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ETHYL MERCAPTAN

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Ethyl mercaptan is a chemical that is an intermediate and starting material in the manufacture of insecticides, plastics, and antioxidants. It provides the odor for natural gas.

Specific Substances

    1) Ethyl mercaptan
    2) Aethanethiol (German)
    3) Aethylmercaptan (German)
    4) Etantiolo (Italian)
    5) Ethaanthiol (Dutch)
    6) Ethyl hydrosulfide
    7) Ethylmercaptaan (Dutch)
    8) Ethylmerkaptan (Czech)
    9) Ethyl sulfhydrate
    10) Ethyl thioalcohol
    11) Etilomercaptano (Italian)
    12) Mercaptoethane
    13) Thioethanol
    14) Thioethyl Alcohol
    15) CAS 75-08-1
    16) References: RTECS, 1983; Sax, 1984
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C2-H6-S

Available Forms Sources

    A) USES
    1) Ethyl mercaptan is used as an odorant for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, butane, and propane; as a chemical intermediate and starting material in the production of plastics, pesticides, and antioxidants; and as an adhesive and a stabilizer (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Ethyl mercaptan is an irritant of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and can cause nausea and headache in humans exposed to low concentrations.
    B) It has produced narcosis in experimental animals with decreases in respiratory rate, cyanosis, central nervous system depression (muscle weakness, incoordination, coma), and death. Chronic subcutaneous injection in laboratory animals produced minor cardiovascular system regulatory disorders, decreased hemoglobin and other hematopoietic effects.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Decreased respiratory rate was reported in 2 persons. Respiratory depression has occurred in animals following inhalation of high concentrations.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Fatigue, a sensation of head heaviness, and nausea have occurred in exposed humans.
    B) Sedation followed by lethargy have occurred in experimental animals exposed to high concentrations. Coma has occurred in animals at lethal concentrations.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Nausea may occur with low concentration exposures.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no studies were found regarding the reproductive effects of ethyl mercaptan in humans or experimental animals.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) At the time of this review, no studies were found on the possible carcinogenic activity of ethyl mercaptan in humans.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Monitor chest x-ray and arterial blood gases in patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation.
    B) Monitor liver and renal function tests in significant exposures.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Ingestion of significant amounts of ethyl mercaptan is very unlikely. GI decontamination is generally not necessary.
    B) Emesis is NOT recommended due to the risk of aspiration.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    D) If central nervous system depression occurs, maintain airway patency and oxygenation. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation could be required.
    E) Observe for signs of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required.
    C) If central nervous system depression occurs, maintain airway patency and oxygenation. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation could be required.
    D) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The estimated air concentration which may be hazardous is 500 ppm. Human exposure to 4 parts per million causes minimal symptoms. No effects occurred with exposure to 0.5 ppm. The odor is detected by most persons below concentrations which are likely to be hazardous, unless olfactory fatigue has occurred.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Ethyl mercaptan is an irritant of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and can cause nausea and headache in humans exposed to low concentrations.
    B) It has produced narcosis in experimental animals with decreases in respiratory rate, cyanosis, central nervous system depression (muscle weakness, incoordination, coma), and death. Chronic subcutaneous injection in laboratory animals produced minor cardiovascular system regulatory disorders, decreased hemoglobin and other hematopoietic effects.

Vital Signs

    3.3.2) RESPIRATIONS
    A) Decreased respiratory rate occurred in 2 out of 3 volunteers exposed to 50 or 112 ppm for 20 minutes (Shibata, 1966 as reviewed in Farr & Kirwin, 1994).
    1) Decreased respiratory rate has been described in exposed experimental animals (Shibata, 1966a as reviewed in Farr & Kirwin, 1994).

Heent

    3.4.3) EYES
    A) CONJUNCTIVITIS - Irritation of the conjunctiva may be expected with direct eye contact or vapor exposure (ACGIH, 1991; Farr & Kirwin, 1994).
    1) Slight irritation resulted from liquid ethyl mercaptan instilled in rabbit eyes (ACGIH, 1991; Farr & Kirwin, 1994). Rabbits rubbed and closed their eyes after 15 min exposure to high ethyl mercaptan concentrations in the air (ACGIH, 1991).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) IRRITATION - Vapor exposure causes irritation of the mucous membranes (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    B) ODOR THRESHOLD - Ethyl mercaptan is considered to have adequate warning properties. The odor threshold is less than 1 ppb (Hathaway et al, 1996). Some individuals may have decreased ability to detect the odor (Cain & Turk, 1985).
    C) ODOR FATIGUE - An increased olfactory threshold for ethyl mercaptan was reported in human volunteers exposed to low concentrations of ethyl mercaptan over 5 to 10 days (Chemsoft(R) , 1996). Odor fatigue can occur within minutes of exposure (Farr & Kirwin, 1994).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) IRRITATION - Vapor exposure causes irritation of the mucous membranes (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Chemsoft(R) , 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996).
    B) ALTERED TASTE PERCEPTION - Humans exposed over 5 to 10 days to low ethyl mercaptan concentrations (4 ppm for 3 hours daily) had altered taste reactions to bitter and sweet substances (USDHHS, 1988; (HSDB , 2000).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEART DISORDER
    a) Minor disturbances of cardiovascular system regulation occurred in rats with daily exposure for 4 hours to 40 ppm for 5 months (Farr & Kirwin, 1994; ACGIH, 1991). These effects have not been reported in exposed humans.
    b) Minimal disturbances of cardiovascular system regulation were noted in rats exposed to high concentrations (100 milligrams per cubic meter) for 5 months (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). These effects have not been reported in exposed humans.

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Decreased respiratory rate was reported in 2 persons. Respiratory depression has occurred in animals following inhalation of high concentrations.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ACUTE RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY
    1) Decreased respiratory rate occurred in 2 out of 3 volunteers exposed to 50 or 112 ppm for 20 minutes (Shibata, 1966 as reviewed in Farr & Kirwin, 1994). Increased minute volume of expiration and tidal volume were also reported. The original publication was unavailable for review.
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
    a) Respiratory rate and expiratory volume were decreased in rabbits exposed to 1000 ppm over 20 minutes (Shibata, 1966a reviewed in Farr & Kirwin, 1994).
    b) Respiratory depression and mild to severe cyanosis paralysis was reported in experimental animals exposed to high doses of ethyl mercaptan (ACGIH, 1991).
    c) Respiratory paralysis with cyanosis has been seen in exposed experimental animals (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    2) PULMONARY EDEMA
    a) Inhalation of near-lethal doses may produce pulmonary edema in experimental animals, based on the effects of other mercaptans (Hathaway et al, 1996). This effect has not been reported in exposed humans.

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Fatigue, a sensation of head heaviness, and nausea have occurred in exposed humans.
    B) Sedation followed by lethargy have occurred in experimental animals exposed to high concentrations. Coma has occurred in animals at lethal concentrations.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) FATIGUE
    1) Humans exposed to 4 ppm, 3 hours daily for 5 to 10 days developed fatigue (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).
    B) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FINDING
    1) A sensation of heaviness of the head occurred in human volunteers exposed to 4 ppm, 3 hours/day for 5 to 10 days (Farr & Kirwin, 1994).
    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) COMA
    a) Coma occurred in animals exposed to lethal doses (ACGIH, 1991) and in 50% of rats exposed to 3.3% ethyl mercaptan in air (Zieve et al, 1974). Coma in the rats lasted up to 30 min (Zieve et al, 1974).
    b) Experimental animals exposed to high concentrations have become comatose (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996).
    2) PARALYSIS
    a) Muscular incoordination, weakness and partial skeletal muscle paralysis occurred in animals exposed to lethal doses (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    3) SOMNOLENCE
    a) Sleepiness occurs at lower doses. High but sublethal IP doses cause substantial sedation which persists one or several hours and is followed by lethargy (ACGIH, 1991). Rats exposed to air concentrations of 3.3% ethyl mercaptan initially exhibited excitement, but then became lethargic (Zieve et al, 1974).
    b) Ethyl mercaptan characteristically induces lethargy, sleepiness, and deep sedation followed by coma in experimental animals (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nausea may occur with low concentration exposures.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) NAUSEA
    1) Nausea developed in humans exposed to 4 ppm, 3 hours daily for 5 to 10 days (ACGIH, 1991; Farr & Kirwin, 1994).

Hepatic

    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE
    a) Experimental animals who survived near-lethal doses administered IP had autopsy evidence of hepatic injury up to 20 days after exposure (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    b) Fatal inhalational exposure to > 1900 ppm daily for 4 hours over 4 to 9 days produced degenerative hepatic changes in mice (Shibata, 1966a reviewed in Farr & Kirwin, 1994).
    c) These effects have not been reported in exposed humans.

Genitourinary

    3.10.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) RENAL FUNCTION ABNORMAL
    a) Experimental animals who survived near-lethal IP or oral doses had autopsy evidence of renal injury up to 20 days after exposure (Hathaway et al, 1996). This effect has not been reported in exposed humans.

Hematologic

    3.13.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) ANEMIA
    a) Decreased hemoglobin and red blood cells, and increased leukocytes and reticulocytes developed in rabbits injected SC with high doses for one year (Farr & Kirwin, 1994). These effects have not been reported in exposed humans.
    b) Experimental animals with chronic exposure to high concentrations developed decreases in hemoglobin levels and red blood cell and reticulocyte counts (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). These effects have not been reported in exposed humans.

Dermatologic

    3.14.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) IRRITATION
    a) Inhalation of ethyl mercaptan caused mucous membrane irritation in rats and mice (USDHHS, 1988; (HSDB , 2000).
    b) Application to the skin of rats and rabbits caused pain and skin discoloration but no persistent irritation (Farr & Kirwin, 1994).
    c) Moderate redness and inflammation developed in rabbits after 4 hours of dermal contact but resolved within 24 hours (Farr & Kirwin, 1994).

Musculoskeletal

    3.15.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) PARALYSIS
    a) Partial skeletal muscle paralysis occurred in animals exposed to near-lethal doses (Hathaway et al, 1996) and are most likely a result of CNS depression. This has not been reported in humans.
    2) MUSCLE WEAKNESS
    a) Muscular weakness and incoordination has been reported in animals exposed to near-lethal doses (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    b) Muscular weakness and tremors have been noted in experimental animals exposed to near-lethal concentrations (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). These effects have not been reported in exposed humans.

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no studies were found regarding the reproductive effects of ethyl mercaptan in humans or experimental animals.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential teratogenicity of ethyl mercaptan.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of ethyl mercaptan exposure during pregnancy and lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-08-1 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) At the time of this review, no studies were found on the possible carcinogenic activity of ethyl mercaptan in humans.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available about the potential carcinogenicity of ethyl mercaptan (IARC, 1987; US DHHS, 1994; Farr & Kirwin, 1994; HSDB , 2000; RTECS , 2000).

Genotoxicity

    A) Ethyl mercaptan increased sister chromatid exchange rates in Chinese hamster ovarian cells, was negative in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay, and produced equivocal results in the mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Monitor chest x-ray and arterial blood gases in patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation.
    B) Monitor liver and renal function tests in significant exposures.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Monitor liver and renal function tests in patients with significant exposure.
    B) ACID/BASE
    1) Monitor arterial blood gases in patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) Monitor chest x-ray in patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) As no human ingestion poisoning cases have been reported, all patients ingesting ethyl mercaptan should be observed in a controlled setting for at least several hours or until all symptoms have completely resolved.
    6.3.3) DISPOSITION/INHALATION EXPOSURE
    6.3.3.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/INHALATION
    A) Patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation should probably be observed in the hospital at least overnight.

Monitoring

    A) Monitor chest x-ray and arterial blood gases in patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation.
    B) Monitor liver and renal function tests in significant exposures.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED -
    1) Ingestion of significant amounts of ethyl mercaptan is very unlikely, GI decontamination is generally not necessary. Emesis is not recommended due to the potential for respiratory and CNS depression.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) SUMMARY
    1) Ingestion of significant amounts of ethyl mercaptan is very unlikely. GI decontamination is generally not necessary.
    B) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Emesis in NOT recommended due to potential risk for aspiration.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) OBSERVATION REGIMES
    1) Patients ingesting ethyl mercaptan should be observed for the potential development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation. If signs of esophageal irritation are present, esophagoscopy may be considered to determine the extent of injury.
    B) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
    1) If central nervous system and respiratory depression occur, maintain airway patency and oxygenation. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation could be necessary.
    C) GENERAL TREATMENT
    1) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the INHALATION EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) OXYGEN
    1) Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required to patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation.
    B) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
    1) If central nervous system and respiratory depression occur, maintain airway patency and oxygenation. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation could be necessary.
    C) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) ONSET: Onset of acute lung injury after toxic exposure may be delayed up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    2) NON-PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: The treatment of acute lung injury is primarily supportive (Cataletto, 2012). Maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation with frequent monitoring of arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry. If a high FIO2 is required to maintain adequate oxygenation, mechanical ventilation and positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be required; ventilation with small tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) is preferred if ARDS develops (Haas, 2011; Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    a) To minimize barotrauma and other complications, use the lowest amount of PEEP possible while maintaining adequate oxygenation. Use of smaller tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) and lower plateau pressures (30 cm water or less) has been associated with decreased mortality and more rapid weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS (Brower et al, 2000). More treatment information may be obtained from ARDS Clinical Network website, NIH NHLBI ARDS Clinical Network Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary, http://www.ardsnet.org/node/77791 (NHLBI ARDS Network, 2008)
    3) FLUIDS: Crystalloid solutions must be administered judiciously. Pulmonary artery monitoring may help. In general the pulmonary artery wedge pressure should be kept relatively low while still maintaining adequate cardiac output, blood pressure and urine output (Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    4) ANTIBIOTICS: Indicated only when there is evidence of infection (Artigas et al, 1998).
    5) EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY: Partial liquid ventilation has shown promise in preliminary studies (Kollef & Schuster, 1995).
    6) CALFACTANT: In a multicenter, randomized, blinded trial, endotracheal instillation of 2 doses of 80 mL/m(2) calfactant (35 mg/mL of phospholipid suspension in saline) in infants, children, and adolescents with acute lung injury resulted in acute improvement in oxygenation and lower mortality; however, no significant decrease in the course of respiratory failure measured by duration of ventilator therapy, intensive care unit, or hospital stay was noted. Adverse effects (transient hypoxia and hypotension) were more frequent in calfactant patients, but these effects were mild and did not require withdrawal from the study (Wilson et al, 2005).
    7) However, in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, and masked trial, endotracheal instillation of up to 3 doses of calfactant (30 mg) in adults only with acute lung injury/ARDS due to direct lung injury was not associated with improved oxygenation and longer term benefits compared to the placebo group. It was also associated with significant increases in hypoxia and hypotension (Willson et al, 2015).
    D) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    B) GENERAL TREATMENT
    1) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the INHALATION EXPOSURE section when appropriate.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) EFFICACY
    1) No studies have addressed the use of extracorporeal elimination techniques in ethyl mercaptan poisoning.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The estimated air concentration which may be hazardous is 500 ppm. Human exposure to 4 parts per million causes minimal symptoms. No effects occurred with exposure to 0.5 ppm. The odor is detected by most persons below concentrations which are likely to be hazardous, unless olfactory fatigue has occurred.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) Ethyl mercaptan is extremely malodorous; exposure to lethal levels is unlikely (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) Ethyl mercaptan causes irritation to the mucous membranes. At high concentrations, it causes narcosis in animals; the human response is expected to be the same. By analogy to other mercaptans, it may produce pulmonary edema at near-lethal levels (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    1) Volunteers exposed to 10 mg/m(3) (4 ppm) ethyl mercaptan for 3 hours daily for 5-10 days reported a rise in their odor threshold (odor fatigue), an altered taste reaction to sweet and bitter substances, periodic nausea, irritation of the mucous membranes of the lips, mouth, and nose, and fatigue. Volunteers exposed to 1 mg/m(3) (0.5 ppm) reported no unpleasant symptoms (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996).
    2) A reported accidental exposure to approximately 4 ppm for 1 hour caused headache, discomfort, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Serum Plasma Blood Concentrations

    7.5.2) TOXIC CONCENTRATIONS
    A) TOXIC CONCENTRATION LEVELS
    1) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    a) The toxic blood level in humans is not known. Blood levels associated with reversible coma in rats was about 200 nanomoles per milliliter (Zieve et al, 1974).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-08-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Ethyl mercaptan
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 0.5 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; CNS impair
    d) Molecular Weight: 62.13
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-08-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Ethyl mercaptan
    2) REL:
    a) TWA:
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling: 0.5 ppm (1.3 mg/m(3)) [15-minute]
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 500 ppm
    b) Note(s): Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-08-1 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethyl mercaptan
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethyl mercaptan
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-08-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Ethyl mercaptan
    2) Table Z-1 for Ethyl mercaptan:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm: 10
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 25
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value: (C) - An employee's exposure to this substance shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given.
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
    1) 226 mg/kg (RTECS, 1999)
    2) 450 mg/kg (HSDB, 1999; Lewis, 1996)
    B) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    1) 682 mg/kg (RTECS, 1999)
    2) 1960 mg/kg (Lewis, 1996)
    3) 1034 mg/kg (HSDB, 1999)

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Ethyl mercaptan is an irritant of the mucous membranes and has produced mild to moderate eye and skin irritation in animals (Proctor et al, 1989; Farr & Kirwin, 1994).
    B) The similar compound, methyl mercaptan, has been shown to reversibly inhibit cytochrome oxidase in rat liver mitochondria in a fashion similar to that of hydrogen sulfide (Gosselin et al, 1984). This possible mechanism of toxicity has not been studied with ethyl mercaptan. LD50 and LC50 values for ethyl mercaptan are about one-fifth the acute toxicity values of hydrogen sulfide (ACGIH, 1991).
    C) Ethyl mercaptan appears to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport in isolated rat hepatocytes or rat brain (Vahlkamp et al, 1979). Gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis were inhibited, ATP content decreased, and reduction of mitochondria increased (Vahlkamp et al, 1979).
    D) Ethyl mercaptan decreases Na,K-ATPase concentration in rat brain microsomes (Foster et al, 1974). The significance of these data to human exposures to exogenous ethyl mercaptan is not known. Endogenous production of ethyl mercaptan, other mercaptans, ammonia and fatty acids have been implicated in the development of hepatic coma (Zieve et al, 1974); (Vahlkamp et al, 1979). These chemicals appear to act synergistically.

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Ethyl mercaptan is a colorless, highly-flammable liquid with a strong, penetrating, persistent, leek- or garlic-like (mephitic) odor. It is a flammable gas above 34.7 degrees C (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2000).

Molecular Weight

    A) 62.13 (HSDB , 2000)

Other

    A) ODOR THRESHOLD
    1) 0.1 ppb (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
    2) 0.02 ppb (1 part in 50 billion parts of air) (Budavari, 1996)

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