ETHYL ACRYLATE

It is used in concentrations up to 0.3 percent in paints and in the manufacture of latex paint, dirt release agents, plastic films, dental plates, surgical prostheses, acrylic fibers, adhesives, binders, contact lenses, and plexiglass; for surface treatment of textile fibers, paper, and leather; and in thermosetting acrylic enamels in automotive and appliance coatings (ACGIH, 1991) Hathaway, 1991; Hathaway, 1996; (CHRIS , 1985; IARC, 1986; HSDB , 2001).
Ethyl acrylate was formerly used as an additive in food as a fragrance and flavoring agent (Bingham et al, 2001; ACGIH, 1991). It is a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) food additive (IARC, 1986).
Ethyl acrylate can be released into the workplace air during carbon dioxide laser cutting operations on plexiglass, acrylic, and lucite plastics (Tharr, 1991).

FORMS

Ethyl acrylate is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. Its odor is described as sharp, acrid, pungent, fragrant, ester-like, acrylate, fruity, or penetrating (Bingham et al, 2001; AAR, 1996; ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991; CHRIS , 1999; IARC, 1986).
Ethyl acrylate monomer is the ester of acrylic acid and ethanol. It is a reactive monomer used for making acrylic resins and emulsion and solution polymers (Bingham et al, 2001; ACGIH, 1991).

SOURCES

Ethyl acrylate is prepared from ethylene chlorohydrin or acrylonitrile, ethanol, and sulfuric acid, or by a catalyzed oxo reaction from acetylene, carbon monoxide, and ethanol (Budavari, 1996). It is also manufactured by oxidation of propylene to acrolein then to acrylic acid, with the acid being treated with ethanol to yield the ethyl ester (Bingham et al, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Ethyl acrylate may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and from dermal exposure. Ingestion can result in cardiovascular collapse, severe respiratory insufficiency, CNS stimulation or depression, and seizures.

Inhalation may cause drowsiness, nausea, headache, extreme irritation of the respiratory tract, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, or seizures. The liquid can cause burns of the skin and eyes and may be a skin sensitizer.

Liver and kidney injuries have occurred in experimental animals.

Ethyl acrylate is a probable carcinogen in experimental animals, inducing chromosome damage in experimental studies with animals. IARC classifies this compound in its group 2B (possible human carcinogen).

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Ethyl acrylate is a strong lacrimator and irritant. Corneal burns may occur (Gosselin et al, 1984; Hathaway et al, 1991; HSDB , 1995). In experimental animals, corneal necrosis occurred within 24 hours after ocular exposure (Grant, 1986).

Inhalation of high vapor concentrations may cause tachypnea and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (Gosselin et al, 1984). Chronic respiratory disease may be aggravated by inhalation exposure (Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Union Carbide, 1988). In experimental animals, high doses produced cyanosis, dyspnea, and pulmonary damage (Treon, 1949; Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

Lethargy may occur if high vapor concentrations are inhaled (Windholz, 1983). Prolonged inhalation of 50 to 75 ppm may cause signs of CNS depression, drowsiness, and headache (ACGIH, 1991). Seizures may occur following inhalation exposure (HSDB , 1995). Ethyl acrylate is metabolized to ethanol in the lungs and GI tract, which might be responsible for its CNS depressant effects.

Experimental animals exposed to high doses died with labored respirations, prostration, tremors, seizures, and cyanosis (Treon, 1949; Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

Prolonged inhalation exposure may cause nausea (ACGIH, 1991). In rats, oral administration of ethyl acrylate was more toxic to the forestomach than acrylic acid (Ghanayem et al, 1985b).

Ethyl acrylate is absorbed through intact skin and causes severe local irritation (Hathaway et al, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; HSDB , 1995). Existing dermatitis may be aggravated by exposure (Union Carbide, 1988; Proctor & Hughes, 1978). Skin sensitizing was seen in humans with a 4 percent mixture in petrolatum (IARC, 1986).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Prolonged exposure has produced drowsiness, headache, nausea, and skin sensitization (Hathaway et al, 1991).

