ETHYLENE GLYCOL
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
ATHYLENGLYKOL (German) 1,2-DIHYDROXYETHANE DOWTHERM DOWTHERM SR 1 EG 1,2-ETHANDIOL 1,2-ETHANEDIOL ETHANE-1,2-DIOL ETHYLENE ALCOHOL ETHYLENE DIHYDRATE ETHYLENE GLYCOL FRIDEX GLYCOL GLYCOL ALCOHOL GLYCOLMONOMER 2-HYDROXYETHANOL LUTROL-9 MACROGOL 400 BPC MEG M.E.G. MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL NORKOOL RAMP TESCOL UCAR 17 ATHYLENGLYKOL
IDENTIFIERS
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (HSDB , 2002; RTECS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Ethylene glycol lowers the freezing point of water. More than 25 percent of the ethylene glycol produced is used in antifreeze and coolant mixtures for motor vehicles (this use may decrease in the coming years because of environmental concerns related to ethylene glycol released or spilled from motor vehicles). It is also used widely for aircraft deicing, and used in condensers and heat exchangers (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1998). It is also used as a solvent, an industrial humectant, and in hydraulic brake fluids. Large amounts are used as a chemical intermediate, especially in the production of polyester fibers, films, and resins (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1998). It has also been used as a glycerin substitute in commercial products such as paints, lacquers, detergents, and cosmetics (ACGIH, 1996; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1998).
Ethylene glycol is a colorless, clear, sweet- or bittersweet-tasting, viscous liquid. It is considerably hygroscopic; it is able to absorb twice its weight of water at 100% relative humidity (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 2000). Ethylene glycol is available in two grades of purity: industrial grade and low-conductivity grade (CHRIS, 2002).
Ethylene glycol is produced in several ways: through hydration of ethylene oxide; by the oxidation of ethylene (in the presence of acetic acid to form ethylene diacetate which is hydrolyzed to the glycol, with the acetic acid being recycled in the process); from carbon monoxide and hydrogen from coal gasification; and via the Oxirane process (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 2001; Lewis, 2001a). WATER CONTAMINATION An epidemic of children who developed somnolence, vomiting, ataxia, crystalluria, and hematuria was associated with a contaminated water supply containing 9% ethylene glycol (MMWR, 1987).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Primarily used as an engine coolant (eg, antifreeze used in car radiators).
- PHARMACOLOGY: No medical use.
- TOXICOLOGY: Primary concern is the severe metabolic acidosis and nephrotoxicity from metabolites. Metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to glycoaldehyde and then by aldehyde dehydrogenase to glycolic acid. Glycolic acid is metabolized by lactate dehydrogenase or glycolic acid oxidase to glyoxylic acid which can be metabolized to oxalic acid. Specifically, oxalic acid metabolite complexes with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals in the renal tubules that can lead to acute renal failure. Other intermediate metabolites are believed to be nephrotoxic as well. May have CNS effects believed mediated through GABA receptors.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: There are thousands of exposures and several deaths every year reported to poison centers. Inadvertent pediatric ingestions rarely develop severe toxicity.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Initially, ethylene glycol ingestion may cause intoxication similar to ethanol with CNS depression, nystagmus, ataxia, and somnolence. Nausea and vomiting are also fairly common. If ethylene glycol metabolism is blocked early, there may be no other clinical manifestations. SEVERE TOXICITY: If ethylene glycol metabolism is not blocked early after a significant ingestion, patients develop increasing CNS depression (coma, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, eventually cerebral edema), anion gap metabolic acidosis (often severe, arterial pH less than 7 is common with severe ingestion), and renal failure. Seizures are common with severe toxicity, but usually not prolonged. Mild to moderate tachycardia is common, Kussmaul respirations develop with increasing acidosis, hypotension is rare. Hypocalcemia may result from precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals, which can (rarely) lead to cardiac dysrhythmias. In addition, there are reports of cranial nerve abnormalities developing 1 to 2 weeks post exposure in patients with severe intoxication, which may be secondary to calcium oxalate crystal formation in the brain.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
PHARMACOLOGY: No medical use. TOXICOLOGY: Primary concern is the severe metabolic acidosis and nephrotoxicity from metabolites. Metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to glycoaldehyde and then by aldehyde dehydrogenase to glycolic acid. Glycolic acid is metabolized by lactate dehydrogenase or glycolic acid oxidase to glyoxylic acid which can be metabolized to oxalic acid. Specifically, oxalic acid metabolite complexes with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals in the renal tubules that can lead to acute renal failure. Other intermediate metabolites are believed to be nephrotoxic as well. May have CNS effects believed mediated through GABA receptors. EPIDEMIOLOGY: There are thousands of exposures and several deaths every year reported to poison centers. Inadvertent pediatric ingestions rarely develop severe toxicity. MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Initially, ethylene glycol ingestion may cause intoxication similar to ethanol with CNS depression, nystagmus, ataxia, and somnolence. Nausea and vomiting are also fairly common. If ethylene glycol metabolism is blocked early, there may be no other clinical manifestations. SEVERE TOXICITY: If ethylene glycol metabolism is not blocked early after a significant ingestion, patients develop increasing CNS depression (coma, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, eventually cerebral edema), anion gap metabolic acidosis (often severe, arterial pH less than 7 is common with severe ingestion), and renal failure. Seizures are common with severe toxicity, but usually not prolonged. Mild to moderate tachycardia is common, Kussmaul respirations develop with increasing acidosis, hypotension is rare. Hypocalcemia may result from precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals, which can (rarely) lead to cardiac dysrhythmias. In addition, there are reports of cranial nerve abnormalities developing 1 to 2 weeks post exposure in patients with severe intoxication, which may be secondary to calcium oxalate crystal formation in the brain.
CARDIAC ARREST: Cardiorespiratory arrest is most commonly associated with severe metabolic and fluid electrolyte abnormalities (Friedman et al, 1962; Berman et al, 1957; Parry & Wallach, 1974). HYPOTENSION: Cases of hypotension preceding the development of cardiogenic shock in ethylene glycol ingestions have been reported (Donovan et al, 1997; Jobard et al, 1996). HYPERTENSIVE EPISODE: Hypertension (186/110 mmHg) has been reported following ingestion of antifreeze (Walder & Tyler, 1994) and in other ethylene glycol poisonings (Kralova et al, 2006; Eder et al, 1998). PULMONARY EDEMA: Cardiogenic pulmonary edema may occur with severe poisoning (Friedman et al, 1962; Berman et al, 1957; Parry & Wallach, 1974; Denning et al, 1988). CARDIOMEGALY: Cardiomegaly has been reported (Friedman et al, 1962; Berman et al, 1957; Parry & Wallach, 1974).
HYPOCALCEMIA: Hypocalcemia following ethylene glycol ingestion may occur (Corr & Szolics, 2012; Frommer & Ayus, 1982; Parry & Wallach, 1974) but is rarely life threatening.
GASTRITIS: ACUTE EXPOSURE: Nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, and abdominal pain are frequent early findings following ingestions (Moossavi et al, 2003; Parry & Wallach, 1974).
CRYSTALLURIA: The presence of calcium oxalate crystals highly suggests ethylene glycol poisoning. Signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency predominate at 2 to 3 days post-ingestion. Severe ethylene glycol toxicity can occur in the absence of crystalluria (Hantson et al, 2002; Boyer et al, 2001; Baum et al, 2000). ABNORMAL URINE: ACUTE EXPOSURE: Calcium oxaluria, hematuria, and proteinuria are frequently reported (Friedman et al, 1962; Berman et al, 1957; Parry & Wallach, 1974). Fluorescent urine is often seen when viewed with a Wood's lamp following antifreeze ingestion. However, fluorescent urine is not specific to ethylene glycol ingestion. Most normal urine specimens exhibit some degree of fluorescence (Casavant et al, 2001). RENAL FAILURE SYNDROME: ACUTE EXPOSURE: Flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness with oliguria, proteinuria, and anuria are common (Friedman et al, 1962). Cases of acute (Kralova et al, 2006; Tadokoro et al, 1995) and permanent renal failure have been reported with ethylene glycol ingestions (Dezso et al, 2011).
TOXIC MYOPATHY: Myalgia, muscle tenderness, and elevated CPK levels have been described (Parry & Wallach, 1974; Scully et al, 1979; Verrilli et al, 1987).
COMA: Coma may occur if large amounts have been ingested or treatment is delayed or inadequate (Bey et al, 2002; Berman et al, 1957; Bobbitt et al, 1986; Jobard et al, 1996). Coma is most common within hours of the ingestion but can occur at any time. Onset of coma was reported 4 days post-ingestion in one case (Haupt et al, 1988). PERMANENT NEUROLOGIC INJURY: Central nervous system damage and associated circulatory disturbances have caused death in several cases (Rzepecki & Fabicka, 1992). CEREBRAL EDEMA: Cerebral edema has been reported (Bobbitt et al, 1986; Haupt et al, 1988; Maier, 1983). SEIZURE: Seizures with a sudden onset, and death may occur if large amounts have been ingested (Froberg et al, 2006; Dy-Liacco et al, 2003; Jobard et al, 1996). INEBRIATION: Slurred speech, ataxia, and somnolence are frequent early findings (Parry & Wallach, 1974). CNS effects are similar to ethanol intoxication.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Delayed onset of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was described 6 days after ingestion of ethylene glycol (Haupt et al, 1988) and in other cases (Piagnerelli et al, 1999; Catchings et al, 1985).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Little is known about the effects of chronic exposure to ethylene glycol in humans. Levels of 1.4 to 27 ppm were well tolerated in human volunteers exposed for 20 to 22 hours/day for approximately 4 weeks; the main complaints were throat irritation, headache and low backache (ACGIH, 1991).
- In a Russian study involving two electronic component manufacturing workshops in which ethylene glycol exposures were 49 mg/m(3), functional disorders of the NERVOUS SYSTEM were observed in almost half of the exposed workers (Dubejkovaskaja, 1973). Neurologic effects have not been confirmed in other occupational studies, however.
- In 1950, of 38 women who spread a mixture of 40% ethylene glycol, 55% boric acid and 5% ammonia at 105 degrees Celsius onto paper and aluminum strips, 9 experienced frequent loss of consciousness, absolute lymphocytosis, and nystagmus (Troisi, 1950; Haley & Berndt, 1987).
- Repeated exposure to ethylene glycol by inhalation in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys and dogs at 10 and 57 mg/m(3) produced no obvious changes, other than eye irritation in rabbits and corneal damage in rats after 8 days (Coon, 1970).
- Chronic feeding or oral administration in animals have generally resulted in KIDNEY DAMAGE, with or without deposits of calcium oxalate in the kidneys (Depass, 1986). Doses required to produce kidney damage were 2.5% to 5% in the diet of rats and mice fed for 13 weeks (Melnick, 1984).
- Kidney damage was also produced in monkeys given ethylene glycol in the drinking water, and calcium oxalate crystals were also found in the brain (Roberts & Seibold, 1969). No toxic effects were found in a 3 year study of monkeys fed ethylene glycol at 0.2% or 0.5% in the diet (Blood, 1962).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
Activated charcoal is not routinely recommended for isolated ethylene glycol ingestions. The utility of activated charcoal is limited due to ethylene glycol's rapid absorption from the GI tract and its poor binding affinity for activated charcoal. Unless there is concern for coingestants, there is little benefit from activated charcoal administration in ethylene glycol ingestions. The decision to administer activated charcoal is left to the individual clinician.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
DERMAL EXPOSURE EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE Activated charcoal is not routinely recommended for isolated ethylene glycol ingestions. The utility of activated charcoal is limited due to ethylene glycol's rapid absorption from the GI tract and its poor binding affinity for activated charcoal. Unless there is concern for coingestants, there is little benefit from activated charcoal administration in ethylene glycol ingestions. The decision to administer activated charcoal is left to the individual clinician. PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002). In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis. The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue). Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years). Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
- The minimum lethal dose is on the order of 100 mL in adults, although individuals reportedly have survived much higher doses (Hathaway et al, 1996; Budavari, 2000; Hunt, 1932).
- The lethal oral dose is also estimated to be 1.5 mL/kg or 1.56 g/kg (Lewis, 1998).
- Death has been reported after ingestion of as little as 30 or 60 mL, although ingestion of more than 3000 mL has been survived (Johnson et al, 1999; Brown et al, 1983; Field, 1985; Stokes & Aueron, 1980; Widman, 1946).
- Ingestion of one-fourth to one-half pint of antifreeze solution resulted in death from renal failure after 12 days (OSHA, 1990).
- Contamination of a dialysis water supply resulted in coma, acidosis, irreversible shock, and death in a 52-year-old woman with chronic renal failure (MMWR, 1987).
An epidemic of children who developed somnolence, vomiting, ataxia, crystalluria, and hematuria was associated with a contaminated water supply containing nine percent ethylene glycol (MMWR, 1987).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
INGESTION A consensus guideline recommends that children with more than an observed lick, sip or taste ingestion or an adult with known accidental ingestion of more than a "swallow" (10 to 30 mL) should be referred immediately to a healthcare facility. Children with an observed lick, sip or taste ingestion or a known accidental ingestion of less than 10 mL in an adult can be monitored at home (Caravati et al, 2005). Survival has occurred after ingestion of 240, 400, 1500, and 3000 mL (Johnson et al, 1999; Baud et al, 1988; Brown et al, 1983; Kahn & Brotchner, 1950; Seeff et al, 1970; Stokes & Aueron, 1980). Somnolence, vomiting, ataxia, crystalluria and hematuria in children were associated with a contaminated water supply that contained nine percent ethylene glycol (MMWR, 1987). Following the ingestion of 3000 mL of ethylene glycol (EG) antifreeze, a patient with an EG concentration of 1889 mg/dL was immediately started on hemodialysis and ethanol infusions before laboratory confirmation. When EG concentrations decreased to less than 20 mg/dL, both hemodialysis and ethanol infusions were stopped. The patient survived, in spite of complications of pulmonary edema and acute renal failure (Johnson et al, 1999).
INHALATION The lowest published toxic airborne concentration for a human has been reported as 10,000 mg/m(3) (Lewis, 2000; RTECS , 2002). Human subjects considered an ethylene glycol (as vapor and aerosol) concentration of 205.5 mg/m(3) intolerable because of the irritation of the eyes and throat that exposure caused (Hathaway et al, 1996). Throat irritation and headache were associated with human exposure to an aerosol concentration of 12 ppm for 20 to 22 hours/day for four weeks. Increased upper respiratory tract irritation occurred with 56 ppm exposure, and upper respiratory tract irritant effects made exposure to 80 ppm intolerable (Hathaway et al, 1996). Exposure to vapor or aerosol at 69 mg/m(3) produced no symptoms, while exposure at 137 mg/m(3) produced recognizable taste, eye, and throat irritations (Wills, 1974).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS107-21-1 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Ethylene glycol EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Ethylene glycol IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethylene glycol MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS107-21-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Slope Factor: RfD: 2 mg/kg-day
Inhalation: Drinking Water:
CALCULATIONS
1 ppm = 2.54 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1996a; Bingham et al, 2001) 1 mg/m(3) = 0.39 ppm (ACGIH, 1996a; Verschueren, 2000) 1 mg/L = 365.0 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001) 1 ppm = 2.58 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2000)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS107-21-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS107-21-1 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS107-21-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS107-21-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS107-21-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS107-21-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS107-21-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS107-21-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS107-21-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS107-21-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Ethylene glycol Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS107-21-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS107-21-1 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS107-21-1 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
STORAGE
Store ethylene glycol in tightly closed containers to avoid moisture. Resin-coated, stainless steel, or aluminum containers are preferable. Protect containers against physical damage (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). Open (flame arrester) venting is preferred (CHRIS , 2002). Avoid heat or flame (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Ethylene glycol is incompatible with strong acids, caustics, aliphatic amines, isocyanates, chlorosulfonic acid, and oleum (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Ethylene glycol reacts vigorously with oxidizers, and is combustible following preheating (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Ethylene glycol is poisonous by ingestion, and chronic ingestion can result in fatal kidney injury. However, ingestion is unlikely in an industrial setting (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).
- Hazard from inhalation of vapor is also unlikely; however, inhalation may cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract if high concentration of ethylene glycol is handled hot (used at elevated temperatures) or if it is agitated violently thus generating a mist. Repeated inhalation exposure over a prolonged period of time may also present a health hazard. Appropriate protective equipment should be worn, particularly when working with aerosolized ethylene glycol (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).
- Ethylene glycol is practically harmless to the skin and produces no significant irritant reaction. A slight macerating action on the skin may result from very severe and prolonged exposure. It is not readily absorbed through the skin; however, based on animal studies, toxic amounts may be absorbed through the skin from very severe and prolonged exposure. Repeated dermal exposure over a prolonged period of time may also present a health hazard (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).
- Contact with skin and eyes is most likely to occur through industrial handling. Appropriate protective clothing should be worn and an emergency shower should be available near work areas (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).
- Workers who are deficient in vitamin B6 or in magnesium may be more sensitive to the toxic effects of ethylene glycol (ATSDR, 1997).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Goggles should be worn when handling ethylene glycol. An eye bath should be available near work areas (CHRIS , 2002).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
- Appropriate protective equipment should be worn, particularly when working with aerosolized ethylene glycol (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 107-21-1.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Ethylene glycol reacts vigorously with oxidizers (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Ethylene glycol ignites on contact with the following: chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate, sodium peroxide (ACGIH, 1996a). "In a study of hypergolic ignition of ethylene glycol by oxidants, chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate, and sodium peroxide ignited on contact at ambient temperature" (Urben, 1999). Mixtures of aqueous sodium hypochlorite and ethylene glycol were observed to erupt violently after an induction period of four to eight minutes (Urben, 1999). It can react violently with chlorosulfonic acid, oleum, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, and phosphorus sulfide (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Ethylene glycol and its ethers undergo violent decomposition on contact with 70% perchloric acid (Urben, 1999).
Ethylene glycol is combustible following preheating (OHM/TADS , 2002). Mixtures of ethylene glycol with the following substances ignite when heated to 100 degrees C: ammonium dichromate, silver chlorate, sodium chlorite, uranyl nitrate (Urben, 1999). Mixing equal weights of ethylene glycol and potassium dichromate is uneventful at ambient temperature; however, at 100 degrees C an exotherm of 170 degrees C occurs (Urben, 1999).
Aqueous solutions may ignite silvered copper wires which have an applied DC voltage (ACGIH, 1996a).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS107-21-1 (NFPA, 2002):
- INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS107-21-1 (NFPA, 2002):
- Use alcohol foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to fight fire. Use water only to keep containers cool (AAR, 2000). Do not use water because it may cause frothing (CHRIS , 2002). Keep run-off out of sewers and water sources as it poses a threat to the environment (AAR, 2000).
When heated to decomposition, ethylene glycol emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes that are slightly hazardous (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Ethylene glycol poses a moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000).
- Ethylene glycol ignites on contact with the following: chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate, sodium peroxide (Lewis, 2000).
- Mixtures of ethylene glycol with the following substances ignite when heated to 100 degrees C: ammonium dichromate, silver chlorate, sodium chlorite, uranyl nitrate (Urben, 1999).
- It may ignite silvered copper wire with an applied DC voltage (ACGIH, 1996a).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- When heated to decomposition, ethylene glycol emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes that are slightly hazardous (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Ethylene glycol reacts vigorously with oxidizers (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Ethylene glycol ignites on contact with the following: chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate, sodium peroxide (ACGIH, 1996a). "In a study of hypergolic ignition of ethylene glycol by oxidants, chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate, and sodium peroxide ignited on contact at ambient temperature" (Urben, 1999). Mixtures of aqueous sodium hypochlorite and ethylene glycol were observed to erupt violently after an induction period of four to eight minutes (Urben, 1999). It can react violently with chlorosulfonic acid, oleum, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, and phosphorus sulfide (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Ethylene glycol and its ethers undergo violent decomposition in contact with 70% perchloric acid (Urben, 1999).
- Ethylene glycol is combustible following preheating (OHM/TADS , 2002).
Mixtures of ethylene glycol with the following substances ignite when heated to 100 degrees C: ammonium dichromate, silver chlorate, sodium chlorite, uranyl nitrate (Urben, 1999). Mixing equal weights of ethylene glycol and potassium dichromate is uneventful at ambient temperature; however, at 100 degrees C an exotherm of 170 degrees C occurs (Urben, 1999).
- Aqueous solutions may ignite silvered copper wires which have an applied DC voltage (ACGIH, 1996a).
- Mixing ethylene glycol with the following substances in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase: chlorosufonic acid, oleum, sulfuric acid (NFPA, 2002a).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)
Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used. Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages. Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill. - SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS107-21-1 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS107-21-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS107-21-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS107-21-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Ethylene glycol can be recovered from polyester plant wastes (Sittig, 1991). "Distillation of used automobile and heavy duty engine coolant under reduced pressure has been assessed to be an acceptable technology for recycling ethylene glycol" (ATSDR, 1997). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
Two technologies, in situ vitrification (a thermal treatment technology) and encapsulated biooxidation (a method where polyvinylidene chloride encapsulated sodium percarbonate is inserted in subsurface soil by hydraulic fracturing to enhance aerobic biodegradation), have shown potential for the remediation of soil contaminated with ethylene glycol (ATSDR, 1997). Two methods for greater than 99 percent destruction of ethylene glycol in waste water are UV catalyzed oxidation and supercritical oxidation (ATSDR, 1997).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- The primary hazard of ethylene glycol is the threat posed to the environment. Spills can penetrate the soil and contaminate ground water and nearby streams (AAR, 2000).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
If released into the atmosphere, ethylene glycol will mainly exist in the vapor phase followed by degradation through reaction with hydroxyl radicals (HSDB, 2004). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethylene glycol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally determined to be 7.7X10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2004). The half-life for reaction with hydroxyl radicals was calculated to be 2.1D (Verschueren, 2001).
Ethylene glycol in the atmosphere is predicted to have a half-life of about 1 day (Howard, 1990). Ethylene glycol in the vapor-phase is degraded with an estimated half-life of about 50 hours (HSDB, 2004). The photooxidation half-life of ethylene glycol in air ranges from 8.3 hours to 83 hours (3.5 days) based on the measured photooxidation rate constant with hydroxy radicals (Howard et al, 1991).
SURFACE WATER When released into water, ethylene glycol readily biodegrades; it is not expected to adsorb to sediment, nor is it expected to volatilize from water surfaces (Howard, 1990; HSDB, 2004). Photooxidation of ethylene glycol in aqueous systems is not significant; hydrolysis is not possible since ethylene glycol has no hydrolyzable groups. Glycols are resistant to hydrolysis (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990; Howard et al, 1991). The half-life of ethylene glycol in surface water is judged to range from 48 hours (2 days) to 288 hours (12 days), based on aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991). The photooxidation half-life of ethylene glycol in water ranges from 6400 hours (267 days) to 566,000 hours (64.6 years), based on the measured photooxidation rate constant with OH (Howard et al, 1991).
GROUND WATER Ethylene glycol may potentially leach to groundwater since it is completely soluble in water (Howard, 1990). The half-life of ethylene glycol in ground water is judged to range from 96 hours (4 days) to 576 hours (24 days), based on aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
TERRESTRIAL Ethylene glycol will have very high mobility in soil (HSDB, 2004). It is assumed that ethylene glycol released on land will leach to groundwater since it is completely soluble in water. It is also assumed that it will biodegrade rapidly in soil (Howard, 1990). Ethylene glycol in Anthony silt loam soil (where the dominant clays are montmorillonite and mica) will increase the intrinsic permeability of the soil by a factor of 1.2 (Dragun, 1988). Ethylene glycol in Canelo clay loam soil (where the dominant clay is kaolinite) will increase the intrinsic permeability of the soil by a factor of six (Dragun, 1988). Ethylene glycol in Chalmers sandy clay loam soil (where the dominant clays are montmorillonite and vermiculite) will increase the intrinsic permeability of the soil by a factor of two (Dragun, 1988). Ethylene glycol in Fanno clay soil (where the dominant clays are montmorillonite and mica) will increase the hydraulic conductivity of the soil by a factor of 39 and will increase the intrinsic permeability of the soil by a factor of 41 (Dragun, 1988). Ethylene glycol in Houston black clay soil will increase the hydraulic conductivity of the soil by a factor of three (Dragun, 1988). Ethylene glycol in lake bottom clay (where the dominant clays are illite and kaolinite) will increase the hydraulic conductivity of the soil by a factor of 47 and will increase the intrinsic permeability of the soil by a factor of five (Dragun, 1988). Ethylene glycol in Lufkin clay soil will increase the hydraulic conductivity of the soil by a factor of 100 (Dragun, 1988).
Ethylene glycol is not expected to volatilize from moist soil. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is possible (HSDB, 2004). The half-life of ethylene glycol in soil is judged to range from 48 hours (two days) to 288 hours (12 days), based on aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Ethylene glycol has very high mobility in soil and is expected to leach to groundwater due to its water solubility. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces may occur. It biodegrades in soil and water. It is not likely to photooxidize, adsorb to sediment, or volatilize from water. The vapor phase photooxidizes or degrades by reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (HSDB, 2004; Howard et al, 1991; Howard, 1990).
BIODEGRADATION
- After 9 months, 100% elimination of ethylene glycol at a soil concentration of 4900 mg/kg was accomplished by biodegradation. The soil was saturated with nitrogen, potassium, and oxygen (Verschueren, 2001).
- Aerobic biodegradation completes in less than 1 to 4 days. The 100% theoretical biological oxygen demand may not be realized for several weeks. Anaerobic biodegradation is complete in 7 days with ethylene glycol at 30 mg-degrees C per liter and added glycose (HSDB, 2004).
The aerobic half-life of ethylene glycol in unacclimated aqueous systems ranges from 48 hours (2 days) to 288 hours (12 days), based on grab sample, river die-away studies (Howard et al, 1991). The scientific judgment of the anaerobic half-life of ethylene glycol in unacclimated aqueous systems ranges from 192 hours (8 days) to 1152 hours (48 days), based on aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
- Degradation completed in 3 days at 20 degrees C and 5 - 14 days at 8 degrees C (river die-away test) (HSDB, 2004).
BIOACCUMULATION
Algae (Chlorella fusca): 190 (BCF) -- exposed to 50 mcg/L ethylene glycol (Verschueren, 2001) Fish (Leuciscus idus melanotus): 10 (BCF) -- exposed to 50 mcg/L ethylene glycol (Verschueren, 2001) After 3 days of exposure, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) in fish (Golden ide) was 10 (Howard, 1990; HSDB, 2004). After 61 days of exposure, the BCF in crayfish was measured at 0.21 to 0.61 (HSDB, 2004): Crayfish were exposed to ethylene glycol at 50 mcg/mL, 200 mcg/mL and 1000 mcg/mL for 61 days and then transferred to clean water for 67 days. Complete elimination of the accumulated ethylene glycol was reported within 5 days, 6 days, and 6 days, respectively.
After 1 day of exposure, the BCF in algae (Chlorella fusca) was reported to be 190 (HSDB, 2004).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
LC50 - (WATER) FROG (Rana brevipoda), tadpoles: 17,000 mg/L for 48H (IPCS, 2000) LD50 - (WATER) GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): >5000 mg/L for 24H -- modified ASTM D 1345 (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 5000 mg/L for 24H -- at 20 degrees C, static conditions (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 18,500 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 41,000 mg/L for 96H -- at 20 degrees C (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - (WATER) GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 49,300 ppm for 7D (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - (WATER) CRAYFISH (Procambarus sp.): 91,430 mg/L for 96H (IPCS, 2000) LC50 - (WATER) BROWN SHRIMP (Crangon crangon): >100 mg/L for 48H -- aerated salt water (HSDB, 2004) LC50 - (WATER) BROWN SHRIMP (Crangon crangon): about 50,000 mg/L for 96H (IPCS, 2000) LC50 - (WATER) COMMON SHRIMP (Crangon vulgaris): 50,000 mg/L for 96H (IPCS, 2000) LC50 - (WATER) WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): >10,000 - 74,400 mg/L for 48H -- immobilization at 10,000 mg/L (IPCS, 2000) Toxicity threshold - (WATER) PROTOZOA (Entosiphon sulcatum): >10,000 mg/L -- by cell multiplication inhibition test (HSDB, 2004) Toxicity threshold - (WATER) PROTOZOA (Uronema parduczi): >10,000 mg/L -- by cell multiplication inhibition test (HSDB, 2004) Toxicity threshold - (WATER) ALGAE (Microcystis aeruginosa): 2000 mg/L -- by cell multiplication inhibition test (HSDB, 2004) Toxicity threshold - (WATER) GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus quandricauda): >10,000 mg/L -- by cell multiplication inhibition test (HSDB, 2004) TC - (WATER) ALGAE (Chlorella pyrenoidosa): 180,000 mg/L (HSDB, 2004) EC50 - (WATER) GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 6500-7500 mg/L for 96H -- affected growth and cell counts (IPCS, 2000) EC50 - (WATER) GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 9500-13,000 mg/L for 96H -- affected growth and cell volume (IPCS, 2000) EC50 - (WATER) GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 24,000 mg/L for 168H -- affected growth and cell volume (IPCS, 2000)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Ethylene glycol is a colorless, clear, sweet- or bittersweet-tasting, viscous liquid. It is considerably hygroscopic; it is able to absorb twice its weight of water at 100% relative humidity (ACGIH, 1996a; Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 2000). It is heavier than water and will sink (and mix) in water (CHRIS , 2002).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 0.05 mmHg; 6.5 Pa (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996a; Lewis, 2000; Verschueren, 2001)
- 0.06 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
- 0.0878 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)
- 0.092 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
- 0.2 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg) 1.11 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001) 1.113 (at 25/25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996a; Lewis, 2000)
- STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.1 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001) 1.1204 (at 10/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 1.1135 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; ILO, 1998) 1.1065 (at 30/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 1.1088 (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002) 1.115 (at 20/4 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.11 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 2001; ITI, 1995) 1.1155 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001) 1.1135 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1997) 1.1065 g/cm(3) (at 30 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1997)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-13 degrees C; 8.6 degrees F; 260 K (ACGIH, 1996a; Ashford, 2001; CHRIS , 2002) -13.4 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001) -13.5 degrees C (Lewis, 2001)
-12.6 degrees C (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001) -13 degrees C (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1990; ILO, 1998) -15.6 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
BOILING POINT
- 20 degrees C (at 0.06 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)
- 70 degrees C (at 3.0 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)
- 100 degrees C (at 18 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)
- 140 degrees C (at 97 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)
- 196-200 degrees C (Ashford, 2001)
197 degrees C; 387 degrees F (Baselt, 2000; NFPA, 2002a) 197.2 degrees C (ITI, 1995) 197.3 degrees C (HSDB, 2005) 197.4 (at 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001) 197.5 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1996a; Lewis, 2000) 197.6 degrees C; 387 degrees F; 470.8 K (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002; Howard, 1990; ILO, 1998; OHM/TADS , 2002) 198 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)
FLASH POINT
- 111 degrees C; 232 degrees F (closed cup) (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002)
- 111.11 degrees C; 232 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1996a; CHRIS , 2002)
- 115 degrees C; 240 degrees F (open cup) (ACGIH, 1996a; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002)
- 116 degrees C; 240.8 degrees F (open cup) (HSDB, 2005; ITI, 1995)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 398 degrees C; 748 degrees F (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 2002a)
- 400 degrees C; 752 degrees F (Lewis, 2000)
- 402 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
- 412.8 degrees C; 775 degrees F (CHRIS , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002; Lewis, 2001)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
3.2% (ACGIH, 1996a; CHRIS , 2002; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a)
SOLUBILITY
Ethylene glycol is miscible with water (ACGIH, 1996a; Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1990; ILO, 1998) with solubility of 1,000,000 ppm at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002).
Ethylene glycol is slightly soluble in ether (1:200) (ACGIH, 1996a; Budavari, 2000). It is practically insoluble in benzene and its homologs, chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum ethers, oils, and ligroin (ACGIH, 1996a; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000). Ethylene glycol is miscible with alcohols, lower aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, glycerol, acetic acid, acetone and similar ketones, and pyridine and similar coal tar bases (ACGIH, 1996a; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow = -1.36 (HSDB, 2005; Howard, 1990)
- log Poct = -1.93 (Verschueren, 2001)
- log Poct = 1.34 (Verschueren, 2001)
- log Poct = 1.36 (measured) (Verschueren, 2001)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 6x10(-8) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Howard, 1990)
- 2.34x10(-10) atm-m(3)/mol (ATSDR, 1997)
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
821 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2005) Intense Mass Spectral Peaks: 33 m/z, 43 m/z, 62 m/z (HSDB, 2005)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
<0.34 g/m(3) (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001) 0.65 g/m(3) (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
1.432 (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001) 1.43312 (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 1.43063 (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995)
- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
17.3 cP (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 21 cP (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 26 cP (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
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