ETHYLENE

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

-IDENTIFICATION

SYNONYMS

ACETENE
ATHYLEN (GERMAN)
BICARBURRETTED HYDROGEN
ELAYL
ETHENE
ETHYLENE
ETHYLENE, COMPRESSED
ETHYLENE, REFRIGERATED LIQUID
ETILENO
LIQUID ETHYENE
OLEFIANT GAS

IDENTIFIERS

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER

74-85-1(Ethylene)

NIOSH/RTECS NUMBER

KU 5340000

UN/NA NUMBER

1962-Ethylene
1962-Ethylene, compressed
1038-Ethylene, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)

STCC NUMBER

4905735 (Ethylene, refrigerated liquid)
4905734 (Ethylene, compressed)

DESIGNATIONS

IMO CLASSIFICATION:2.1 : Ethylene, compressed; Ethylene, refrigerated liquid

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C2H4 H2C=CH2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

116-GASES - FLAMMABLE (UNSTABLE)(for UN/NA Number1962)
115-GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)(for UN/NA Number1038)
Polymerization Hazard (ERG, 2004)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(AAR, 1998)Lewis, 1997

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Ethylene is a common raw material in the synthetic organic chemical industry. Main chemical reactions involve additions, yielding saturated paraffins or derivatives of paraffin hydrocarbons (CGA, 1990).

Ethylene's major use is in manufacturing processes for polyethylene, and other organic chemicals, such as ethylene oxide, ethylene dichloride, and ethyl benzene and ethylene glycol (ACGIH, 1991; CGA, 1990; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1998; Raffle et al, 1994; Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1999).
Other uses include the production of ethanol, acetaldehyde, vinyl acetate, ethyl chloride, ethylene-propylene elastomers, propionaldehyde, ethylene dibromide, dichloroethane, vinyl chloride, ethyl ether, methyl acrylate, styrene (ACGIH, 1991; CGA, 1990), as well as the production of aluminum alkyls, ethylene chlorohydrin, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, SBR, polyester resins, trichloroethylene (Lewis, 1997; (HSDB , 1999). It is also used in the production of mustard gas and alcohol (Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999).

Ethylene is used for oxyethylene welding and cutting metals (Budavari, 1996; CGA, 1990) Lewis, 1997; (Raffle et al, 1994; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999; HSDB , 1999).
Ethylene has been used as a gaseous anesthetic in surgical procedures (ACGIH, 1991; Harbison, 1998) Lewis, 1997; (Lewis, 1998; Sittig, 1991).

It has been used as inhalation anesthetic in both human and veterinary medicine (Budavari, 1996; CGA, 1990) Lewis, 1997).
High concentrations are required to make it useable as an anesthetic gas (ACGIH, 1991; Harbison, 1998) Lewis, 1997; (Lewis, 1998).
Due to the high flammability and explosivity, its use as an anesthetic has been discontinued (Harbison, 1998; REPROTEXT , 1999; TERIS , 1999).

It is commercially used to accelerate the ripening of various fruits (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; CGA, 1990; Hathaway et al, 1996) Lewis, 1997; (Raffle et al, 1994; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999).

Its use increases plant growth rates (Raffle et al, 1994; HSDB , 1999)
Application of compressed ethylene initiates degreening and ripening of bananas, citrus fruits, honeydew melons, pears and pineapples. Flowering of pineapples is induced by application prior to harvest (HSDB , 1999).
At concentrations as low as 0.06 mg/L, ethylene is effective as a plant hormone. At higher concentrations, it may inhibit plant metabolism (HSDB , 1999).
Despite being an important plant metabolite, ethylene also has phytotoxic properties. It can retard growth of certain plant parts, such as the epicotyls in peas (Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1996).

It also finds use as a refrigerant (CGA, 1990) Lewis, 1997; (HSDB , 1999).

FORMS

Ethylene is shipped as compressed gas (8618 kPa at 21.1 degree C; 1250 psig at 70 degrees F). Under pressure and below 10 degrees C (50 degrees F), it exists as liquified gas (CGA, 1990).

Ethylene is available as C.P. grade (minimum purity: 99.5 mole percent) or as technical grade (minimum purity: 98.0 mole percent) (CGA, 1990).
Ethylene is available in grades of purity from 95 (technical grade) to 99.9 mole%. It should have a purity of at least 96 percent by gas volume, and should contain no more than 0.5 percent acetylene and not more than 4 percent methane and ethane as impurities (Lewis, 1997; (HSDB , 1999).

SOURCES

INDUSTRIAL

Ethylene is primarily produced via steam cracking of natural gas liquids (ACGIH, 1991).

It is most commonly produced via high temperature coil cracking of propane or of a mixture of ethane and propane, followed by recovery through low temperature, high pressure straight fractionation (CGA, 1990).

Ethylene can be produced via the following procedures:

Steam cracking of ethane, propane, liquified petroleum gas, dearomatised naphtha or heavy gasoline or natural gasoline, light gas oil (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 1999).
Huls electric arc process of natural gas + n-butane (Ashford, 1994).
Dehydration of ethanol (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 1999).
Catalytic pyrolysis (HSDB , 1999).
Membrane dehydrogenation of ethane (HSDB , 1999).
Oxydehydrogenation of ethane (HSDB , 1999).
Oxidative coupling of methane (HSDB , 1999).
Disproportionation of propylene (HSDB , 1999).
From methanol or as reaction by-product (HSDB , 1999).

It can be obtained through decomposition of petroleum gases or through dehydration of alcohol (Budavari, 1996; CGA, 1990) Lewis, 1997; (HSDB , 1999).
It can be derived from synthesis gas with ruthenium (Ru) as a catalyst (Lewis, 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL/BIOLOGICAL

Environmental sources of ethylene include atmospheric release by volcanoes, microbial (fungi and bacteria) degradation of organic material in soils, incomplete combustion and cigarette smoke (REPROTEXT , 1999; HSDB , 1999); other sources are exhaust gases from jet, car and diesel engines, emission from burning wood chips, green bush, white pine wood or agricultural wastes, emissions from acrylonitrile, chemical and petroleum manufacture, foundries, sewage treatment plants, veneer drying, wood pulping, and flue gas of municipal incinerators (HSDB , 1999).
In the mid-Atlantic ocean, photo-degradation of dissolved organic matter, a possible release from plankton, is a major source of ethylene (HSDB , 1999).
Ethylene is a plant hormone that occurs in ripening fruits, especially apples (Budavari, 1996; CGA, 1990), and avocados. It also occurs in germinating beans, corn, cotton and pea seeds, and in fading morning glory flowers (HSDB , 1999).
In biological systems, it is formed endogenously during lipid peroxidation, and it is generated by intestinal bacteria (REPROTEXT , 1999).
It occurs in illuminating gas at concentrations up to 4 percent (Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Ethylene is a simple asphyxiant gas which can cause hypoxia by displacement of oxygen from the breathing atmosphere.

Symptoms of exposure may include fatigue; mood disturbances; numbness of extremities; headache; confusion; dizziness; decreased coordination and judgement; paralysis; cyanosis; respiratory arrest; stupor; excitement; seizures; unconsciousness; and heart, liver, and kidney damage.

The compressed or liquid form may cause frostbite on direct contact.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Some may be toxic if inhaled at high concentrations.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Ethylene vapors are not irritating to the eyes or upper respiratory tract (CHRIS, 1997); it is of a low order of toxicity (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Ethylene is a simple asphyxiant gas which can cause hypoxia by displacement of oxygen from the breathing atmosphere (Lederer, 1985) CHRIS, 1997; (Hathaway et al, 1991) Clayton & Clayton, 1994; (Lewis, 1992; Budavari, 1996).

Concentrations less than 2.5% are physiologically inert (Hathaway et al, 1991) Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Concentrations of 25 to 35% produce analgesia (HSDB , 1997). Exposure to a concentration of 37% for 15 minutes may produce memory disturbances, while a 50% concentration in air can produce unconsciousness (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Death can occur when oxygen in the ambient air is displaced below the critical level of 8% (Kizer, 1984).

Ethylene is without other significant physiologic effects in humans (Lederer, 1985; Hathaway et al, 1991), except for anesthetic effects at very high concentrations (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; (Lewis, 1992).

At anesthetic concentrations, ethylene can cause transient hypertension, moderate hyperglycemia, nausea, vomiting, cyanosis, an unpleasant aftertaste, and, infrequently, cardiac arrhythmias (HSDB , 1997).

Simple asphyxiants displace oxygen from the breathing atmosphere, primarily in enclosed spaces, and result in hypoxemia (Kizer, 1984). Air hunger, fatigue, decreased vision, mood disturbances, numbness of extremities, headache, confusion, decreased coordination and judgement, cyanosis, and unconsciousness may be noted (Kizer, 1984) CHRIS, 1997).

Signs of asphyxia will be noted when atmospheric oxygen is displaced such that the oxygen concentration is 15% to 16% or less (Kizer, 1984). Unconsciousness leading to death will occur when the atmospheric oxygen concentration is reduced to 6% to 8% or less (Kizer, 1984) Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

The compressed or liquid form may cause frostbite on direct skin contact (CHRIS, 1997).

In dogs, a concentration of 1.4 percent ethylene is a rapidly-acting anesthetic (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Nearly all ethylene is excreted unchanged in the expired air. Ethylene is metabolized, to a small extent, to ETHYLENE OXIDE, a suspect carcinogen. Ethylene is converted to ethylene oxide only to the extent of approximately 0.5% (Granath et al, 1996).

A 4-hour exposure to 10,000 ppm ethylene produced hepatotoxicity in rats when hepatic mixed function oxidases had been pre-induced with Aroclor 1254, a polychlorinated biphenyl; there was no hepatoxicity without pre-treatment (Connolly & Jaeger, 1977).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

No excess deaths were seen in a group of refinery workers exposed to ethylene and other hydrocarbons (Tsai et al, 1983).

No toxic effects were apparent in rats exposed to concentrations up to 10,000 ppm for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 14 weeks (ACGIH, 1991). No evidence of chronic toxicity was seen in rats exposed to ethylene at concentrations up to 3000 ppm for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for up to 2 years (Hamm et al, 1984).

Chronic exposure to low levels of simple asphyxiants may affect the most oxygen-sensitive organs, the brain and heart.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
Rescuers should wear appropriate respiratory protection when attempting to remove victims from areas with high air concentrations. Be aware of the serious fire and explosion hazard presented by ethylene during rescue attempts.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray in cases with significant exposure.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If frostbite has occurred, DO NOT rub the affected areas, DO NOT flush affected areas with water, or attempt to remove frozen clothing.
PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If contact with escaping gas may have caused frostbite of the eyes, early ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Ingestion is unlikely because this substance is a gas at room temperature and pressure. Oral exposure to escaping gas might cause frostbite injury to the upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Administer oxygen and maintain airway as clinically indicated. Because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures, DO NOT induce emesis.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
Ethylene causes asphyxia by lowering the oxygen concentration (ACGIH, 1991).
At 50% ethylene in air, unconsciousness leading to death may occur when the atmospheric oxygen concentration is reduced to 8 percent (Hathaway et al, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

The lethal concentration of ethylene in air for mice was 950,000 ppm (OHM/TADS , 1999).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Exposure to 37 percent ethylene for 15 minutes may produce marked memory disturbances (Hathaway et al, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

In dogs, ethylene at a concentration of 1.4 percent, functions as a fast-acting anesthetic (REPROTEXT , 1999).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-85-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, Alkanes (C1-C4)
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Ethylene

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Ethylene

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Ethylene

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS74-85-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

Budavari, 1996 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1999
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 1.17 mg / m(3) (HSDB , 1999)
1 mg / m(3) = 0.86 ppm (HSDB , 1999)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS74-85-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, Alkanes (C1-C4)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1000 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Card sens; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Ethylene

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 200 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Asphyxia
Molecular Weight: 28.05

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS74-85-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS74-85-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS74-85-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS74-85-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS74-85-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS74-85-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS74-85-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS74-85-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS74-85-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Ethylene
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS74-85-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS74-85-1 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1962 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ethylene

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1962
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions:

Not Listed

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 302

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1038 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ethylene, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1038
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: T75, TP5

T75: Applicable refrigerated liquefied gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn.178.277 of this subchapter.
TP5: For a portable tank used for the transport of flammable refrigerated liquefied gases or refrigerated liquefied oxygen, the maximum rate at which the portable tank may be filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the primary pressure relief system rated at a pressure not exceeding 120 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. For portable tanks used for the transport of refrigerated liquefied helium and refrigerated liquefied atmospheric gas (except oxygen), the maximum rate at which the tank is filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the pressure relief device rated at 130 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. Except for a portable tank containing refrigerated liquefied helium, a portable tank shall have an outage of at least two percent below the inlet of the pressure relief device or pressure control valve, under conditions of incipient opening, with the portable tank in a level attitude. No outage is required for helium.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 316
Bulk packaging: 318, 319

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1962 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Ethylene
UN Number: 1962

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1038 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Ethylene, refrigerated liquid
UN Number: 1038

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS74-85-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethylene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store in tightly closed containers (Sittig, 1991).
Any commercially available metal may be used with ethylene (CGA, 1990).
Store in steel pressure cylinders or tank barges (OHM/TADS , 1999).
To prevent accidental ignition, all piping and equipment used with ethylene should be grounded (CGA, 1990; Sittig, 1991).
- Where ethylene is used, electrical equipment used should belong to Class I, Group C (NFPA, 1997).
- Explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings should be used (Sittig, 1991).
- Opening and closing of containers with ethylene should strictly be done with non-sparking tools and equipment (Sittig, 1991).
Protect cylinder against physical damage. If possible, store cylinders outdoor or in detached storage (ITI, 1995).
For ethylene service, cylinders with maximum service pressure ratings of 1800, 2000 and 2400 psig are authorized for the TC/DOT specifications 3A, 3AA, 3AX, 3AAX, 3AL, and 3T. Also authorized are cylinders with the specifications 3E1800, 3AA2265, and Specification 39 cylinders. Cylinders manufactured under the (obsolete) DOT-3 specifications may still be used. For shipment of ethylene gas in Specification 39 cylinders, the internal volume must not exceed 75 in(3) or 0.0123 m(3) (CGA, 1990).
- Hydrostatic retesting is not required for cylinders of Specifications 3E. Retesting is required for cylinders of Specifications 3A and 3AA every five years or every ten years under certain limitations. Cylinders of Specifications 3AX, 3AAX, 3AL and 3T must be retested every five years. See CFR 173.34 for details (CGA, 1990).
- Maximum cylinder filling limits (percent water capacity by weight) are as follows (CGA, 1990): for cylinders of 1800 psig (12,411 kPa) maximum service pressure: 31 percent for cylinders of 2000 psig (13,790 kPa) maximum service pressure: 32.5 percent for cylinders of 2400 psig (16,547 kPa) maximum service pressure: 35.5 percent
- For ethylene cylinders, Type CG-1 rupture disk is the authorized pressure relief device (CGA, 1990).
- In the US and Canada, Connection CGA 350 is the standard valve outlet connection for ethylene cylinders (CGA, 1990).
- For medically used ethylene, the standard yoke connection in the US and Canada is Connection CGA 900 (CGA, 1990).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Any commercially available metal may be used with ethylene (CGA, 1990).
Constructions must be designed to withstand high pressures and comply with applicable regulations (CGA, 1990).
Indoor storage of cylinders should be in a fireproof, well-ventilated, dry and cool area (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 1999; HSDB , 1999).
Any source of ignition (such as smoking and open flames) is prohibited (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 1999).
Shield against static electricity and lightning (NFPA, 1997; HSDB , 1999).
Store separately from oxidizing agents, halogens and other combustibles (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 1999).
Use only non-sparking tools when working near containers of ethylene (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Cylinders containing ethylene should be stored separately from those containing oxygen, chlorine, or other oxidizing or combustible materials (CGA, 1990; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
It is also incompatible with acids, halogens, hydrogen bromide, nitrogen dioxide and chlorine dioxide (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
NEVER ship together with explosives, radioactive substances, poisons, or organic peroxides (ITI, 1995).
Ethylene is incompatible with aluminium chloride, ozone, carbon tetrachloride (especially in the presence of benzoyl peroxide), chlorine, tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoromethyl hypofluorite, bromotrichloromethane, hydrogen, lithium, dinitrogen tetraoxide, nitrogen dioxide, copper (HSDB , 1999; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 1999; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 1995).
Sudden increase in ethylene pressure in a pipeline may result in auto-ignition (Urben, 1995).
Accumulation of static electricity may cause ignition of vapors (NFPA, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

Approach fires only with caution (AAR, 1998).

Avoid breathing the vapors from this material and do not attempt to handle broken or leaking containers without proper protective equipment (AAR, 1998) CHRIS, 1985).

Appropriate chemical protective goggles and gloves should be worn (AAR, 1998).

Use special gloves and clothing to prevent freezing of body tissue from exposure to cold equipment, vapor or liquid (Sittig, 1991).

Unless full face piece respiratory equipment is used, splash-proof goggles and face shield should be worn when working with liquid ethylene (Sittig, 1991).

Use a self-contained breathing apparatus with full face piece (in positive pressure mode) when working in oxygen deficient areas (Sittig, 1991; CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 1999).

Organic vapor canister breathing devices may be used (OHM/TADS , 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Use a self-contained breathing apparatus with full face piece (in positive pressure mode) when working in oxygen deficient areas (Sittig, 1991; CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 1999).

Organic vapor canister breathing devices may be used (OHM/TADS , 1999).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Ethylene is classified as a simple asphyxiant. Concentrations below 2.5 percent are physiologically inert. At very high concentrations narcosis, unconsciousness, and asphyxia due to oxygen displacement may occur (Hathaway et al, 1991).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 74-85-1.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
Neese Industries, Inc. 10646 Airline Hwy Gonzales, LA 70737 USA Phone: (225) 647-6553 Fax: (225) 644-3517 Toll-Free: (800) 535-8042 Website: http://www.neeseind.com Email: customerservice@neeseind.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)
- EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.
- Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Will form explosive mixtures with air.
- Silane will ignite spontaneously in air.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.
- Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Will form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Ethylene is an extremely flammable gas that can easily be ignited by flames, heat, or sparks (AAR, 1998). It presents a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to flames or heat (AAR, 1998) Lewis, 1997; (Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1996). It requires low ignition energy, and may decompose explosively when heated or ignited. At high pressure, explosive decomposition may occur at room temperature (NFPA, 1997).
Vapors may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and then flash back over the vapor trail (AAR, 1998; CHRIS , 1999).
Stop flow of leaking material before combatting the fire (AAR, 1998; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 1999; CHRIS , 1999; HSDB, 2004).
Eliminate all sources of possible ignition, such as flames, flares, smoking, and sparks (AAR, 1998; NFPA, 1997).
Containers exposed to the heat of a fire, and workers involved in shut-off procedures, should be cooled with flooding quantities of water spray or fog (AAR, 1998; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 1999; CHRIS , 1999).
- Water should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 1998; NFPA, 1997; HSDB, 2004).
Containers should be moved from the area of the fire. Try to stop leaks (AAR, 1998; NFPA, 1997)
Ethylene may explode if it is ignited in enclosed area (CHRIS , 1999).
Ethylene floats and boils on water (HSDB, 2004).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS74-85-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethylene
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

High pressure and heating of containers may result in explosive decomposition (NFPA, 1997).
Reaction may occur with oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1997).
At 350 degrees C and 170 bar pressure, explosive decomposition can occur (HSDB, 2004).
With electric initiation, the limiting pressure for explosive decomposition was found to be 100 to 250 bar, and the limiting temperature range was 120 to 250 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.
CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049) and Deuterium (UN1957) burn with an invisible flame.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray or fog.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray or fog.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS74-85-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethylene
Extinguishing Method(s): 6

6: Flammable gas fires are only safe to extinguish once the gas flow has been turned off. Attempting to fight a gas fire without turning off the gas can cause formation of an explosive gas cloud.

If ethylene itself is on fire or involved in fire, fire should not be extinguished unless the flow of leaking material can be stopped (AAR, 1998; HSDB, 2004).

First try stopping the leak (AAR, 1998; CHRIS , 1999).

Water may be used in flooding amounts as fog (AAR, 1998; Sittig, 1991).

Use water spray (flooding quantities) to cool affected containers (AAR, 1998; Sittig, 1991; HSDB, 2004).
Knock down vapors with water spray (AAR, 1998; CHRIS , 1999).

Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, fine water spray or foam extinguishers may be used to fight fires (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999; CHRIS , 1999; HSDB, 2004).

Stay a large distance from the fire when applying water (AAR, 1998; CHRIS , 1999; HSDB, 2004).

Isolate from all potential sources of ignition (such as sparks or flames) (AAR, 1998; CHRIS , 1999).

Prevent leakage of material into water sources and sewers (AAR, 1998).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Ethylene releases acrid smoke and irritating fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Ethylene represents a moderate explosion hazard (Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1996).

Ethylene is an extremely flammable gas that can easily be ignited by flames, heat, or sparks (AAR, 1998). It requires low ignition energy, and may decompose explosively when heated or ignited. At high pressure, explosive decomposition may occur at room temperature (NFPA, 1997).

In the absence of air, explosive decomposition occurred at 350 degrees C and 170 bar pressure (Urben, 1995; HSDB, 2004).

Ethylene is explosive at high temperatures and pressures, over a wide range of concentrations of mixtures with air, when exposed to sunlight in the presence of chlorine, or when exposed to oxidizing agents (OHM/TADS , 1999).

With electric initiation, the limiting pressure for explosive decomposition was found to be 100 to 250 bar, and the limiting temperature range was 120 to 250 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).

Explosive reaction may occur between ethylene and:

Aluminium chloride (in the presence of nickel catalysts, methyl chloride or nitromethane)(Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999; HSDB, 2004)
Bromotrichloromethane (following heating to 120 degrees C at 51 bar) (Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; HSDB, 2004)
Carbon tetrachloride (at temperatures of 25-105 degrees C, pressures of 30-80 bar; especially high risk in the presence of benzoyl peroxide)(Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999; HSDB, 2004)
Chlorotrifluoroethylene (explosive polymerization when exposed to 50 kv gamma rays at 308 krad/H)(Urben, 1995; Lewis, 1996)
Tetrafluoroethylene (when heated to 160 degrees C at 480 bar) (Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; HSDB, 2004)
Hydrogen (at temperatures sufficient to hydrogenate ethylene) (Urben, 1995; NFPA, 1997)
Chlorine (catalyzed by sunlight; UV light; in the presence of mercury, mercury oxide, or silver oxide at ambient temperature; in the presence of lead oxide at 100 degrees C) (Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999; HSDB, 2004)
Molecular sieves pore size 5A (if not soaked in ethylene prior to its use for ethylene drying)(Urben, 1995)
Ozone (at pressures below 10 mbar and temperature of -150 degrees C; also in the presence of formyl fluoride)(Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999; HSDB, 2004)
Lithium (Urben, 1995)
Dinitrogen tetraoxide (ITI, 1995)
Trifluoromethyl hypofluorite (ITI, 1995; HSDB, 2004)
Copper (catalyzes violent polymerization above 400 degrees C at 54 bar) (Urben, 1995).
Chlorine dioxide (NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997)
Nitrogen dioxide (NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; OHM/TADS , 1999)
Acids, halogens, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen bromide (Pohanish & Greene, 1997)
Oxidizing agents (CGA, 1990; HSDB , 1999; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Ethylene releases acrid smoke and irritating fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

High concentrations of vapors may cause asphyxia or have an anesthetic effect (Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1996; OHM/TADS , 1999).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Sudden increase in ethylene pressure in an air-containing pipeline from 1 to 88.5 bar resulted in autoignition of ethylene (Urben, 1995).

Hazardous reactions with oxidizing agents, halogens, or other combustibles may occur (NFPA, 1997).

Ethylene should never be shipped together with (ITI, 1995):

Explosives
Poisons
Radioactive substances
Organic peroxides

Ethylene does not react with water or common materials (CHRIS , 1999).

Explosive reaction may occur between ethylene and:

Aluminium chloride (in the presence of nickel catalysts, methyl chloride or nitromethane)(Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999; HSDB, 2004)
Bromotrichloromethane (following heating to 120 degrees C at 51 bar) (Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; HSDB, 2004)
Carbon tetrachloride (at temperatures of 25-105 degrees C, pressures of 30-80 bar; especially high risk in the presence of benzoyl peroxide)(Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999; HSDB, 2004)
Chlorotrifluoroethylene (explosive polymerization when exposed to 50 kv gamma rays at 308 krad/H)(Urben, 1995; Lewis, 1996)
Tetrafluoroethylene (when heated to 160 degrees C at 480 bar) (Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; HSDB, 2004)
Hydrogen (at temperatures sufficient to hydrogenate ethylene) (Urben, 1995; NFPA, 1997)
Chlorine (catalyzed by sunlight; UV light; in the presence of mercury, mercury oxide, or silver oxide at ambient temperature; in the presence of lead oxide at 100 degrees C) (Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999; HSDB, 2004)
Molecular sieves pore size 5A (if not soaked in ethylene prior to its use for ethylene drying)(Urben, 1995)
Ozone (at pressures below 10 mbar and temperature of -150 degrees C; also in the presence of formyl fluoride)(Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 1999; HSDB, 2004)
Lithium (Urben, 1995)
Dinitrogen tetraoxide (ITI, 1995)
Trifluoromethyl hypofluorite (ITI, 1995; HSDB, 2004)
Copper (catalyzes violent polymerization above 400 degrees C at 54 bar) (Urben, 1995)
Chlorine dioxide (NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997)
Nitrogen dioxide (NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; OHM/TADS , 1999)
Acids, halogens, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen bromide (Pohanish & Greene, 1997)
Oxidizing agents (CGA, 1990; HSDB, 2004; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)

Ethylene releases acrid smoke and irritating fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.

Stay upwind of fires, spills, and leaks, and keep out of low-lying areas (AAR, 1998).

Evacuation of an area ONE-THIRD MILE in RADIUS should be considered in case of uncontrollable fire or direct exposure of a container to flames (AAR, 1998).

If ethylene is leaking but not on fire, EVACUATING in a downwind direction should be considered, with the size of the area determined by such factors as amount of material spilled, the weather conditions, and spill location (AAR, 1998).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS74-85-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS74-85-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Ethylene
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 200
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 600
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 1500
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 7500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS74-85-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS74-85-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
- Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
NEVER use a FLAME for leak detection! Use soapy water solution to detect leaks from containers, connections or piping, and watch for formation of bubbles. Immediately isolate from all potential sources of ignition, and move cylinder to a safe area. Mark cylinder as defective and post FIRE HAZARD warning signs in the area (CGA, 1990).
In case of spill or leakage, provide adequate ventilation. Use forced ventilation to keep concentration of gas below explosive limits. Move cylinder to open area (ITI, 1995; HSDB, 2004).
For spills on land, try to prevent dispersion by forming mechanical or chemical barriers (HSDB, 2004).
Ethylene should be kept out of sewers and water sources (AAR, 1998).
For spills in water, bind solubilized chemical by applying activated carbon (use 10% of spill amount over region containing a concentration of greater than or equal to 10 mg/liter). Immobilized mass may then be removed mechanically through dredges or lifts. Peat moss may also be used as sorbent (HSDB, 2004).
Use pipeline, fitted into furnace or pit, to carefully burn gas waste (ITI, 1995).
Vapors may be knocked down using water spray (AAR, 1998; CHRIS , 1999).
Fire and air authorities should be notified of releases (OHM/TADS , 1999).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

The best procedure for disposal is burning of the gas in a burning unit. This procedure should be performed by specially trained personnel and in accordance with any applicable regulations (CGA, 1990).
Use pipeline, fitted into furnace or pit, to carefully burn gas waste (ITI, 1995).
Proper disposal methods for ethylene include spraying it into an incinerator or burning it in paper packaging. Addition of a flammable solvent is allowed (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Burn off may be used for beach or shore restoration purposes (OHM/TADS , 1999).
For in situ amelioration procedures, carbon or peat may be used on the soluble portion (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Proper disposal is via incineration. Flammable solvents may be added to aid in burning (HSDB, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

The following environmental concentrations were measured at the indicated dates and locations:

WATER: Sept. and Oct. 1988 - mid-Atlantic Ocean - 63-246 pmol/L
WATER: April 1985 - Indian Ocean (coast of Madagascar and Africa) - 6-36 ppbV (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: June 1976 - South Texas coast - 5.8-13.2 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: 1977 - Gulf of Mexico (near outflow of Mississippi River) - 20.1-20.7 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: 1977 - Gulf of Mexico - 0.6-5.0 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: 1977 - Caribbean Sea - 3.7-4.7 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: 1966 to 1973 - Gulf of Mexico - 1.7-35.0 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: 1966 to 1973 - Caribbean Sea - 2.2-12.0 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: 1966 to 1973 - Atlantic Ocean - 1.1-11.0 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: 1966 to 1973 - Pacific Ocean - 2-11 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: 1966 to 1973 - York River, VA - 13 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: 1966 to 1973 - Potomac River - 11 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
WATER: 1966 to 1973 - Lower Chesapeake Bay - 9 nL/L (HSDB, 2004)
SEDIMENT/SOIL (interstitial water): 1977 - Bering shelf - 10-131 mL/L (HSDB, 2004)
SEDIMENT/SOIL (interstitial water): 1977 - Bering slope - 11-91 mL/L (HSDB, 2004)
SEDIMENT/SOIL (interstitial water): 1977 - Aleutian basin - 9-150 mL/L (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: Downtown Los Angeles, CA - 20-102 ppb (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: East San Gabriel Valley - 15-37 ppb (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: Urban air (location unspecified) - 12-250 ppb (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: Jan. 1980 - South Pole and Pacific Northwest (approx. 45 degrees N) - 50 and 200 ppt respectively(HSDB, 2004)
AIR: July 15 to Aug. 22, 1987 - Exelberg, Austria - 0.6-1.7 ppb (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: July 27, 1978 - Tulsa, OK - 6.5-11.5 ppbC (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: July 27, 1978 - Tulsa, OK (rural site) - 1.0 ppbC (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: Sept. 1978 - Smoky Mountain National Park, TN - 1.4-4.7 ppbC (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: Sept. 1978 - Rio Blanco county, CO - 1.2-1.4 ppbC (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: Sept. 1969 - Pt. Barrow, AK - 0.5 ppb (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: Jetmore, KA - 383 ppt (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: San Jose, CA - 6796 ppt (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: Harwell, England - 2.3 ppb (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: Sept. 1973 to April 1974 - Houston, TX - 3.15-682.0 ppb (HSDB, 2004)
AIR: Dec. 1982 to Jan. 1983 - Sunderijal, Nepal (indoor air) - 490 ppbV (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: May 1983 - Automobile exhaust - U.S. Highway 70, Raleigh, NC - 4.45-7.44% total non-methane hydrocarbons (TNMHC) (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Gasoline fueled engines - 108-135 mg/km driven (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Gasoline fueled engines - driven in urban area - 211.94 mg/km driven (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Gasoline fueled engines - driven in suburban area - 123.2 mg/km driven (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Gasoline fueled engines - driven in rural area - 93.39 mg/km driven (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Gasoline fueled engines - driven on motor-way - 82.58-102.26 mg/km driven (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Gasoline fueled engines - increased speed from 20 to 115 km/h - increased emission from 6.2 to 13% total hydrocarbon content (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Air containing automobile emissions - 0.04-1.06 ppm (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: 1970 - Lincoln-Tunnel (between Weehawhen, NJ and Manhattan Island, NY) - 1374.9 ppbC (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: 1982 - Lincoln-Tunnel (between Weehawhen, NJ and Manhattan Island, NY) - 408.7 ppbC (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Jet engine emission - 0.27-731.3 ppmC (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Wood combustion emission - 537-847 ppb (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Percent of total hydrocarbon content (THC) in gasoline fueled cars: 1987 Toyota Camry - 3.02-5.31 (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Percent of total hydrocarbon content (THC) in gasoline fueled cars: 1986 GMC Grand Am - 3.55-7.04 (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Percent THC in gasoline fueled cars: 1986 Ford Mustang - 3.8-5.91 (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Percent THC in gasoline fueled cars: 1984 GM Cavalier - 5.32-9.27 (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Percent THC in gasoline fueled cars: 1986 Chrysler Omni - 3.13-4.75 (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Percent THC in gasoline fueled cars: 1987 Nissan Sentra - 2.84-5.61 (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Percent THC in gasoline fueled cars: 1985 Honda Accord - 4.04-6.71 (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Percent THC in gasoline fueled cars: 1987 Toyota Corolla - 3.42-5.82 (HSDB, 2004)
EFFLUENTS: Percent THC in gasoline fueled cars: 1987 Dodge Caravelle - 4.27-6.37 (HSDB, 2004)
FOOD AND CIGARETTES: 1990 - Bisbee Delicious apples (during fruit growth and maturation) - 2.27-9.32 mcL/L
FOOD AND CIGARETTES: Airborne yield per cigarette - 1200 mcg/cigarette
FOOD AND CIGARETTES: Expired air - smoker - 120 mcg
FOOD AND CIGARETTES: Expired air - non-smoker - 0.91 mcg
OTHER: Ethylene has been qualitatively identified in: stack emissions from waste incinerators; emissions from burning polyethylene; emissions from alkylate-powered lawn mowers and mopeds; nuclear submarine air; gaseous plant metabolites released during nuclear (beans, corn, cotton, pea seeds); all plant tissues (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, degradation of vapor-phase ethylene may occur through reaction with ozone (half-life 6.5 days), nitrate radicals (half-life 190 days) or photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life 1.9 days) (HSDB, 2004).
- At 25 degrees C, the rate constant for the reaction between vapor-phase ethylene and ozone in the troposphere was 1.75 x 10(-18) cm(3)/molecule-sec (HSDB, 2004).
- At 25 degrees C, the rate constant for the reaction between vapor-phase ethylene and nitrate radicals was 2.14 x 10(-16) cm(3)/molecule-sec (HSDB, 2004).
- At 25 degrees C, the rate constant for the reaction between vapor-phase ethylene and photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals was 8.52 x 10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec (HSDB, 2004).
- Atmospheric half-lives for reaction with hydroxyl radicals and ozone were 1D and 4.2D, respectively (Verschueren, 2001).
- The atmospheric half-life for reaction with hydroperoxyl radical is <13,000D (Verschueren, 2001).
Photolysis: No photolyzable function (Howard et al, 1991).
The photooxidation half-life ranges from a high of 56 hours to a low of 6.2 hours, based upon a measured rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl radicals in an aqueous solution (Howard et al, 1991).
The experimentally calculated vapor pressure of 5.213 x 10(4) mmHg indicates that ethylene exists primarily in vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere (HSDB, 2004).
Under photochemical smog conditions in Southeast England, the lifetime was estimated to be 7.2 hours (Verschueren, 2001; HSDB, 2004).
The half-life in air ranges from a high of 56 hours to a low of 6.2 hours, based on combined, measured photooxidation rate constants for hydroxyl radicals and ozone (Howard et al, 1991).
In the atmosphere, degradation of ethylene gas may occur through ozone (half-life 6.5 days), nitrate radicals (half-life 190 days) or photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life 1.9 days) (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In aquatic ecosystems, hydrolysis, bioconcentration, adsorption, and biodegradation are not considered to be important processes. Volatilization seems to be the main environmental fate process in soil and water. Estimates from a model river and a model lake showed volatilization half-lives of 1.6H and 50H, respectively (HSDB, 2004).
- Estimated adsorption coefficients (Koc) of 100 and 300 in combination with a high vapor pressure (5.213 x 10(4) mmHg) suggest that ethylene permeates through organic matter of sediments and of suspended material in gaseous form (HSDB, 2004).
- Rapid volatilization from environmental waters is suggested by the experimentally calculated Henry's Law constant of 0.228 atm-m(3)/mole at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).
- The estimated volatilization half-life in a model river was 1.6 hours. In a model lake, the estimated volatilization half-life was 50 hours. Both estimates were based on Henry's Law constant. The model river was 1 m deep, flowing at 1 m/sec, with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec. The model lake was 1 m deep, flowing at 0.05 m/sec, with a wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec (HSDB, 2004).
- Photooxidation: High: 76,800 hours (3200 days); Low: 1920 hours (80 days). Based on a measured rate constant for the reaction of the material with hydroxyl radicals in an aqueous solution. (Howard et al, 1991)
- Hydrolysis: First order hydrolysis half-life: No hydrolyzable function (Howard et al, 1991).
- Under acid conditions, ethylene undergoes addition reactions, resulting in the formation of ethanol (OHM/TADS , 1999).
- In the presence of chlorine, ethylene will react to form dichloroethane (OHM/TADS , 1999).
- Auto-oxidation may occur and lead to the generation of various derivatives. This process is initiated by free radicals, and is accelerated by light or by metal ions (OHM/TADS , 1999).
- Dispersion: Ethylene gas will rapidly disperse in water (OHM/TADS , 1999).
- The half-life in surface water ranges from a high of 672 hours (4 weeks) to a low of 24 hours (1 day), based on scientific judgement using biodegradation half-lives (Howard et al, 1991).
GROUND WATER
- The half-life in groundwater ranges from a high of 1344 hours (8 weeks) to a low of 48 hours (2 days), based on scientific judgement using soil biodegradation half-lives (Howard et al, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In soil, hydrolysis, bioconcentration, adsorption, and biodegradation are not considered to be important processes (HSDB, 2004).
- The high vapor pressure suggests that ethylene permeates soil and sediment mainly as gas. Volatilization is expected to be the main environmental fate process in soil and water. This expectation is based on the measured vapor pressure of 5.213 x 10(4) mmHg at 25 degrees C, and Henry's Law constant of 0.228 atm-m(3)/mole at 25 degrees C. Calculated adsorption coefficients (Koc) of 100 and 300 are indicative of medium to high mobility class in soil, but in combination with the high vapor pressure value, these data suggest that ethylene permeates the soil as gas (HSDB, 2004).
- The half-life in soil ranges from a high of 672 hours (4 weeks) to a low of 24 hours (1 day), based on scientific judgement using biological screening tests in soil (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Volatilization is likely the main fate mechanism for ethylene in soil and water. Vapor phase ethylene degrades by reaction with ozone, nitrate radicals, or photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Hydrolysis, adsorption, and biodegradation are not important in aquatic or terrestrial systems. The material can migrate into soil or sediment pore spaces in the gaseous form based on the calculated organic carbon adsorption coefficients (Kocs) of 100 and 300 and the vapor pressure of 5.213 x 10(4) mmHg at 25 degrees C. Auto-oxidation is possible in aquatic systems where free radicals are present, transforming ethylene to various derivatives. Acidic waters may lead to formation of ethanol. It does not photolyze (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 1999; Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

AQUEOUS BIODEGRADATION (UNACCLIMATED)

AEROBIC HALF-LIFE

High: 672 hours (4 weeks); Low: 24 hours (1 day). Based on scientific judgement using soil biodegradation half-lives (Howard et al, 1991).

ANAEROBIC HALF-LIFE

High: 2688 hours (16 weeks); Low: 96 hours (4 days). Using scientific judgement and soil biodegradation half-lives (Howard et al, 1991).

TERRESTRIAL BIODEGRADATION

Degradation studies in pure culture suggest the potential for microbial degradation. However, the majority of ethylene is expected to be oxidized to ethylene oxide, which is not available for microbial degradation, and hence, may accumulate in the environment (HSDB, 2004).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Estimated bioconcentration factors are between 4 and 40 (HSDB, 2004).
This calculation was based on a water solubility of 131 mg/L at 25 degrees C and a log octanol/water partition coefficient of 1.13, using recommended regression-derived equations (HSDB, 2004).
The calculated bioconcentration factor range indicates that bioaccumulation is NOT an important process for ethylene (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ethylene is toxic to fish. Exposure to 22 ppm of ethylene for 1H was lethal to sunfish (OHM/TADS , 1999; CHRIS , 1999).

It is not harmful to aquatic life (CHRIS , 1999).

Crop plants may be injured from exposure to ethylene concentrations above 0.5 ppm in air for 24 H (OHM/TADS , 1999).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

28.05

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Ethylene is a common air contaminant (Lewis, 1996).

It is a colorless, lighter-than-air gas. Its characteristic odor and taste have been described as: sweetish, musty, mild, slightly ethereal, pleasant (AAR, 1998; ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; CGA, 1990; CHRIS , 1999) Lewis, 1997; (NFPA, 1997; Raffle et al, 1994; Sittig, 1991). Its odor is also described as having an olefinic, hedonic tone, being perceived as unpleasant to neutral (HSDB , 1999).

Other sources describe it as colorless, odorless and tasteless (Lewis, 1996; HSDB , 1999).

It may exist as a compressed or liquified gas (cryogenic liquid) (CHRIS , 1999; NFPA, 1997).

It polymerizes at high pressures (HSDB , 1999) or following heating up to 600 degrees C (ILO, 1998).
The gas remains colorless in water (OHM/TADS , 1999).
It is non-corrosive (HSDB , 1999), and it does not undergo reaction with water or common materials (CHRIS , 1999).
Exposure to gas or liquified gas may lead to burns, severe injury and/or frost bites (HSDB , 1999).

It is easily ignited, and flames are likely to flash back to the source of a leak (AAR, 1998; HSDB , 1999).

It burns with a luminous flame (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999).
It floats on and boils on water, producing a visible and flammable vapor cloud (CHRIS , 1999).
Fire may result in generation of irritating and/or toxic gases (HSDB , 1999).

It is considered a simple asphyxiant (CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1996) LOLI, 1999; (OHM/TADS , 1999; Raffle et al, 1994).

Vapors are anesthetic, moderate concentrations in air may lead to unconsciousness (HDSB, 1999).

It belongs in the class of open-chain (=aliphatic) hydrocarbons, containing double bonds (=unsaturated) (ILO, 1998; Raffle et al, 1994).

It is the simplest chemical in the alkene group (Raffle et al, 1994).
It exists as monoclinic prisms when it solidifies at -181 degrees C (HSDB , 1999).

Ethylene is available in grades of purity from 99 to 100% (CHRIS , 1999). Ethylene at C.P. grade has a minimum purity of 99.5 mole percent, technical grade has a minimum purity of 98.0 mole percent (CGA, 1990).

VAPOR PRESSURE

VAPOR PRESSURE

8100 kPa (at 15 degrees C) (ILO, 1998)
100 mmHg (OHM/TADS , 1999)
10 mmHg (at -131.8 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 1999)
4040 kPa (-1.5 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.30342 g/mL (at 6.5/4 degrees C)(Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.6 g/mL (ACGIH, 1991)
LIQUID: 0.610 g/mL (Lewis, 1997; (Lewis, 1996)
GAS: 1.260 g/L (Budavari, 1996; NFPA, 1997)
GAS: 0.0787 lb/ft(3) (CGA, 1990)
GAS: 1.261 kg/m(3) (CGA, 1990)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.57 g/mL at (-130.8 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)
LIQUID: 0.569 g/mL (at -103.8 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1999)
LIQUID: 0.569 g/mL (at -103.8 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)
LIQUID: 35.42 lb/ft(3) (at boiling point) (CGA, 1990)
LIQUID: 567.47 kg/m(3) (at boiling point) (CGA, 1990)

RELATIVE VAPOR DENSITY

0.57 (-103.8 degrees C) (OTHER-TP) (ITI, 1995)
0.465 (25 degrees C) (water=1) (OTHER-TP)(ILO, 1998)
0.975 (NL-TP) (air=1.29) (Lewis, 1997)
0.98 (NL-TP) (Lewis, 1996) Raffle, 1994; (OHM/TADS , 1999; ACGIH, 1991)
0.97 (NL-TP) (NFPA, 1997)
1.0 (NL-TP) (CHRIS , 1999)
0.978 (NL-TP) (air=1) (HSDB , 1999; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998)
0.978 (STP) (CGA, 1990)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-169.1 degrees C; -272.4 degrees F; 104.1 degrees K(CHRIS , 1999a)
-169 degrees C(Ashford, 1994a; Lewis, 1997)

MELTING POINT

-169.4 degrees C(Budavari, 1996a; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996a; OHM/TADS , 1999a)
-169.4 degrees C; -272.9 degrees F (CGA, 1990)
-169.2 degrees C(ACGIH, 1991a)
-169 degrees C; -272 degrees F(ILO, 1998a; NFPA, 1997a)
-169 degrees C(HSDB , 1999a)

BOILING POINT

-104 degrees C; -155 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

-104 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; ILO, 1998; Sittig, 1991)

-103.8 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

-103.9 degrees C (Lewis, 1997; (Lewis, 1996)

-102.4 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 1999)

-130.7 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

-102.4 degrees C (at 700 mm Hg) (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999)

-103.8 degrees C; -154.8 degrees F (at 1 atm) (CGA, 1990)

-103.7 degrees C; -154.7 degrees F (at 1 atm)(CHRIS , 1999)

-90.8 degrees C (at 2 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

-52.8 degrees C (at 10 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

-14.2 degrees C (at 30 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

8.9 degrees C (at 50 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

FLASH POINT

approximately -135 degrees C (-213 degrees F) (Lewis, 1997)

-130 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

-181 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

approximately -213 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 1999)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

450 degrees C (ILO, 1998)

543 degrees C; 1009 degrees F (Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995) Lewis, 1997; (OHM/TADS , 1999)

IN AIR: 490 degrees C; 914 degrees F (CGA, 1990) IN OXYGEN: 485 degrees C; 905 degrees F (CGA, 1990)

IN AIR (at 1 bar): 492 degrees C (Urben, 1995) IN AIR (at 68-102 bar): 204 to 371 degrees C (Urben, 1995)

914 degrees F (Lewis, 1996)

490 degrees C, 914 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; HSDB , 1999)

450 degrees C, 842 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

842 degrees F (CHRIS , 1999)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

3% (Lewis, 1997)
2.7% (NFPA, 1997; ACGIH, 1991; CGA, 1990; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1999)
2.75% (CHRIS , 1999)
3.02% (Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 1999)

UPPER

36% (ACGIH, 1991; CGA, 1990; ILO, 1998) Lewis, 1997; (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1999)
34% (Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 1999)
28.6% (CHRIS , 1999)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT: log KOW = 1.13 (HSDB , 1999)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.228 atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C)(HSDB , 1999)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

1131 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection)(HSDB , 1999)

3-3 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons) (HSDB , 1999)

MASS

4 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons)(HSDB , 1999)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odor Index: 57,100 (at 20 degrees C)(HSDB , 1999)
Detection in air: 2.60 x 10(2) ppm (purity unspecified)(HSDB , 1999)

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

100 and 300 (calculated) (HSDB, 2004)

SURFACE TENSION

0.016 N/m; 16 dynes/cm (at -104 degrees C)(CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 1999)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

50.7 atm (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999)
744 psi (absolute) (Lewis, 1997)
742 psia; 50.5 atm; 5.11 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 1999)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

9.6 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999)
9.9 degrees C; 49.82 degrees F (CGA, 1990)
9.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
9.9 degrees C; 49.8 degrees F; 283.1 degrees K (CHRIS , 1999)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-471.94 x 10(5) J/kg; -11,272 cal/g; -20,290 Btu/lb (CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 1999)
1411 kJ/mole (HSDB , 1999)

HEAT OF FUSION

119 kJ/kg; 51.2 Btu/lb (at melting point)(CGA, 1990)
3.33 kJ/mole (at -169.4 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.363 (-100) (ITI, 1995)
1.363 at 100 degrees C/D (HSDB , 1999)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

10.51 eV (HSDB , 1999)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

0.05 N/m; 50 dynes/ cm (estimated, at -104 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1999)

VISCOSITY

0.01 mPa.s 20 degrees C (HSDB , 1999)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents