ETHYL CHLORIDE

Ethyl chloride is used in the synthesis of tetraethyl lead, ethylcellulose, and other ethyl compounds, as well as in the manufacture of perfumes, drugs, and dyes. It is used as an analytical agent, an alkylating agent, and in organic synthesis. It is utilized as a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, phosphorus, sulfur, acetylene, and various resins. Ethyl chloride is also used as an aerosol propellant, as a topical anesthetic, in refrigeration, and in insecticides (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998). It is used topically to detect the dermatomal level of sensory block after spinal or epidural anesthesia (Anyanwu-Okoli, 1996).
Ethyl chloride is a solvent used in VCR head cleaners; however, it is being marketed on the internet as a way of experiencing a euphoric "rush" and as an aphrodisiac (Finch & Lobo, 2005).

FORMS

Ethyl chloride is a colorless, liquefied gas with a pungent, ether-like odor and a burning taste. It is a highly flammable gas at normal temperature (above 12 degrees C; 54 degrees F) and pressure; if ethyl chloride is released from its container at normal temperatures, it vaporizes at once. Under increased pressure or low temperatures, it is a very volatile and mobile liquid (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; Verschueren, 1983).
Ethyl chloride is available in technical or USP grade; high purity grade (99.7%, liquid phase); Matheson Gas Products 99.7% minimum grade; CP grade, minimum purity 99.7% (HSDB, 2003).

SOURCES

It can be produced by addition of ethylene and hydrogen chloride (anhydrous), by chlorination of ethane, and by alcohol chlorination involving ethanol and hydrochloric acid (Ashford, 1994).

Alcohol chlorination also requires presence of zinc chloride (HSDB , 2000).

This compound can be manufactured through action of chlorine on ethylene. The reaction requires either the presence of hydrochloric acid and light, or the presence of chlorides of copper, iron, antimony and calcium (HSDB, 2003).
In the US, major manufacturers of ethyl chloride are:

Dow Chemical USA; Production site: Freeport, TX
E I duPont de Nemours & Co, Inc; Production site: Deepwater, NJ
Ethyl Corp; Production site: Pasadena, TX
Hercules Incorporated; Production site: Hopewell, VA
PPG Industries, Inc; Production site: Lake Charles, LA

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Ethyl chloride vapors may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Exposure may produce headache, blurred vision, dizziness, incoordination, inebriation, CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and liver or kidney damage. In animals, ethyl chloride increases myocardial sensitivity to catecholamines.
The liquid is harmful to the eyes. Because of its low boiling point, its fast evaporation can cause cold injury. It is the least toxic of the chlorinated hydrocarbons.
When heated to decomposition, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, chlorine, and carbon monoxide gases may be released.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Ethyl chloride at 0.1% (1000 ppm) has no effect, but concentrations of 2% to 4% cause incoordination or drunkenness, loss of consciousness, and respiratory and circulatory depression (EOHS, 1982). Only slight irritation of the eyes is seen, even at narcotic concentrations. Possible liver or kidney damage may occur (HSDB).

Ethyl chloride is quickly absorbed through the mucous membranes, lungs, and intact skin (HSDB), and is also quickly eliminated from the body (EOHS, 1982), minimizing the possibility of true chronic toxicity.

Ethyl chloride is a potent promoter of CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, decreasing the myocardial threshold for arrhythmias and fibrillation induced by endogenous epinephrine (adrenaline) (ACGIH, 1986). This can result in SUDDEN DEATH.

In rats, ethyl chloride exposure potentiated the toxicity of ETHYL ALCOHOL (Gohlke & Schmidt, 1972).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Ethyl chloride at concentrations up to 10,000 ppm had no effect in rats or dogs over a two-week exposure period (Landry, 1982). No other chronic exposure studies were found at the time of this review.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE (LIQUID) - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE (LIQUID) - Flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE (LIQUID) - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Liver, kidneys, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If frostbite has occurred, DO NOT rub the affected areas, DO NOT flush the affected areas with water, or attempt to remove frozen clothing.
PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If contact with escaping gas may have caused frostbite of the eyes, early ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation or CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

Potentiation of adrenaline and resultant cardiac arrhythmias, coma, and death are the most serious concerns from acute, high-level ethyl chloride exposures (ACGIH, 1991) Baselt & Cravey, 1995; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

During hospital treatment, a young adult who was discovered unresponsive following recreational ethyl chloride abuse had a 200 mg/L serum concentration of ethyl chloride; he was pronounced dead after 1 hour of resuscitative measures, and postmortem blood tests yielded a level of 650 mg/L ethyl chloride(Baselt, 2000).

CASE REPORT: A 30-year-old male was found dead with 4 cans (3 empty and 1 partially empty) containing ethyl chloride labeled as VCR head cleaner next to the body. Ethyl chloride concentrations found in blood, urine, vitreous, brain, and lungs were 423 mg/L, 35 mg/L, 12 mg/L, 858 mg/kg, and 86 mg/kg, respectively(Broussard et al, 2000).

CASE REPORTS: In a traffic fatality, the ethyl chloride concentration in blood was 110 mg/dL. In another case, the postmortem blood concentration was 65 mg/dL(Yacoub et al, 1993).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Ethyl chloride is mildly toxic if inhaled and is a skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant; compared with all other chlorinated hydrocarbons, it is the least toxic (Lewis, 1996).

Ethyl chloride exposure can cause CNS depression, increased respiratory rate, dizziness, incoordination, euphoria, abdominal cramps, and cardiac depression. Its irritating properties provide some warning of its presence, but it is possible to tolerate exposure to the point of unconsciousness (Lewis, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1998).
Humans exposed to ethyl chloride at increasing amounts showed increased symptoms of exposure (ACGIH, 1991):

At 1.3% ethyl chloride exposure, intoxication began and increased with increased dosage.
Memory loss started at 1.9%, and increased as dosage increased.
At 2.5% exposure, incoordination was noted.
At 3.36% ethyl chloride exposure, incoordination and noisy talkativeness were followed by a recovery period including cyanosis, nausea, and vomiting.

Liquid ethyl chloride or over application of ethyl chloride as a topical spray can result in freezing and tissue necrosis (Baselt & Cravey, 1995; (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-00-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Ethyl chloride

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Ethyl chloride
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Chloroethane

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethyl chloride
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Chloroethane

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-00-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 1x10(1) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: HSDB, 2003 Lewis, 1996 OHM/TADS, 2003 RTECS, 2003
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 2.69 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 1983)
1 mg/L = 379 ppm (at 25 degrees C, 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-00-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Ethyl chloride

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 100 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver dam
Molecular Weight: 64.52

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-00-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-00-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Ethyl chloride
REL:

TWA: Handle with caution in the workplace.
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix C (Chloroethanes)

IDLH:

IDLH: 3800 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

[10%LEL]: The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-00-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Ethyl chloride
Table Z-1 for Ethyl chloride:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 1000

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 2600

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-00-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-00-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Chloroethane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethyl chloride
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-00-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-00-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-00-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-00-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-00-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-00-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethane, chloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1037 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ethyl chloride

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1037
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: B77, T50

B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.
T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 322
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1037 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Ethyl chloride
UN Number: 1037

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-00-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethyl Chloride
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Ethyl chloride is a skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant and is mildly toxic if inhaled (Lewis, 2000).
Appropriate protective clothing should be worn to prevent prolonged or repetitive skin contact, eye protection should be used to reduce probability of contact with eyes, and a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be worn to protect against inhalation danger (Pohanish, 2002; ITI, 1995).
In case of bodily contact with ethyl chloride, flush affected areas with copious amounts of water or soap and water; flush eyes immediately in case of eye contact. If large amounts of ethyl chloride have been inhaled, move immediately to fresh air and, in severe cases, artificial respiration should be performed (Sittig, 1991; ITI, 1995).
When exposed to heat, spark, or flame, ethyl chloride is an extremely dangerous fire hazard; immediately remove ethyl chloride-contaminated clothing to avoid flammability danger (Lewis, 1996; ITI, 1995).
Ignition sources (e.g. smoking and open flames) are prohibited anywhere ethyl chloride is used, handled, or stored (Pohanish, 2002).

HANDLING

Sources of ignition (e.g. smoking and open flames) are prohibited in any location ethyl chloride is used, handled, or stored (Sittig, 1991).

Only non-sparking equipment and tools should be used, especially when opening and closing ethyl chloride containers (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store ethyl chloride in tightly closed containers and protect containers against physical damage (Sittig, 1991; ITI, 1995).
During the transfer of 5 gallons or more of ethyl chloride, metal containers should be grounded and bonded (Sittig, 1991).
Self-closing valves, flame arresters, and pressure vacuum bungs are required on drums containing ethyl chloride (Sittig, 1991).
When working in the vicinity of containers with ethyl chloride, or to open and close containers of ethyl chloride, use only non-sparkling tools and equipment (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store containers away from heat in a cool, well-ventilated area; detached or outdoor storage is preferred. Use a standard flammable liquids storage room if storage is indoors (Sittig, 1991; ITI, 1995).
Any source of ignition (such as heat, smoking, open flame, sparks) must be removed from areas where this compound is handled, used or stored (Sittig, 1991; Lewis, 1996).
Store this compound at ambient temperatures (HSDB , 2000).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Store away from heat and flame, oxidizers (e.g. peroxides, permanganates, nitrates, chlorates, and perchlorates), and chemically active metals (e.g. potassium, sodium, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and powdered aluminum) to avoid violent reactions (Sittig, 1991; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
This compound will react with water or steam, which results in the generation of toxic and corrosive fumes (Lewis, 1996).
Some forms of plastic, rubber and coatings are attacked by ethyl chloride in liquid form (HSDB , 2000).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

Stay upwind and avoid breathing ethyl chloride vapors. Prevent repetitive or prolonged skin and eye contact with ethyl chloride by wearing appropriate protective clothing (gloves, boots and goggles). To avoid flammability danger, immediately remove clothing that becomes wet or contaminated with ethyl chloride. Do not handle broken or leaking containers of ethyl chloride unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. In case of bodily contact with ethyl chloride, wash affected areas with copious amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Eye protection should be worn to reduce the possibility of eye contact (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-00-3.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.
- Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Will form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Ethyl chloride is a very dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Reactions with water or steam produce toxic and corrosive fumes, including hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid. Ethyl chloride containers may explode in a fire (ILO, 1998) Lewis, 1996; (Lewis, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-00-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethyl Chloride
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.
CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049) and Deuterium (UN1957) burn with an invisible flame.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray or fog.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-00-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethyl Chloride
Extinguishing Method(s): 1

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

Unless the ethyl chloride flow can be stopped, do not extinguish a fire involving this chemical. Solid water streams may spread the fire; use flooding quantities of water as fog. Water should be applied to the fire from as far away as possible; affected containers should be cooled using flooding quantities of water. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to fight fire (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

The use of water on fires involving ethyl chloride may be ineffective. Although water can be used on exposed material to cool and protect, it may not extinguish the fire unless favorable conditions exist and the situation is handled by experienced, trained fire fighters knowledgeable in fighting all types of flammable liquids fires (NFPA, 1997).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, ethyl chloride emits toxic fumes of phosgene and chlorine. Reactions involving moisture such as steam or water produce hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Ethyl chloride poses an extremely dangerous explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame; it has a closed cup flash point of -50 degrees C (-58 degrees F) (AAR, 1998; (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997) NFPA, 1994).

Explosive mixtures may result when ethyl chloride reacts with air due to the chemical's low flash point (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Ethyl chloride reacts violently with oxidizers (e.g. peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates, and permanganates) and metals (e.g. aluminum, calcium, zinc, lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Potassium, potassium mixtures, and alloys are shock sensitive and render the possibility of violent explosion when in contact with ethyl chloride (Urben, 1995).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Vapors of ethyl chloride are heavier than air and may mobilize along the ground and flash back. Accumulation of static electrical charges may occur and cause vapor ignition (AAR, 1998; (ILO, 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

When heated to decomposition, or exposed to water or steam, ethyl chloride emits toxic fumes of phosgene, chlorine, hydrogen chloride gas, and hydrochloric acid (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Ethyl chloride slowly reacts with water or steam, yielding hydrogen chloride gas; contact with moisture produces hydrochloric acid (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Explosive mixtures may result when ethyl chloride reacts with air due to the chemical's low flash point (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Ethyl chloride reacts violently with oxidizers (e.g. peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates, and permanganates) and metals (e.g. aluminum, calcium, zinc, lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Potassium, potassium mixtures, and alloys are shock sensitive and render the possibility of violent explosion when in contact with ethyl chloride (Urben, 1995).

Ethyl chloride attacks rubber and some plastics (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.

If a fire involving ethyl chloride becomes uncontrollable or ethyl chloride containers are exposed to direct heat or flame, consider evacuating the surrounding area for a one-third (1/3) mile radius (AAR, 1998).

If ethyl chloride is leaking but not on fire, consider evacuating the downwind areas based on the spill amount, the location of the spill, and the weather conditions (AAR, 1998).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-00-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-00-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Ethyl chloride; (Chloroethane)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 100
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 200
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 1,500
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 3,800
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS75-00-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-00-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 3800 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

([10%LEL]) The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
- Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
If ethyl chloride is not on fire and not involved in a fire, keep sources of ignition, such as flames and sparks, out of the area. Restrict access to the spill area to personnel wearing appropriate protective clothing until cleanup is concluded. Ventilate the spill area and attempt to stop the leak if this can be done without undue risk to personnel. Use water spray to knock down vapors (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).
- Do not allow spilled liquid ethyl chloride to contaminate water sources and sewers; as necessary, build dikes to control the flow of spilled ethyl chloride. Absorb spilled ethyl chloride with earth, dry sand, vermiculite, or a similar material and place in sealed containers for disposal (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).
- If ethyl chloride gas is leaking from a cylinder, attempt to stop the leak if this can be done without undue risk to personnel. Ventilate the area to disperse the gas. If the leaking cylinder cannot be stopped in place, move it to an open air, safe place and either repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty. Keep ethyl chloride vapors out of confined spaces and sewers to avoid the possibility of explosion (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Absorb small ethyl chloride spills with paper towels or similar materials. Place the paper towels in a hood to evaporate. Burn the towels to dispose of them (ITI, 1995).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is a suggested disposal method. Dissolve ethyl chloride in a combustible solvent and scatter spray the resulting solution into a furnace equipped with afterburner and alkali scrubber. Ensure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is required for the removal of the halo-acids produced (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Ethyl chloride may be released to the environment from process and fugitive emissions resulting from its manufacture and primary use as a chemical intermediate; by evaporation from its use as an aerosol, solvent, and anesthesia; and from plastics and refuse combustion stack emissions. Ethyl chloride does not occur as a natural product of nature (Howard, 1990).

Ethyl chloride may be formed as a metabolite of various chlorinated solvents during microbial degradation in soil and in anoxic groundwater biosystems (HSDB , 2000).

Small amounts of this compound may also be released either directly in leachates from landfills or they may be generated during chlorination processes of landfill leachates. (HSDB , 2000).

This compound may also be found in wastewater effluents from treatment facilities (HSDB , 2000).

Ethyl chloride (presumed to be the break down product of other chlorinated compounds) was detected in ground water in Wisconsin 80 m downgradient from a contamination source. The measured concentration was 90 microgram/L (HSDB , 2000).

Groundwater beneath the Miami Drum waste site in Florida contained ethyl chloride at concentrations between 4.3-136 ppb (HSDB , 2000).

Ambient water observation stations measured ethyl chloride in surface waters at a median concentration below 10 ppb (HSDB , 2000).

In 1981, final wastewater effluent from a Los Angeles treatment facility contained ethyl chloride at a concentration of 1.5 ppb (HSDB , 2000).

Raw wastewater effluents from several organic chemical manufacturing plants contained on average 240 ppb of this copound (HSDB , 2000).

In 1980, sediments from one location in Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana contained on average 0.2 ppb (wet wt) of this compound. Oysters, sampled from the same location, showed mean concentrations of 7.6 ppb (wet wt) (HSDB , 2000).

In 1980, the following mean ambient air concentrations of ethyl chloride were measured:

Houston, TX - 227 ppt
St. Louis, MO - 46 ppt
Denver, CO - 41 ppt
Riverside, CA - 87 ppt
Based on these values, the average air intake of ethyl chloride was estimated to be 2.4-13.5 microgram/day (HSDB , 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Ethyl chloride released to the atmosphere will primarily degrade through the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals. In an ambient atmosphere, this reaction has a half-life of about 40 days. Less than 1% of the ethyl chloride will diffuse above the ozone layer where it will be degraded by photolysis; below the ozone layer, ethyl chloride will not directly photolyze. Removal from the atmosphere by washout may be possible; however, any ethyl chloride that is removed in this way will likely revolatilize into the air (Howard, 1990).
- The photooxidation half-life in air ranges from 160 hours (6.67 days) to 1604 hours (66.8 days) based on measured rate constants for reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Ethyl chloride released to water will primarily degrade through volatilization. In water, ethyl chloride hydrolyzes; however, the estimated hydrolysis half-life is not competitive with volatilization. The degradation processes of adsorption, aquatic bioconcentration, oxidation, and direct photolysis are not important degradation processes (Howard, 1990).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Ethyl chloride released onto soils will evaporate quickly because it is a gas at room temperature. Ethyl chloride that does not evaporate is highly mobile in soils and will leach significantly. In moist soils, ethyl chloride will hydrolyze. There is very little data to estimate the importance of biodegradation as a removal process (Howard, 1990).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

The recommended vapor phase rate constant for the reaction of ethyl chloride with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere is 4.0x10(-13) at 25 degrees C. This results in a half-life of 40 days assuming a typical atmospheric concentration of hydroxyl radicals of 5x10(5) molecules/m(3) (Howard, 1990).

Ethyl chloride does not absorb UV light above 290 nm which indicates that it will not photolyze in the troposphere. Oxidation of ethyl chloride in water is too slow to be an important removal process (Howard, 1990).

The lambda maximum light absorption is <160 nm (gas phase); absorption extends up to approximately 235 nm (Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

There is very little data to estimate the importance of biodegradation as a removal process. Although ethyl chloride was not tested, the dichlorethanes were found to be potentially biodegradable using a static flask screening process (Howard, 1990).

The scientific judgment of the aerobic half-life of ethyl chloride ranges from 168 hours (7 days) to 672 hours (4 weeks) based on aqueous aerobic screening test data for 1-chloropropane and 1-chlorobutane (Howard et al, 1991).
The scientific judgment of the anaerobic half-life of ethyl chloride ranges from 672 hours (28 days) to 2688 hours (16 weeks) based on estimated unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

This compound does not have the potential to bioconcentrate (HSDB , 2000).
Based on the octanol/water partition coefficient, water solubility, and the recommended regression equations, the log bioconcentration factor for ethyl chloride can be estimated to be 0.86 and 0.67, respectively (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

64.51

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Ethyl chloride is a colorless, liquefied gas with a pungent, ether-like odor and a burning taste. At normal temperature (above 12 degrees C; 54 degrees F) and pressure, it is a highly flammable gas; it vaporizes at once if released from its container at normal temperatures. Ethyl chloride is a very volatile and mobile liquid under increased pressure or low temperatures, (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; Verschueren, 1983).

This compound floats and may boil on water (CHRIS, 2003).

When ignited, ethyl chloride burns with a smoky, greenish flame (HSDB, 2003).

Ethyl chloride is thermally stable to a temperature of 400 degrees C. Above this temperature, the compound decomposes, producing ethylene and hydrogen chloride (HSDB, 2003).

VAPOR PRESSURE

457 mmHg (at 0 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

700 mmHg (at 10 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

1000 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Harbison, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Verschueren, 1983)

1010 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (calculated from experimentally derived coefficients) (HSDB, 2003)

1200 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

1.9 atm (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

133.3 kPa (ILO, 1998)

SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE: 22.400 lb/sq in at 75 degrees C (HSDB, 2003)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.8917 (at 25/25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.9214 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Verschueren, 1983)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

LIQUID: 0.917 (at 6/6 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.909 g/cm(3) (at 12 degrees C) (Lide, 1995)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

LIQUID: 0.90 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-139 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
-140.85 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
-142.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

MELTING POINT

-138.7 degrees C (ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998)
-139 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
-138.7 degrees C (Lide, 1995)

BOILING POINT

12 degrees C; 54 degrees F (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996) NFPA, 1994)

12.2 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

12.3 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 2001; ILO, 1998; Budavari, 1996; Lide, 1995)

12.4 degrees C (Verschueren, 1983)

12.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

32.5 degrees C (at 2 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

92.6 degrees C (at 10 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

149.5 degrees C (at 30 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

180.5 degrees C (at 50 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

285.4 degrees K (at 1 atm) (Lide, 1995)

FLASH POINT

-43 degrees C; 45 degrees F (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-50 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997) NFPA, 1994)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

510 degrees C (ILO, 1998)

518 degrees C(ACGIH, 2001; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997) NFPA, 1994)

519 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

3.6% (Budavari, 1996)
3.8% (ACGIH, 2001; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996) NFPA, 1994)

UPPER

14.8% (Budavari, 1996)
15.4% (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996) NFPA, 1994)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Ethyl chloride is insoluble or slightly soluble in water (AAR, 1998; (Ashford, 1994; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997) NFPA, 1994):

3330 mg/L (at 0 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983);
0.447 g/100 mL (at 0 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003);
0.574 g/100 mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994);
5710 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1990);
5740 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983);
5.68X10(3) mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003);
100 g ethyl chloride dissolve in 0.07 g water (at 0 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003);
100 g ethyl chloride dissolve in 0.6 g water (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Ethyl chloride is miscible with oxygenated, chlorinated, and aromatic solvents; it is soluble in ethyl ether (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997):

48% in ethyl alcohol (at 21 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001);
48.3 g/100 mL alcohol (Budavari, 1996);
48 g/100 mL ethanol (at 21 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994);
100 g ethyl chloride dissolve in 103 g acetone (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003);
100 g ethyl chloride dissolve in 110 g benzene (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003);
100 g ethyl chloride dissolve in 87 g n-heptane (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003);
100 g ethyl chloride dissolve in 48 g ethanol (at 21 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003);
100 g ethyl chloride dissolve in 37 g methanol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003);

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log 1.43 (Howard, 1990)

log 1.54 (calculated) (Verschueren, 1983)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

8.48x10(-3)atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

533 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB, 2003)

MASS

45 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2003)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

10-12 mg/m(3) (recognition) (Verschueren, 1983)

SURFACE TENSION

19.5 dynes/cm (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003)
0.0195 N/m; 19.5 dynes/cm (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2003)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

52.0 atm (Budavari, 1996)
51.6 atm; 758 psia; 5.23 MN/m(2) (CHRIS, 2003)
5.3 MPa (Lide, 1995)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

187.2 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997)
187.2 degrees C; 369 degrees F; 460.4 degrees K (CHRIS, 2003)
460.4 degrees K (Lide, 1995)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

GAS: 1.01325 (at 20 degrees C and 1 atm) (Lide, 1995)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.3676 (at 20 degrees C)(HSDB, 2003)
1.001 (at 25 degrees C)(HSDB, 2003)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

0.04 N/m; 40 dynes/cm (estimated) (at 0 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2003)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

11 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB, 2003)

VISCOSITY

0.279 cP (at 10 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003)
LIQUID: 0.416 mPa s (at -25 degrees C) (Lide, 1995)
LIQUID: 0.319 mPa s (at 0 degrees C) (Lide, 1995)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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ETHYL CHLORIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents