ETHYL ETHER

Ethyl ether is used as a diesel fuel ignition primer, a smokeless powder, an extractant, and as an industrial solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is an important reagent in organic syntheses and analytic chemistry, especially in Grignard/Wurtz reactions. It was formerly used as an anesthetic gas (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998).

FORMS

Ethyl ether is a colorless, very volatile, mobile, hygroscopic liquid (below 34 degrees C (94 degrees F)) with a pungent, aromatic odor and a burning and sweet taste. It is available in ACS Reagent, ACS Absolute, CP, concentrated, USP 1880, USP (anesthesia), washed, motor, and electronic grades (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Harbison, 1998; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998) NFPA, 1994; (Verschueren, 1983).
The USP formulation contains 3% ethanol and is marketed in sealed containers with copper liners to retard oxidation.

SOURCES

Ethyl ether is produced by dehydration of ethanol and catalytic hydration of ethylene (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Ingestion poisonings are similar to ethanol overdoses except for a more rapid onset and shorter duration of symptoms. Inhalation may result in dizziness, giddiness, euphoria, and CNS depression. Deliberate abuse has been reported with repeated exposures producing ether jags. Deaths from acute industrial exposure are rare. Death due to respiratory depression may result from severe and continued exposure.

Ethyl ether is a severe eye and moderate skin irritant.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Ether can cause slight, reversible eye injury from contact with the liquid or vapor. It is rapidly absorbed through the lungs, but is not appreciably absorbed through intact skin (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Its main effects are NARCOSIS, ANESTHESIA, and CNS depression. Inhalation of an airborne concentration of 200 ppm may produce some nasal irritation. An airborne concentration of 1.9 volume percent can cause anesthesia, 7 to 10 vol percent may cause respiratory arrest, and concentrations greater than 10 percent are fatal (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; (ACGIH, 1986) if artificial respiration is not provided.

Effects of of acute ether exposure include excitement, drowsiness, vomiting, paleness, decreased pulse and temperature, irregular respiration, excessive salivation, muscle relaxation, possible kidney injury, kidney irritation, and temporarily abnormal liver function tests (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Coughing, bronchodilation, increase in respiratory and heart rates, cardiac arrhythmias (rarely), hyperglycemia (HSDB), and loss of memory (Adam, 1973) have also been reported from acute exposures, some in the anesthetic range.

Ethyl ether is a potential drug of abuse, mainly by inhalation. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was described in a woman who used ether recreationally by intravenous injection. Florid pneumonitis ensued, with bilateral pulmonary edema (Lambermont et al, 1998).

Ether is taken up by the brain and body fat (HSDB, 2000). It was previously used as a bronchodilator to treat acute asthma attacks (Robertson, 1985).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Humans develop a TOLERANCE to ether upon repeated exposures. There have been few cases of industrial overexposure (ILO, 1983). Generally, ether is well controlled in the workplace because of its fire hazard.

Prolonged or repeated direct skin contact can produce defatting dermatitis with dryness and cracking (ACGIH, 1986). Other symptoms of chronic exposure include nasal irritation, loss of appetite, headache, sleepiness, dizziness, excitement, personality changes (ILO, 1983; ACGIH, 1986), and excessive sweating (HSDB). Albuminuria and polycythemia have rarely been reported (ACGIH, 1986).

Rats exposed to airborne concentrations of 0.02 to 2% of ether for 30 weeks had altered liver function enzymes (Collins, 1978).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Activated charcoal is of questionable value because of rapid absorption.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration . Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Because of rapid absorption, activated charcoal is of questionable value. Routine use is not recommended.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

There is little data on deaths resulting from exposure to ethyl ether. Humans generally refrain from ingesting ethyl ether due to its irritating effect on mucous membranes; however, deaths have been reported following the intentional ingestion of as little as 30 mL of liquid ethyl ether. (Bingham et al, 2001; Baselt, 2000; Baselt & Cravey, 1995).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

Ethyl ether is quickly absorbed through the lungs and the primary result is CNS depression and anesthesia. However, there is a wide range of concentrations between nasal irritation (200 ppm) and more serious health hazards (100,000- 150,000 ppm) which may include respiratory arrest. Exposure to liquid or high concentrations of vapor ethyl ether causes eye and mucous membrane irritation. Brief skin exposure to ethyl ether has no effect; repeated skin exposures causes drying and cracking (Bingham et al, 2001; Baselt, 2000; ACGIH, 1991; Baselt & Cravey, 1995; Hathaway et al, 1996; Zenz, 1994).
Industrial exposures of 500-1000 ppm did not result in demonstrable injury to health and concentrations of up to 7000 ppm have been tolerated, but a 500 ppm limit seems appropriate to avoid irritation (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; Zenz, 1994).
Early symptoms of acute inhalation overexposure include excitement or drowsiness, vomiting, paleness, lowered pulse and body temperature, irregular respiration, muscular relaxations, and excessive salivation. Temporary aftereffects of acute exposure include vomiting, salivation, respiratory passage irritation, headaches, and depression or excitation (Bingham et al, 2001; Baselt, 2000; Baselt & Cravey, 1995; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1998; Zenz, 1994).
A degree of tolerance may be acquired from repeated exposures to ethyl ether. Symptoms resulting from chronic inhalation exposure include loss of appetite, exhaustion, headache, sleepiness, dizziness, excitation, and psychic disturbances; albuminuria and polycythemia may result (Baselt, 2000; ACGIH, 1991; Baselt & Cravey, 1995; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Zenz, 1994).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS60-29-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethyl ether
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Ethyl ether
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethyl ether
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS60-29-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2002
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 3.03 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 1983)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.330 ppm (Verschueren, 1983)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS60-29-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Ethyl ether

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 400 ppm
TLV-STEL: 500 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair; URT irr
Molecular Weight: 74.12

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS60-29-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS60-29-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Ethyl ether
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix D

IDLH:

IDLH: 1900 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

[10%LEL]: The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

OSHA PEL Values for CAS60-29-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Ethyl ether
Table Z-1 for Ethyl ether:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 400

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 1200

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS60-29-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS60-29-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Ethyl ether
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information: The following spent non-halogenated solvents and the still bottoms from the recovery of these solvents. (F003)
Listed as: Ethane, 1,1[prime]-oxybis-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethyl ether
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS60-29-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS60-29-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1[prime]-oxybis-
P or U series number: U117
Footnote:
Listed as: Ethyl ether
P or U series number: U117
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS60-29-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS60-29-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS60-29-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS60-29-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1155 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Diethyl ether or Ethyl ether

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1155
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: T11, TP2

T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1155 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Diethyl ether
UN Number: 1155
Proper Shipping Name: Ethyl ether
UN Number: 1155

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS60-29-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethyl Ether
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Ethyl ether is mildly toxic by inhalation and moderately toxic by ingestion; however, it must not be considered safe to inhale or ingest. It is a severe eye and a moderate skin irritant. When inhaled, ethyl ether causes CNS depression and produces headache, intoxication, drowsiness, stupor, and unconsciousness. Respiratory failure from severe and continued exposure to ethyl ether may result in death (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Harbison, 1998; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996).
Ethyl ether presents an extremely dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. It is a storage hazard and must be inhibited with ferrous sulfate to avoid the formation of explosive peroxides. In areas in which ethyl ether is manufactured, handled, or stored, explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings should be used and sources of ignition (e.g. smoking or open flames) should be prohibited (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Harbison, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Ethyl ether should be stored in tightly-closed containers; bottles, cans, and drums are among the typical shipping containers for this compounds. Ground and bond metal containers when they involve the transfer of 5 gallons or more, and equip drums with self-closing valves, flame arresters, and pressure vacuum bungs (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Containers of ethyl ether should be stored in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas away from heat and sunlight. Protect containers from damage, static electricity, and lightning. A standard flammable liquid storage room should be used for indoor storage, though outdoor detached storage is preferred (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Ethyl ether forms explosive mixtures with air. It is incompatible with strong acids and strong oxidizers. It can form explosive peroxides with air and light. Ethyl ether attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings. It can accumulate static electric charges that may cause explosion (ACGIH, 1991; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Mildly toxic by inhalation and moderately toxic by ingestion, ethyl ether is a severe eye and a moderate skin irritant. Breathing the vapors should be avoided. This compound presents an extremely dangerous fire and explosion hazard if exposed to heat or flame. Protective clothing, including a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, should be worn to avoid repeated or pronlonged contact, and broken containers should not be handled unless wearing suitable clothing. To avoid a flammability hazard, clothing should be immediately removed when it becomes wet or contaminated. Use copious amounts of water or of soap and water to wash away ethyl ether that may have come in contact with the body (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Eye protection should be worn to prevent the reasonable probability of eye contact (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 60-29-7.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

National Safety Wear

Nation splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natprene splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Nattuf splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe V

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe VI

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Premier, Magnaprene

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natchem Splash Suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Paracril+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natweb splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natwork splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): imm.*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.6
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Polyurethane

National Safety Wear

Natflex splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natsoft splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Iron Eagle, Eagle

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

National Safety Wear

Natcide splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natcon splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natpro splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

American, Scrim, DuraScrim, PVC Polyester, Double-Ply PVC, PVC Film

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Webdri, Safetyflex, Electra, ElectraBrite

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Rubber Laminate

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 352
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.16
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 96
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.16
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 108
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.47
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

Viton/Butyl

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Super

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 17
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11.4
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

FOOTWEAR

Natural Rubber

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane+PVC

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane Blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Two Stage Injection Molded, Better Grade, General Purpose, Workbrutes

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Two Stage Injection Molded, Premier

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Bluemax

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polymax

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 19
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 214
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 92200
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 92200
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 92200
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 92200
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 92200
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 546
Notes: tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: 0 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Natural Rubber

Ansell

Conform

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <9000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Ansell-Edmont, 2001)

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 216
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 20
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 29
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Flex

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1560
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Black Max

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 17
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1260
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Flexigum

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): non measured
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Jelly Fish

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1560
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 19
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 52
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 112
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 218
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 105
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Prene

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1230
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 487.9
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3.9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 545
Notes: 98%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 0 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: 1 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Wells Lamont Industrial

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): No Breakthrough Time provided
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): No Permeation Rate provided
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 66
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 505
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Ansell

Touch N Tuff

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <90
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Ansell-Edmont, 2001)

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 495
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 59
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 364
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 33
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 36
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 232
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 59
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None Detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 19
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comatril

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Flexiproof

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 64
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 78
Notes: 99%; non-normalized breakthrough
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stansolv/AF-18

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 58.2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 99.7
Notes: 98%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Marigold Industrial

315F

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 22
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

326Y

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

368R

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 93
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CO7B

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CR30

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

G12T

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

ME104

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

U263B/G

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 37
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:173 / CAN:459

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:414 / CAN:454

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 2 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 48
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: 1 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 13
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21600
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21800
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21800
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21600
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21800
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Wells Lamont Industrial

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): No Breakthrough Time provided
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): No Permeation Rate provided
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 25
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 53
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 805
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Ansell

Dura-Touch

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Ansell-Edmont, 2001)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Blockbuster LP

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 20
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Comastar

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): non measured
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Lion Paw

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 20
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Normal

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): non measured
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Presti

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 20
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Jacket

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 20
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Submarine

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 20
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
Degradation Rating: 0 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Wells Lamont Industrial

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): No Breakthrough Time provided
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): No Permeation Rate provided
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 25
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1860
Notes: tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21500
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21500
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21500
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21500
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21500
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 29
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 210
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Ansell 200 Schulz Drive Red Bank, NJ 07701 USA Phone: (732) 345-5400 Fax: (800) 800-0445 Toll-Free: (800) 800-0444 Website: http://www.ansellpro.com Email: info@ansell.com
Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Marigold Industrial 3585 Engineering Drive Suite 200 Box 926090 Norcross, GA 30092 USA Phone: (800) 733-0987 Fax: (800) 786-4564 Toll-Free: (800) 733-0987 Website: http://www.marigoldindustrial.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com
Trelleborg-Viking, Inc. 170 West Road Suite 1 Portsmouth, NH 03801 USA Phone: (603) 436-1236 Fax: (603) 436-1392 Toll-Free: (800) 344-4458 Website: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/ Email: protective@trelleborg.com
Wells Lamont Industrial 6640 W. Touhy Ave. Niles, IL 60714 USA Fax: (847) 647-6943 Toll-Free: (800) 247-3295 Website: http://www.wellslamontindustry.com Email: kmeger@wellslamont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Ethyl ether is a flammable liquid and presents an extremely dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. The vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Liquid ethyl ether floats on water and may travel to a source of ignition and spread a fire. The vapors, which are heavier than air, may travel to a source of ignition and cause a flashback. Liquid ethyl ether may cause a fire to spread since it floats on water and may travel to a source of ignition. It can accumulate static electricity as a result of flow or agitation (AAR, 1998; (ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
- "When shaken under absolutely dry conditions, ethyl ether can generate enough static electricity to start a fire" (Budavari, 1996).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS60-29-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethyl Ether
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS60-29-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethyl Ether
Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

If ethyl ether is on fire or involved in a fire, do not extinguish the fire unless the flow of ethyl ether can be stopped. Water may be ineffective. Use water in flooding quantities to keep fire-exposed containers cool; apply water from as far away as possible. Solid streams of water may spread the fire. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to fight fire (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

The phrase "water may be ineffective" indicates that, although water can be used to cool and protect exposed material, water may not be capable of extinguishing the fire unless used under favorable conditions by experienced fire fighters trained in fighting all types of flammable liquid fires (NFPA, 1997).
Alcohol-resistant fire fighting foam is recommended for use on all water-soluble liquids or polar solvent-type liquids, except for those that are only "very slightly" soluble. Certain judgement factors are introduced, however, since ordinary fire fighting foam may be used on some liquids that are only "slightly" soluble, particularly if the foam is applied at higher-than-normal application rates. Conversely, some flammable liquids, such as the higher molecular weight alcohols and amines, will destroy alcohol-resistant foams, even when applied at very high rates. Foams should not be used on water-reactive materials (NFPA, 1997).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Ethyl ether emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Ethyl ether is a very dangerous explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. It can form explosive peroxides when exposed to light or air, or when stored for longer than six months. It reacts violently with oxidizers (ITI, 1995; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997).

Ethyl ether auto-oxidizes to form explosive polymeric 1-oxyperoxides (Lewis, 1996).

The hydroperoxide initially formed by autoxidation of ether is not particularly explosive, but after standing and evaporation, polymeric 1-oxyperoxides are formed which are dangerously explosive, even below 100 degrees C (Urben, 1995).

Ethyl ether forms explosive mixtures with air. It can also form unstable peroxides when exposed to light or air (ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Ethyl ether tends to form explosive peroxides when exposed to air and light, especially when evaporation to dryness is attempted. Remove peroxides from ethyl ether by shaking with a 5% aqueous ferrous sulfate solution. The addition of naphthols, polyphenols, aromatic amines, and aminophenols has been proposed for the stabilization of ethyl ether (Budavari, 1996).
"Peroxide formation may occur in containers that have been opened and remain in storage for more than six months. Peroxides can be detonated by friction, impact, or heating" (NFPA, 1997).

Ethyl ether forms an explosive reaction with (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995):

bromine pentafluoride
boron triazide
bromine trifluoride
perchloric acid
uranyl nitrate + light
wood pulp extracts + heat

Refer to the REACTIVITY HAZARD section for more information on violent and vigorous reactions.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Ethyl ether vapors are heavier than air and may travel along the ground to a source of ignition and flash back (AAR, 1998; (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1997).

When heated to decomposition, ethyl ether emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Lewis, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Ethyl ether auto-oxidizes to form explosive polymeric 1-oxyperoxides (Lewis, 1996).

The hydroperoxide initially formed by autoxidation of ether is not particularly explosive, but after standing and evaporation, polymeric 1-oxyperoxides are formed which are dangerously explosive, even below 100 degrees C (Urben, 1995).

Ethyl ether forms explosive mixtures with air. It can also form unstable peroxides when exposed to light or air (ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Ethyl ether tends to form explosive peroxides when exposed to air and light, especially when evaporation to dryness is attempted. Remove peroxides from ethyl ether by shaking with a 5% aqueous ferrous sulfate solution. The addition of naphthols, polyphenols, aromatic amines, and aminophenols has been proposed for the stabilization of ethyl ether (Budavari, 1996).
"Peroxide formation may occur in containers that have been opened and remain in storage for more than six months. Peroxides can be detonated by friction, impact, or heating" (NFPA, 1997).

Ethyl ether is incompatible with strong acids and strong oxidizers (ITI, 1995; ILO, 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It forms an explosive reaction with (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995):

bromine pentafluoride
boron triazide
bromine trifluoride
perchloric acid
uranyl nitrate + light
wood pulp extracts + heat

Ethyl ether forms a violent reaction or ignites on contact with (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995):

halogens (eg, bromine, chlorine)
interhalogens (eg, iodine heptafluoride)
oxidants (eg, chromyl chloride, fluorine nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, iodine(VII) oxide, liquid air, nitric acid, nitrosyl perchlorate, nitryl perchlorate, ozone, permanganic acid, peroxodisulfuric acid, silver perchlorate, sodium peroxide)
sulfur and sulfur compounds (eg, sulfur when dried with peroxidized ether, sulfuryl chloride)

Ethyl ether can react vigorously with (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995):

acetyl peroxide
bromoazide
chlorine trifluoride
chromium oxychloride
chromium trioxide
nitryl chloride
oxygen
potassium peroxide
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid + permanganates
triethylaluminum + air
trimethylaluminum + air
LiAlH2
NOClO4

Some plastics, rubber and coatings may be attacked by ethyl ether (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If a fire involving ethyl ether becomes uncontrollable, or if containers are exposed to direct flame, consider evacuating a one-third mile radius (AAR, 1998).

If ethyl ether is leaking and not on fire, consider an evacuation of the downwind areas based on the amount of ethyl ether spilled, the location of the spill, and the weather conditions (AAR, 1998).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS60-29-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS60-29-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Ethyl ether
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 400
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 500
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 500
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1,900
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS60-29-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS60-29-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 1900 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

([10%LEL]) The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
If ethyl ether is not on fire and not involved in a fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from the area; ventilate the area. Restrict persons not wearing appropriate protective clothing from the spill area until cleanup is complete. Attempt to stop the leak if this can be done without undue risk. Absorb spilled ethyl ether in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and to dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Keep ethyl ether out of water sources; build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Keep it out of sewers to avoid the possibility of explosion. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal (AAR, 1998; (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Absorb the spill with paper and allow the spill area to completely evaporate. Burn the paper after it has completely dried (ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

BIOREMEDIATION

Ethyl ether little to no biodegradation was observed in short-term screening tests using sewage sludge inocula or soil inocula (HSDB, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Discharge concentrated liquid waste containing no peroxides at a controlled rate near a pilot flame (Sittig, 1991).
Perforate a container of concentrated liquid waste containing peroxides from a safe distance and follow with an open burn (Sittig, 1991).
Dissolve ethyl ether in benzene, petroleum ether, or butanol and then burn the solution (ITI, 1995).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Ethyl ether may be released to the environment as a result of its industrial uses, especially its use as a solvent and as a primer for gasoline engines, and in manufacturing waste streams (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).

The general population may be exposed to ethyl ether in drinking water and ambient air; it has been detected, but not quantified, in drinking water, groundwater, and air samples collected from sites across the United States. It is also a component of some household products (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

If ethyl ether is released into the atmosphere, it will exist almost entirely in the vapor phase. It degrades in the atmosphere through photooxidation reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. Direct photolysis is not an important removal process since ethyl ether does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm. Atmospheric washout is possible due to its high water solubility (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
- The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethyl ether with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.34x10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C, which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 29 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5x10(5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3) (Howard, 1993).
- Half-lives for ethyl ether's reaction with hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals in the atmosphere have been estimated to be 1.2 days (rate constant = 1.31 x 10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-sec and 5 x 10(5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3)) and 5.8 days (rate constant = 2.80 x 10(-15) mc(3)/molecule-sec and 5 x 10(8) nitrate radicals/cm(3)), respectively (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Reaction of ethyl ether with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in water should not be an important fate process based on a half-life of 204 days (calculated from a measured rate constant of 3.9x10(9) L/mol-sec). Ethers are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis, therefore, hydrolysis is not expected to be significant under normal environmental conditions (pH 5-9). Direct photolysis will not be an important removal process, as ethyl ether does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
- In surface waters, ethyl ether volatilizes quickly. Aqueous hydrolysis is not an important removal process. Ethyl ether does not directly photolyze or significantly photooxidize (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
- Ethyl ether is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids or sediment in the water column or to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Ethyl ether volatilizes quickly from both moist and dry soil and terrestrial surfaces. It is highly mobile in soil and is subject to significant leaching. It does not chemically hydrolyze in soil and is relatively resistant to biodegradation (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

If released to the atmosphere, ethyl ether is expected to exist solely as a vapor, based on its vapor pressure of 538 mmHg at 25 degrees C. Vapor phase ethyl ether will be degraded through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals. Direct photolysis is not expected to occur (HSDB, 2004).

On land, ethyl ether is expected to have high mobility in soils. Volatilization from both moist and dry soil surfaces is also expected, based on a Henry's Law contact of 1.23 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mole and its vapor pressure of 538 mmHg at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).

If released to water, ethyl ether is expected to volatilize from water surfaces. Adsorption to suspended solids and sediments and bioconcentration in aquatic organisms are not expected (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

Based on results from screening tests using sewage sludge inocula and soil inocula, ethyl ether is not expected to be subject to rapid or significant biodegradation (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for ethyl ether is estimated to be 2.8 based on the log octanol-water partition coefficient and 1.3 based on the water solubility. These BCF values suggest that ethyl ether does not significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (Howard, 1993).
Ethyl ether BCFs of 0.9 to 1.4 (at 500 mcg/L initial concentration) and <1.7 to 9.1 (at 50 mcg/L initial concentration) were measured in carp. Based on these numbers, bioconcentration is expected to be low (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

FISH

LC0 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): >10,000 mg/L for 24-96H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC0 - INLAND SILVERSIDE (Menidia beryllina): >10,000 mg/L for 24-96H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 2560 mg/L for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 2600 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GOLDEN ORFE: 2800 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 2138 mg/L for 14D (Verschueren, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

74.12

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Ethyl ether is a colorless, very volatile, mobile, hygroscopic liquid (below 34 degrees C (94 degrees F)) with a pungent, aromatic odor and a burning and sweet taste (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Harbison, 1998; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; NFPA, 1997; Verschueren, 1983).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

442 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1997; Verschueren, 1983)

537.1 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993)

921 mmHg (at 40 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

58.6 kPa (ILO, 1998)

71.7 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (Lide, 1995)

SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE

184.9 mmHg (at 0 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
290.8 mmHg (at 10 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
439.8 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1276 mmHg (at 50 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
2304 mmHg (at 70 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.7364 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.7249 (at 10/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
LIQUID: 0.7134 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
LIQUID: 0.7135 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996; Verschueren, 1983)
LIQUID: 0.7019 (at 30/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
LIQUID: 0.7146 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
LIQUID: 0.7147 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.72 kg/L (at 15 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
LIQUID: 0.7138 gm/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (Lide, 1995)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-116.2 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

MELTING POINT

-116 degrees C; -177 degrees F (Lide, 1995; NFPA, 1997)
-116.2 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
-116.3 degrees C (stable crystals) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ILO, 1998)
-123.3 degrees C (metastable crystals) (Howard, 1993)
156.8 degrees K (Lide, 1995)

BOILING POINT

-74.3 degrees C (at 1.0 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

-48.1 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

-11.5 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

2.2 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

17.9 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

34 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Lide, 1995)

34.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)

34.6 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Howard, 1993; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996)

35 degrees C; 94 degrees F (NFPA, 1994; (Verschueren, 1983)

307.6 degrees K (at 1 atm) (Lide, 1995)

FLASH POINT

-40 degrees C (open cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

-45 degrees C; -49 degrees F (Cleveland open cup/closed cup) (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lide, 1995; NFPA, 1997)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

160 degrees C; 320 degrees F (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997)

180 degrees C; 356 degrees F (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997; Lide, 1995)

180-190 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.85% (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997)
1.9% (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1997)

UPPER

36% (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997)
48% (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

It is insoluble to slightly soluble in water; solubility in water is increased by hydrogen chloride (AAR, 1998; (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1997).

8.43 g/100 g (at 15 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Verschueren, 1983)
69,000 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)
6.05 g/100 g (at 25 degrees C) (hygroscopic) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)
54,950 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993)
60,500 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Ethyl ether is very soluble in ethanol; it is soluble in sulfuric acid, acetone, and in concentrated hydrochloric acid. It is miscible with the lower aliphatic alcohols, benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether, solvent naphtha, other fat solvents, and many oils (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log 0.89 (Howard, 1993)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

8.69x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

0.00128 atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6162 (HSDB , 1999)

MASS

86 (HSDB , 1999)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

8.9 ppm (ACGIH, 1991)

SURFACE TENSION

17.06 dynes/cm (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

35.6 atm (Budavari, 1996)
3.638 MPa (Lide, 1995)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

192.7 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
466.74 degrees K (Lide, 1995)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

4.197 (at 26.9 degrees C and 85.8 cycles) (Budavari, 1996)

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

pKa = -3.59 (HSDB , 1999)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.35555 (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.3526 (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1997)

VISCOSITY

0.283 cp (at 0 degrees C) (Lide, 1995)
0.00233 cp (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
0.2448 cp (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
0.224 cp (at 25 degrees C) (Lide, 1995)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents