132 ppm at 14D old (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) CALIFORNIA QUAIL (Callipepla californica), Male: 15 mg/kg (99% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50, Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) - male, approximately 4.00 mg/kg (99% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) BOBWHITE QUAIL (Colinus virginianus): 30 ppm for 5D at 10D old (technical mixture) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) ROCK DOVE (Columba livia): 4.63 mg/kg (99% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) MOURNING DOVE (Zenaida macroura): 2.50 mg/kg (99% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) HOUSE SPARROW (Passer domesticus), Female: 22.7 mg/kg (99% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) HOUSE FINCH (Carpodacus mexicanus), oral, approximately 10 mg/kg (90% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) CANADA GEESE (Branta canadensis): 12.0 mg/kg (99% pure) (HSDB , 2001)

Fish Toxicity:

LC50, Cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), 1580 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (technical mixture, 97% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush), 1900 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (technical mixture, 97% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Rainbow Steelhead Trout (Salmo girdneri), 930 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), 1330 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), 1320 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Carp (Cyprinus carpio), 1160 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas), 2440 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Black bullhead (Ictalurus melas), 1350 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), 1600 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), 2340 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), 1650 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Goldfish (Carassius auratus), 3404 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 47.5% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), 1380 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 47.5% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), 1540 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 47.5% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Scud (Gammarus lacustris), 8.4 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (technical mixture, 97% pure) (HSDB , 2001)

Arthropod Toxicity:

EC50, Seed Shrimp (Cypridopsis vidua), 18 mcg/L, 48-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46%) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Glass Shrimp (Palaemonetes kadiakensis), 10 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (Baytex spray concentrate, 46% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Crayfish (Orconectes nais), 50 mcg/L, static bioassay without aeration (technical mixture, 97% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
EC50, Daphnid (Simocephalus serrulatus), 0.62 mcg/L, 48-hour, static bioassay without aeration (technical mixture, 97% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
EC50, Daphnid (Daphnia pulex), 0.80 mcg/L, 48-hour, static bioassay without aeration (technical mixture, 97% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Sowbug (Asellus brevicaudus), 1800 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (technical mixture, 97% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50, Stonefly (Pteronarcys californica), 4.5 mcg/L, 96-hour, static bioassay without aeration (technical mixture, 97% pure) (HSDB , 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) KOREAN SHRIMP: 0.0053ppm for 96H (OHM/TADS, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

278.33

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Fenthion is a colorless to yellow-tan or brown, oily liquid, which possesses a faint, garlic-like odor (EPA, 1990; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000; NISOH , 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.0003 mmHg (NISOH , 2001)

3x10(-5) mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (pure) (Budavari, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2001)

2.15x10(-6) mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (technical mixture) (OHM/TADS, 2001)

4 mPa (20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

10 mPa (30 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.250 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; NISOH , 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

43 degrees F (NISOH , 2001)

MELTING POINT

< -25 degrees C (EPA, 1990)
7 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)

BOILING POINT

87 degrees C (at 0.01 mmHg) (pure) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000)

105 degrees C (at 0.01 mmHg) (commercial product) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Fenthion is very slightly soluble in water (Hathaway et al, 1991; Lewis, 2000):

0.006% (by weight) (NISOH , 2001)
55 mg/L (Budavari, 2000; EPA, 1990)
54-56 mg/L (ACGIH, 1991)
2 mg/kg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER

It is readily soluble in acetone, ethanol, ether, glyceride oils, methanol, toluene, and most other organic solvents (especially chlorinated hydrocarbons) (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997).
This compound is soluble in n-hexane, and slightly soluble in petroleum ether as well as in aliphatic solvents (HSDB , 2001).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 4.091 (HSDB , 2001)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.46x10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol (estimated) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.5698 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

Alaspaa AO, Kuisma MJ, Hoppu K, et al: Out-of-hospital administration of activated charcoal by emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:207-12.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Ashford RD: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications, London, United Kingdom, 1994.

Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed. on CD-ROM. Version 12:3a. Chapman & Hall/CRCnetBASE. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2000.

Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.

DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.

Dagnone D, Matsui D, & Rieder MJ: Assessment of the palatability of vehicles for activated charcoal in pediatric volunteers. Pediatr Emerg Care 2002; 18:19-21.

EPA: Pesticide Fact Handbook, 2, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1990a.

EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.

EPA: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pesticide Fact Handbook, Volume 2, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ, 1990.

ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents