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ETHYL METHACRYLATE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Ethyl methacrylate is formed by reacting methacrylic acid or methyl methacrylate with ethanol in the presence of mineral acid.

Specific Substances

    1) Ethyl alpha-methyl acrylate
    2) Ethyl methacrylate
    3) Ethyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
    4) Methacrylic acid, ethyl ester
    5) CAS 97-63-2
    6) References: Sax & Lewis, 1987; Sittig, 1991; HSDB, 1996
    7) ETHYL METHACRYLATE, INHIBITED

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Colorless, flammable liquid with an acrid odor (Lewis, 1997; HSDB , 1999)
    B) SOURCES
    1) Formed by reacting methacrylic acid or methyl methacrylate with ethanol in the presence of a mineral acid (Lewis, 1997; HSDB , 1999).
    C) USES
    1) Ethyl methacrylate is used to make polymers which are then used in plastics, building, automotive, aerospace, and furniture industries; used as a comonomer in polymers for surface coating resins and in dental plates, artificial teeth, and orthopedic cement. The polymer form is "Plexiglass" (Lewis, 1997) Sittig, 1991; (HSDB , 1999).
    2) It is also used in sculptured nail preparations (Hiipakka & Samimi, 1987).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Exposure to ethyl methacrylate principally occurs as a result of vapor inhalation or dermal contact. Key effects include dermal, eye and mucous membrane irritation and dermal sensitization. Dizziness may occur. Loss of consciousness and other CNS depressant effects may occur if exposure is extreme, based on animal studies.
    B) Ingestion has not been reported in humans. Gavage administration of ethyl methacrylates did not cause gastric lesions in rats.
    0.2.5) CARDIOVASCULAR
    A) Dose-related bradycardia, ECG changes, and hypotension followed by hypertension in some studies, were reported in animals exposed by IP, IV, or subcutaneous injection. Dose-related hypotension and respiratory depression occurred in one animal study involving oral administration.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Respiratory rate increase and respiratory depression have been reported in animals experimentally exposed to high IV, IP, subcutaneous, or oral doses of ethyl methacrylate.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Dizziness may occur from vapor inhalation. Loss of consciousness and other CNS depressant effects are possible in extreme exposures, based on animal studies.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Administration to rats by gavage failed to produce gastric lesions.
    0.2.13) HEMATOLOGIC
    A) No effects on the hematologic system were reported in a study involving lethal and repeated sublethal oral or subcutaneous ethyl methacrylate administration to rabbits and rats.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Can produce irritation, sensitization, and allergic contact dermatitis. Cross-sensitization to other methacrylates has been demonstrated in animals sensitized to ethyl methacrylate.
    0.2.19) IMMUNOLOGIC
    A) Sensitization can occur.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) No human data concerning reproductive effects were found at the time of this review. High intraperitoneal ethyl methacrylate doses which may have produced maternal toxicity were associated with embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity in one rat study.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) No information concerning the carcinogenicity of ethyl methacrylate was found at the time of this review.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    B) Patch tests may aid in determining agents responsible for allergic responses and can be used to eliminate exposure to the causative agent.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    B) HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The toxic dose and minimum lethal exposure in humans are not known.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Exposure to ethyl methacrylate principally occurs as a result of vapor inhalation or dermal contact. Key effects include dermal, eye and mucous membrane irritation and dermal sensitization. Dizziness may occur. Loss of consciousness and other CNS depressant effects may occur if exposure is extreme, based on animal studies.
    B) Ingestion has not been reported in humans. Gavage administration of ethyl methacrylates did not cause gastric lesions in rats.

Heent

    3.4.3) EYES
    A) IRRITATION - Vapors or liquid may irritate the eyes (Sittig, 1991; (Scolnick, 1992). Methacrylates, in general, are less irritating than acrylates (Scolnick, 1992).
    1) Behavioral evidence of eye irritation (Oberly & Tansy, 1985), mucous membrane irritation (details not provided) and lacrimation (Deichmann, 1941) occurred in animals exposed to lethal vapor concentrations.
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) IRRITATION - Vapors may cause nasal irritation (Sittig, 1991).
    1) Nasal irritation was reported in artificial fingernail sculptors exposed to ethyl methacrylate vapors (approximately 5 ppm, 8 hr Time Weighted Average), in addition to vapors of other organic solvents and polymethacrylate dust (Hiipakka & Samimi, 1987).
    2) Mucous membrane irritation has been reported in laboratory animals exposed to lethal vapor concentrations (Deichmann, 1941).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) IRRITATION - Throat irritation may occur from vapor exposure (Sittig, 1991).
    1) Combined exposure to ethyl methacrylate vapors, methacrylate dusts and other organic vapors resulted in throat irritation in artificial fingernail sculptors (Hiipakka & Samimi, 1987).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.1) SUMMARY
    A) Dose-related bradycardia, ECG changes, and hypotension followed by hypertension in some studies, were reported in animals exposed by IP, IV, or subcutaneous injection. Dose-related hypotension and respiratory depression occurred in one animal study involving oral administration.
    3.5.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HYPOTENSION
    a) Dose-related hypotension for a period of 2 to 4 minutes, followed by hypertension for 10 to 15 minutes, occurred in anesthetized dogs injected IV (0.017 ml/kg to 0.368 ml/kg, lethal) with ethyl methacrylate (Mir et al, 1974). Hypotension has also been reported in rabbits following oral, IP, or subcutaneous ethyl methacrylate (Deichmann, 1941).
    2) BRADYCARDIA
    a) Intravenous administration of ethyl methacrylate (0.017 ml/kg to 0.368 ml/kg, lethal) to anesthetized dogs resulted in decreased heart rate which lasted 10 to 20 minutes. This effect was less significant than blood pressure effects (Mir et al, 1974).
    3) ECG ABNORMAL
    a) Dose-related bradycardia, impaired impulse transmission through the A-V node and arrhythmias have been reported in anesthetized dogs injected IV with sublethal to lethal doses of ethyl methacrylate (Mir et al, 1974).
    1) Low dose ethyl methacrylate produced minor increases in the PR interval, increased R to R interval, prolonged the ST segment and depressed the T wave in anesthetized dogs. Moderate doses decreased the R wave, increased S negativity, and elevated the T wave. PVCs occurred frequently. Lethal doses depressed the QRS complex and produced A-V block (Mir et al, 1974).
    4) CARDIAC ARREST
    a) Death in rats exposed to lethal ethyl methacrylate vapor concentrations was attributed to general cardiopulmonary collapse (Oberly & Tansy, 1985).
    5) CARDIAC FAILURE
    a) Dose-related, irreversible decreases of cardiac rate, force of contraction and coronary blood flow occurred at three concentrations of ethyl methacrylate in an isolated, perfused rabbit heart model (Mir et al, 1973).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Respiratory rate increase and respiratory depression have been reported in animals experimentally exposed to high IV, IP, subcutaneous, or oral doses of ethyl methacrylate.
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HYPERVENTILATION
    a) Respiratory rate increase within minutes of ethyl methacrylate administration was reported in rats or rabbits exposed to lethal oral, subcutaneous, or IP doses (Deichmann, 1941) and in dogs injected IV with sublethal or lethal doses (Mir et al, 1974). The effect lasted up to 40 minutes.
    2) RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
    a) Respiratory depression occurred approximately 15 to 40 minutes after respiratory stimulation in rats and rabbits exposed orally to lethal ethyl methacrylate concentrations (Deichmann, 1941). Respiratory failure occurred in fatal cases. Post-mortem examination revealed marked congestion, edema, hemorrhage and emphysema of the lungs.
    b) Labored breathing occurred in rats exposed to lethal vapor concentrations. Death was attributed to cardiopulmonary failure (Oberly & Tansy, 1985).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Dizziness may occur from vapor inhalation. Loss of consciousness and other CNS depressant effects are possible in extreme exposures, based on animal studies.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEFICIT
    1) High vapor concentrations may produce dizziness and loss of consciousness (Sittig, 1991).
    2) Dizziness, drowsiness and trembling of the hands were reported more frequently by artificial fingernail sculptors exposed to ethyl methacrylate, organic solvents and methacrylate dusts than controls (Hiipakka & Samimi, 1987). The differences between the groups were not statistically significant.
    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) CNS DEPRESSION
    a) Motor weakness, loss of reflex activity, coma and death occurred in rats, rabbits and guinea pigs following lethal doses of ethyl methacrylate administered orally or by vapor inhalation (Deichmann, 1941).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Administration to rats by gavage failed to produce gastric lesions.
    3.8.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Ethyl methacrylate 2 mmol/kg administered to rats by gavage did not cause significant gastric edema (Ghanayem et al, 1985).

Genitourinary

    3.10.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEMOLYSIS
    a) Hemoglobinuria occurred in rats and rabbits following repeated injection of ethyl methacrylate for 3 weeks (Deichmann, 1941).

Hematologic

    3.13.1) SUMMARY
    A) No effects on the hematologic system were reported in a study involving lethal and repeated sublethal oral or subcutaneous ethyl methacrylate administration to rabbits and rats.
    3.13.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Lethal or repeated sublethal doses of ethyl methacrylate administered subcutaneous or orally to rabbits and rats failed to produce hematologic effects (Deichmann, 1941).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Can produce irritation, sensitization, and allergic contact dermatitis. Cross-sensitization to other methacrylates has been demonstrated in animals sensitized to ethyl methacrylate.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN IRRITATION
    1) Skin and mucous membrane irritation can result from contact with ethyl methacrylate-containing materials (Sittig, 1991; (Tobler et al, 1990). Methacrylates, in general, are less irritating than acrylates (Scolnick, 1992).
    B) CONTACT DERMATITIS
    1) Sensitization to ethyl methacrylate and allergic contact dermatitis have resulted from exposure to ethyl methacrylate-containing materials (Maibach et al, 1978; Romaguera et al, 1989).
    3.14.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) IRRITATION
    a) Application of 10 ml to shaved rabbit skin resulted in transient, local irritation and malaise (Deichmann, 1941). Recovery was within one hour. No significant irritant or systemic effects were reported.
    2) ALLERGIC REACTION
    a) Strong sensitization has been produced in guinea pigs (Chung & Giles, 1977).
    b) CROSS-SENSITIZATION - Guinea pigs sensitized to ethyl methacrylate developed skin reactions when challenged with methyl methacrylate or butyl methacrylate (Chung & Giles, 1977).

Immunologic

    3.19.1) SUMMARY
    A) Sensitization can occur.
    3.19.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION
    1) Sensitization to ethyl methacrylate has been reported (Maibach et al, 1978; Romaguera et al, 1989).
    3.19.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) ALLERGIC REACTION
    a) Sensitization to ethyl methacrylate and cross-sensitization to other methacrylates has been demonstrated in guinea pigs (Chung & Giles, 1977).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) No human data concerning reproductive effects were found at the time of this review. High intraperitoneal ethyl methacrylate doses which may have produced maternal toxicity were associated with embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity in one rat study.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) HUMANS
    1) No human data were found at the time of this review (Barlow & Sullivan, 1982; HSDB , 1999; RTECS , 1999).
    B) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) Intraperitoneal injection of one-tenth, one-fifth, or one-third the acute LD50 of ethyl methacrylate to rats on days 5, 10, and 15 of pregnancy resulted in dose-related malformations in the fetuses (Singh et al, 1972). Roughly 16% of fetuses in the high dose group were malformed.
    a) Malformations included hemangiomas, twisted hind legs, small size, small head and neck, absent tail, and elongated, fused or missing ribs. Maternal toxicity was not discussed but was likely due to the use of partial LD50 doses.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) HUMANS
    1) No human data were found at the time of this review (Barlow & Sullivan, 1982; HSDB , 1999; RTECS , 1999).
    B) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) Intraperitoneal injection of one-tenth, one-fifth, or one-third the acute LD50 of ethyl methacrylate to rats on days 5, 10, and 15 of pregnancy resulted in 9 to 12% resorptions, decreased percent of live fetuses and, in the one-fifth and one-third LD50 dose groups, significantly reduced fetal weight (Singh et al, 1972). Maternal toxicity was not discussed but was likely due to the use of partial LD50 doses.
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) HUMANS
    1) No human data were found at the time of this review (Barlow & Sullivan, 1982; HSDB , 1999; RTECS , 1999).
    3.20.5) FERTILITY
    A) HUMANS
    1) No human data were found at the time of this review (Barlow & Sullivan, 1982; HSDB , 1999; RTECS , 1999).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS97-63-2 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) No information concerning the carcinogenicity of ethyl methacrylate was found at the time of this review.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) No IARC category was found for this chemical at the time of this review (HSDB , 1999; IARC, 1987; IRIS , 1999; RTECS , 1999).
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) No information concerning the carcinogenicity of ethyl methacrylate was found at the time of this review (HSDB , 1999; IARC, 1987; IRIS , 1999; NIOSH , 1999; RTECS , 1999) US DHHS, 1994).

Genotoxicity

    A) Ethyl methacrylate was positive in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay and produced chromosomal aberrations in mouse lymphoma cells.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    B) Patch tests may aid in determining agents responsible for allergic responses and can be used to eliminate exposure to the causative agent.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    B) Patch tests may aid in determining agents responsible for allergic responses and can be used to eliminate exposure to the causative agent.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/CATHARTIC
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) HYPOTENSIVE EPISODE
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Infuse 10 to 20 milliliters/kilogram of isotonic fluid and keep the patient supine. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine or norepinephrine. Consider central venous pressure monitoring to guide further fluid therapy.
    2) DOPAMINE
    a) DOSE: Begin at 5 micrograms per kilogram per minute progressing in 5 micrograms per kilogram per minute increments as needed (Prod Info dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, 2004). If hypotension persists, dopamine may need to be discontinued and a more potent vasoconstrictor (eg, norepinephrine) should be considered (Prod Info dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, 2004).
    b) CAUTION: If ventricular dysrhythmias occur, decrease rate of administration (Prod Info dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, 2004). Extravasation may cause local tissue necrosis, administration through a central venous catheter is preferred (Prod Info dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, 2004).
    3) NOREPINEPHRINE
    a) PREPARATION: 4 milligrams (1 amp) added to 1000 milliliters of diluent provides a concentration of 4 micrograms/milliliter of norepinephrine base. Norepinephrine bitartrate should be mixed in dextrose solutions (dextrose 5% in water, dextrose 5% in saline) since dextrose-containing solutions protect against excessive oxidation and subsequent potency loss. Administration in saline alone is not recommended (Prod Info norepinephrine bitartrate injection, 2005).
    b) DOSE
    1) ADULT: Dose range: 0.1 to 0.5 microgram/kilogram/minute (eg, 70 kg adult 7 to 35 mcg/min); titrate to maintain adequate blood pressure (Peberdy et al, 2010).
    2) CHILD: Dose range: 0.1 to 2 micrograms/kilogram/minute; titrate to maintain adequate blood pressure (Kleinman et al, 2010).
    3) CAUTION: Extravasation may cause local tissue ischemia, administration by central venous catheter is advised (Peberdy et al, 2010).

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) CONTACT DERMATITIS
    1) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The toxic dose and minimum lethal exposure in humans are not known.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal exposure in humans is not known. In animal studies, very high doses appear to be required for lethality by any route of exposure.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) Examples of lethal concentrations by route in animals -
    2) INHALATION - LC50 - rat 8300 ppm/4 hour (RTECS , 1999)
    3) INGESTION - Lethal dose - rabbit >10 g/kg; rat > 10 g/kg (Deichmann, 1941)
    4) TOPICAL - Non-lethal at 10 ml applied to shaved rabbit skin without occlusive dressing (Deichmann, 1941).
    5) SUBCUTANEOUS - Lowest Lethal dose - rat 25 g/kg (RTECS , 1999)
    6) INTRAPERITONEAL - LD50 - rat 1223 mg/kg (RTECS , 1999).
    C) SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE
    1) Animal studies have ranked the acute inhalational toxicity of ethyl methacrylate vapors as compared to other acrylic and methacrylate vapors (ranked from most toxic to least toxic) -
    a) methyl acrylate >
    b) ethyl acrylate >
    c) butyl acrylate >
    d) butyl methacrylate >
    e) methyl methacrylate >
    f) ethyl methacrylate (Oberly & Tansy, 1985).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS97-63-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS97-63-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS97-63-2 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS97-63-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: RTECS, 1999
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 7836 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
    a) 1223 mg/kg
    3) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 14800 mg/kg

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Ethyl methacrylate is a sensitizer in humans and animals and may cause local irritation. Methacrylates, in general, are less irritating than acrylates (Scolnick, 1992).
    B) Direct effects on cardiopulmonary function have been suggested in animal studies.
    1) Respiratory stimulation, followed by depression, CNS depression, hypotension and suppressed cardiac activity have been shown in animal studies using very high doses of ethyl methacrylate and, in many cases, routes of administration not common to human exposures (Deichmann, 1941; Mir et al, 1974; Autian, 1975). The exact mechanisms underlying these effects have not been determined although structure-activity relationships have been considered.

References

General Bibliography

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