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ETHYLIDENE NORBORNENE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Ethylidene norbornene is the third monomer in EPDM (ethylene-propylene diene monomer) elastomers.

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements

Available Forms Sources

    A) USES
    1) Ethylidene norbornene is used as a third monomer in ethylene-propylene diene monomer elastomers (HSDB , 1992).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Human exposures have been rare. Animal toxicity has centered around testicular atrophy, hepatic lesions, and hydrothorax. No such toxicity has been seen in humans.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Transient eye irritation was seen in humans at 6 ppm, but was more noticeable at 11 ppm.
    0.2.9) HEPATIC
    A) Several animals tested with high doses developed hepatic lesions.
    0.2.10) GENITOURINARY
    A) Testicular atrophy and renal lesions have been seen in animals.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) No toxic levels have been established for this agent.
    B) Monitor liver and renal functions, especially in chronic exposures.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) No specific treatment is available. Human exposure data are very limited. Patients with chronic exposure should be monitored for kidney, liver, and testicular function.
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    D) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation is present, monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray.
    C) Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    2) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

Range Of Toxicity

    A) Eye and nose irritation was noted after 30 minute exposures to 11 ppm; transient eye irritation was seen at 6 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).
    B) Animals have died after exposure to 4,000 ppm. Chronic exposure to 237 ppm caused fatalities in rats (ACGIH, 1991).

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Human exposures have been rare. Animal toxicity has centered around testicular atrophy, hepatic lesions, and hydrothorax. No such toxicity has been seen in humans.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Transient eye irritation was seen in humans at 6 ppm, but was more noticeable at 11 ppm.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) IRRITATION - Transient eye irritation was seen in humans at 6 ppm, but was more noticeable at 11 ppm for 30 minutes (ACGIH, 1991).

Respiratory

    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) PLEURAL EFFUSION
    1) Hydrothorax has been noted in rats exposed to 237 ppm, 7 hours/day for 88 days (ACGIH, 199).
    B) PULMONARY ASPIRATION
    1) Aspiration may cause pneumonia (HSDB , 1992).
    C) DYSPNEA
    1) Inhalation of the vapor may cause cough and difficulty breathing (HSDB , 1992).

Neurologic

    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CLOUDED CONSCIOUSNESS
    1) Inhalation of vapors will cause confusion and headache (HSDB , 1992).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) NAUSEA AND VOMITING
    1) Ingestion of the liquid will cause nausea and vomiting (HSDB , 1992).
    B) GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION
    1) Ingestion may cause irritation of the entire digestive tract (HSDB , 1992).

Hepatic

    3.9.1) SUMMARY
    A) Several animals tested with high doses developed hepatic lesions.
    3.9.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) LIVER DAMAGE
    1) Animals exposed to 93 ppm, 7 hours/day for 89 days developed hepatic lesions (ACGIH, 1991).

Genitourinary

    3.10.1) SUMMARY
    A) Testicular atrophy and renal lesions have been seen in animals.
    3.10.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DISORDER OF TESTIS
    1) Testicular atrophy has been noted in dogs exposed to 93 ppm, 7 hours/day for 89 days. Less marked effects were noted at 61 ppm. Similar effects were seen in rats at 237 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).
    B) ABNORMAL RENAL FUNCTION
    1) Renal lesions were noted in rats exposed to 90 ppm, 7 hours/day for 88 days (ACGIH, 1991).

Hematologic

    3.13.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HEMATOLOGY FINDING
    1) Unspecified blood changes have occurred in experiemental animals (ACGIH, 1991).

Dermatologic

    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN IRRITATION
    1) Contact with the liquid will cause skin irritation (HSDB , 1992).
    B) SKIN NECROSIS
    1) Application to rat skin resulted in necrosis (HSDB , 1992).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of this agent.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS16219-75-3 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic potential of this agent.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) No toxic levels have been established for this agent.
    B) Monitor liver and renal functions, especially in chronic exposures.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) No toxic levels have been established for this agent.
    2) Monitor liver and renal functions, especially in chronic exposures.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) MONITORING
    a) If respiratory tract irritation is present, monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray.
    2) PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
    a) If respiratory tract irritation is present, it may be useful to monitor pulmonary function tests.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) Monitor the chest x-ray in patients with significant exposure.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) No toxic levels have been established for this agent.
    B) Monitor liver and renal functions, especially in chronic exposures.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) If respiratory tract irritation is present, monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray.
    B) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    B) SKIN ABSORPTION
    1) Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) Eye and nose irritation was noted after 30 minute exposures to 11 ppm; transient eye irritation was seen at 6 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).
    B) Animals have died after exposure to 4,000 ppm. Chronic exposure to 237 ppm caused fatalities in rats (ACGIH, 1991).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) ANIMAL DATA
    1) RATS - Five of 6 rats died after exposure to 4000 ppm for 4 hours. Repeated 7-hour exposures 5 days/week for a total of 88 days at 237 ppm caused fatalities in 21 of 24 rats. No deaths resulted from exposure at 90 ppm, but kidney damage was seen (ACGIH, 1991).
    2) The no-effect level for 88 exposures was 61 ppm for female rats and slightly lower for male rats. Dogs had a lower no-effect level (22 ppm) for 89 such exposures. Dogs exposed at 61 ppm had mild symptoms; 93 ppm caused significant symptoms, but no deaths (ACGIH, 1991).
    B) CASE REPORTS
    1) Eye and nose irritation was present after a 30-minute exposure to 11 ppm and transient eye irritation was seen at levels as low as 6 ppm in human volunteers (ACGIH, 1991).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS16219-75-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Ethylidene norbornene
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA:
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling: 5 ppm
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr
    d) Molecular Weight: 120.19
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:
    b) Under Study
    1) Ethylidene norbornene
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA:
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
    d) Molecular Weight:
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS16219-75-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Ethylidene norbornene
    2) REL:
    a) TWA:
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling: 5 ppm (25 mg/m(3))
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH: Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS16219-75-3 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethylidene norbornene
    2) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethylidene norbornene
    3) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    4) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    5) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethylidene norbornene
    6) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    7) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS16219-75-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: (RTECS, 1992)
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 3250 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 2527 mg/kg

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) colorless liquid; turpentine-like odor (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 1992)
    B) Because of reactivity, ethylidene norbornene is often stabilized with 100 ppm of tert-butyl catechol (ACGIH, 1991).

Molecular Weight

    A) 120.19 (ACGIH, 1991)

References

General Bibliography

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