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FENARIMOL

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Fenarimol is a pyrimidine systemic foliar fungicide.

Specific Substances

    1) Bloc
    2) EL-222
    3) Rimidin
    4) Rubigan(R)
    5) Alpha-(2-Chlorophenyl)-alpha-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5-
    6) pyrimidinemethanol
    7) 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-(4-Chlorophenyl)
    8) -5-pyrimidinemethanol
    9) Molecular Formula: C17-H12-C12-N2-O
    10) CAS 60168-88-9

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) This fungicide is distributed by Elanco in 12% EC & 50% WP products (Thomson, 1985).
    B) USES
    1) Fenarimol is usually applied to turf. In certain areas it is used on apples, cherries, grapes, peanuts, strawberries, and ornamentals (Thomson, 1985).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Exposed individuals should have a careful, thorough medical history and physical examination performed, looking for any abnormalities. Exposure to chemicals with a strong odor often results in such nonspecific symptoms as headache, dizziness, weakness, and nausea.
    2) Data of human exposure is limited. One case report of an intentional ingestion of fenarimol presented unconscious, labored breathing, mild hypoxia and hypotension, bradycardia, miotic pupils, lacrimation and salivation. This fungicide is often mixed with organic solvents that could increase the overall toxicity.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) IRRITATION - Eye exposure may result in mild irritation.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) IRRITATION - Studies in RABBITS have not shown irritation. Mixtures may be irritating.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) In RAT studies, male fertility was reduced and it was found that fenarimol was concentrated 3:1 in milk over maternal plasma.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of this agent.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) Minimum lethal human exposure is unknown.
    B) The oral LD50 in rats is 2500 mg/kg; in mice 4500 mg/kg.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Exposed individuals should have a careful, thorough medical history and physical examination performed, looking for any abnormalities. Exposure to chemicals with a strong odor often results in such nonspecific symptoms as headache, dizziness, weakness, and nausea.
    2) Data of human exposure is limited. One case report of an intentional ingestion of fenarimol presented unconscious, labored breathing, mild hypoxia and hypotension, bradycardia, miotic pupils, lacrimation and salivation. This fungicide is often mixed with organic solvents that could increase the overall toxicity.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) IRRITATION - Eye exposure may result in mild irritation.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) IRRITATION - May cause eye irritation (Anon, 1987a).
    2) MIOSIS - Miosis was reported in a 65-year-old man after intentionally ingesting 300 mL of the fenarimol-containing fungicide, Rubigan(R) (Salameh et al, 2008).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) BRADYCARDIA
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) CASE REPORT - A 65-year-old man was brought to the emergency department unconscious with lacrimation, salivation, mild hypotension and hypoxia, and bradycardia after intentionally ingesting 300 mL of a white liquid which was later determined to be Rubigan(R). Atropine was administered for the symptomatic bradycardia; all other efforts were supportive. The patient made a full recovery two days later (Salameh et al, 2008).
    1) The authors noted this case's resemblance to organophosphate poisoning, but the patient's normal serum acetylcholine esterase levels and the identification of the ingested material to be the fungicide fenarimol ruled out such exposure.

Respiratory

    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) LABORED BREATHING
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) CASE REPORT - A 65-year-old man was brought to the emergency department unconscious with labored breathing, as well as salivation, lacrimation, mild hypoxia and hypotension, and bradycardia. He had intentionally ingesting 300 mL of a white liquid which was later determined to be Rubigan(R). Shortly after ingestion, the patient complained of shortness of breath, and upon admission his respiratory rate was 10 breaths/minute. Pulmonary exam revealed bilateral rhonchi. Treatment efforts were supportive and included intubation. The patient made a full recovery two days later (Salameh et al, 2008).
    1) The authors noted this case's resemblance to organophosphate poisoning, but the patient's normal serum acetylcholine esterase levels and the identification of the ingested material to be the fungicide fenarimol ruled out such exposure.

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) IRRITATION - Studies in RABBITS have not shown irritation. Mixtures may be irritating.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DERMATITIS
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) Exposure to fenarimol may cause skin irritation (Anon, 1987a).
    3.14.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Studies in RABBITS did not demonstrate irritation (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).

Endocrine

    3.16.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) ENDOCRINE FINDING
    a) The antiandrogenic activity of fenarimol was evaluated in intact and castrated testosterone-treated male Wistar rats. Fenarimol-treated intact males exhibited significant decrease in the weights of the seminal vesicles, levator ani and bulbocavernosus muscles, and urethral glands. No weight changes were seen in the testis and ventral prostate. In the castrated rats, weights were decreased in the ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and levator ani and bulbocavernosus muscles. Fenarimol exposure produced a decrease in prostate binding protein C3 (PBP C3), ornithin decarboxylase (ODC), and insulin-like-growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mRNA levels. The authors concluded that fenarimol induced antiandrogenic effects result in part by androgen receptor antagonism (Vinggaard et al, 2005).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) In RAT studies, male fertility was reduced and it was found that fenarimol was concentrated 3:1 in milk over maternal plasma.
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) BREAST MILK
    1) In RATS, fenarimol and its metabolites were concentrated in milk; being three to five times the maternal plasma levels (Hirsch et al, 1986).
    3.20.5) FERTILITY
    A) FERTILITY DECREASED MALE
    1) Fenarimol has caused a dose-related decrease in fertility in RATS (Hirsch et al, 1986). If the exposure to this compound was initiated prenatally, the induced antifertility was not reversible. The effect was primarily in reducing male mating behavior, not on the estrus cycle or germ cells themselves (Hirsch et al, 1986; Hirsch et al, 1987).
    2) The antiandrogenic activity of fenarimol was evaluated in intact and castrated testosterone-treated male Wistar rats. Fenarimol-treated intact males exhibited significant decrease in the weights of the seminal vesicles, levator ani and bulbocavernosus muscles, and urethral glands. No weight changes were seen in the testis and ventral prostate. In the castrated rats, weights were decreased in the ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and levator ani and bulbocavernosus muscles. Fenarimol exposure produced a decrease in prostate binding protein C3 (PBP C3), ornithin decarboxylase (ODC), and insulin-like-growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mRNA levels. The authors concluded that fenarimol induced antiandrogenic effects result in part by androgen receptor antagonism (Vinggaard et al, 2005).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) EXCESSIVE SALIVATION
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) CASE REPORT - A 65-year-old man was brought to the emergency department unconscious with lacrimation, salivation, mild hypotension and hypoxia, and bradycardia after intentionally ingesting 300 mL of a white liquid which was later determined to be Rubigan(R). Atropine was administered for the symptomatic bradycardia; all other efforts were supportive. The patient made a full recovery two days later (Salameh et al, 2008).
    1) The authors noted this case's resemblance to organophosphate poisoning, but the patient's normal serum acetylcholine esterase levels and the identification of the ingested material to be the fungicide fenarimol ruled out such exposure.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS60168-88-9 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of this agent.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINALYSIS
    1) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring urinalysis is suggested for patients with significant exposure.

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) May be quantified by gas-liquid chromatography with FID. (Day & Decker, 1984)

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

Monitoring

    A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) EMESIS
    1) Measures to decrease absorption may be useful. The decision to induce or not to induce emesis in ingestions must be carefully considered. If the patient has any signs of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns, or has evidence of a decreased sensorium, a depressed gag reflex, or impending shock, INDUCED EMESIS SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
    2) No information was available about specific clinical effects of exposure to this agent; no specific treatment recommendations can be made.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) No studies have addressed the utilization of extracorporeal elimination techniques in poisoning with this agent.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) Minimum lethal human exposure is unknown.
    B) The oral LD50 in rats is 2500 mg/kg; in mice 4500 mg/kg.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) CASE REPORT - A 65-year-old man was brought to the emergency department unconscious with labored breathing, as well as lacrimation, salivation, hypoxia, mild hypotension and and bradycardia. He had intentionally ingesting 300 mL of a white liquid which was later determined to be Rubigan(R) (fenarimol and triadimenol). Shortly after ingestion, the patient complained of shortness of breath, and upon admission his respiratory rate was 10 breaths/minute. Pulmonary exam revealed bilateral rhonchi. Treatment efforts were supportive and included intubation and atropine for symptomatic bradycardia. The patient made a full recovery two days later (Salameh et al, 2008).
    1) The authors noted this case's resemblance to organophosphate poisoning, but the patient's normal serum acetylcholine esterase levels and the identification of the ingested material to be the fungicide fenarimol ruled out such exposure.
    C) ANIMAL DATA
    1) Feeding Experiments - Mice given 600 mg/kg and rats given 25 mg/kg in a 2 year feeding trial did not show ill effects (Anon, 1987).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS60168-88-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS60168-88-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS60168-88-9 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS60168-88-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) ANIMAL DATA
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 4500 mg/kg (RTECS, 2001)
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 2500 mg/kg (RTECS, 2001)

Pharmacology Toxicology

Pharmacologic Mechanism

    A) This systemic antifungal is used on plants. It inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis (Gadher et al, 1983).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) In pure form, it is a white or colorless, crystalline solid.

Ph

    A) Rubigan E.C. (12% fenarimol) in a 50/50 mixture has a pH of 4.8-5.3.

Molecular Weight

    A) 331.21 (RTECS , 2001)

References

General Bibliography

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    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
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