In an occupational study, 14 of 33 workers exposed to airborne concentrations of 4 to 58 mg/m(3) for an average of 5 years complained of autonomic and neurotic symptoms but had normal EEG examinations (IARC, 1986).

In experimental animals, chronic exposure has caused lesions of the nasal cavity, dermatitis, dermal fibrosis, epidermal necrosis, and hyperkeratosis (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Cloudy swelling and congestion of the liver and cloudy swelling of the renal tubules were seen in rats who died following inhalation exposure to 300 ppm for more than 30 days (ACGIH, 1991).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INGESTION EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, Do NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

In rats, the lowest lethal dermal dose was reported to be 1,800 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1991).
Inhalation exposure of rats to airborne levels of 300 or 540 ppm of ethyl acrylate for up to 30 days produced the following results (ACGIH, 1991) -

Termination was forced due to high mortality after 19 days of exposure at the 540 ppm air concentration. Of the 30 rats exposed at the 300 ppm concentration, 18 died prior to completion of the 30-day exposure regimen (ACGIH, 1991).

A monkey exposed to an airborne concentration of 1,024 ppm of ethyl acrylate died after 2.2 days (ACGIH, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

Drowsiness, headache, and nausea resulted from a prolonged inhalation exposure to airborne concentrations of 50 to 75 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).
Skin sensitization reactions in 10 of 24 human volunteers resulted after exposure to a 4 percent concentration of ethyl acrylate in petroleum jelly (ACGIH, 1991).
In an occupational study, 14 of 33 workers exposed to an airborne concentration of 4 to 58 mg/m(3) of ethyl acrylate for an average of 5 years complained of autonomic and neurotic symptoms but had normal EEG examinations (IARC, 1986).

ANIMAL DATA

In rats, inhalation exposure to an airborne concentration of 1,000 ppm for 4 hours caused skin irritation but was not fatal (Hathaway et al, 1996).
All 30 rats survived inhalation exposure to ethyl acrylate at 70 ppm for 30 days, and 12 of 30 rats survived exposure to 300 ppm for 30 days (ACGIH, 1991).
Rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs subjected to 50 inhalation exposures of 7 hours each at an airborne concentration of 75 ppm of ethyl acrylate had no indications of toxicity (ACGIH, 1991).
A monkey exposed for 28 days to an airborne concentration of 272 ppm was lethargic, experienced weight loss, and had slight mucous membrane irritation. After 130 exposures of 7 hours each at airborne concentrations of 24.5 or 26.2 ppm, neither of two monkeys had signs of intoxication (ACGIH, 1991).
Corneal necrosis occurred within 24 hours after one drop of the liquid was instilled in the eye of a rabbit (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Pregnant rats exposed to an airborne concentration of 150 ppm for 6 hours/day during days 6 through 15 of gestation had some maternal toxicity and a slight, but not statistically significant, increase in malformed fetuses. At an airborne concentration of 50 ppm, there were neither maternal toxicity nor an adverse effect on the fetus (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Rabbits had only retarded growth or weight loss after exposure to 0.0315 g/kg for 25 doses (Treon, 1949).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS140-88-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Ethyl acrylate

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Ethyl acrylate

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Ethyl acrylate

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS140-88-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2001 Lewis, 1992 Lewis, 1996 ACGIH, 1991 Note: All values are from RTECS 2001, unless otherwise noted.
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

mg/m(3) = 4.10 x ppm (IARC, 1986)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS140-88-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Ethyl acrylate

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 5 ppm
TLV-STEL: 15 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT, eye, and GI irr; CNS impair; skin sens
Molecular Weight: 100.11

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS140-88-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS140-88-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Ethyl acrylate
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 300 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS140-88-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Ethyl acrylate
Table Z-1 for Ethyl acrylate:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 25

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 100

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS140-88-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS140-88-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 2-Propenoic acid, ethyl ester
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethyl acrylate
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS140-88-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS140-88-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Ethyl acrylate
P or U series number: U113
Footnote:
Listed as: 2-Propenoic acid, ethyl ester
P or U series number: U113
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS140-88-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS140-88-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Ethyl acrylate
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS140-88-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Ethyl propenoate, inhibited
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS140-88-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2-Propenoic acid, ethyl ester

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1917 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ethyl acrylate, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1917
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1, TP13

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1917 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Ethyl acrylate, stabilized
UN Number: 1917

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS140-88-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethyl Acrylate
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Producers of ethyl acrylate-containing waste in volumes equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo must follow US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations regarding waste storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal (HSDB , 1999).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Do not store near heat, oxidizers, or sunlight. Outside or detached storage is preferable. Keep separate from oxidizers, peroxides, or other initiators (NFPA, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Do not breathe vapors. Stay upwind. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles. When handling broken packages, wear appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material that may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 1992).

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face-shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent any possibility of skin contact with ethyl acrylate (HSDB , 1995).

Clothing contaminated with liquid ethyl acrylate should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of ethyl acrylate from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the ethyl acrylate, the person performing the operation should be informed of ethyl acrylate's hazardous properties. Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid ethyl acrylate should be removed immediately and not reworn until the ethyl acrylate is removed from the clothing (HSDB , 1995).

Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employee's body to liquid ethyl acrylate, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use (HSDB , 1995).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Employees should be provided with and required to use splash-proof goggles where there is any possibility of liquid ethyl acrylate contacting the eyes (HSDB , 1995).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 140-88-5.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

DuPont Personal Protection

StaSafe CPE

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3.8
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.04
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 91
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 91
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 91
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl chloride

DuPont Personal Protection

StaSafe GraLite 20

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >416
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

StaSafe WinterGlo 20

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >416
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Neoprene

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 18
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 241
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Nitrile

Marigold Industrial

315F

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 22
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

326Y

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

368R

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 88
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CO7B

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CR30

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

G12T

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

ME104

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 39
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

U263B/G

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:173 / CAN:459

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:414 / CAN:454

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Marigold Industrial 3585 Engineering Drive Suite 200 Box 926090 Norcross, GA 30092 USA Phone: (800) 733-0987 Fax: (800) 786-4564 Toll-Free: (800) 733-0987 Website: http://www.marigoldindustrial.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Ethyl acrylate is a flammable liquid. When exposed to heat or flame, it is an extremely dangerous fire hazard. It can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1992).
When heated, closed containers may rupture violently. Vapors are heavier than air and may migrate to an ignition source and flash back. Liquid floats on water and may travel to an ignition source and spread fire (NFPA, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS140-88-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethyl Acrylate
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Ethyl acrylate is a flammable liquid. When exposed to heat or flame, it is an extremely dangerous fire hazard. It can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1992).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS140-88-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethyl Acrylate
Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

Spray water on fire-exposed containers to keep them cool. Use fine spray or fog to prevent fire's spread and to absorb some of its heat. Solid water streams may be not be effective or may cause frothing. Instead, use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Fight fire from maximum possible distance or protected location (NFPA, 1991).

Extinguish fire only if flow can be stopped (AAR, 1992).

If fire cannot be controlled or if container is exposed directly to flame, consider evacuation of one-half mile radius (AAR, 1992).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, ethyl acrylate emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Lewis, 1992).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Ethyl acrylate reacts violently with chlorosulfonic acid. (Lewis, 1992).

If ethyl acrylate is subjected to heat for prolonged periods or becomes contaminated, it is subject to polymerization with evolution of heat. If the polymerization takes place inside a container, the container may violently rupture (AAR, 1992).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to an ignition source and flash back.

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Hazardous polymerization may occur. Polymerization may be caused by elevated temperature, oxidizers, or peroxides. Material will react with strong acids and alkalies. Uninhibited monomer vapor may form polymer in vents and other confined spaces (NFPA, 1991).

Exothermic polymerization of inhibited ethyl acrylate occurred when the material stored in a clear glass bottle was exposed to sunlight. Recommended precautions for laboratory-stored samples included an increase in inhibitor concentration tenfold to 200 ppm and use of metal or brown glass containers (Bretherick, 1996).

Ethyl acrylate is a flammable liquid. When exposed to heat or flame, it is an extremely dangerous fire hazard. It can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1996).

Ethyl acrylate can form explosive mixtures in air (Gosselin et al, 1984). It is a dangerous fire and explosion hazard (ACGIH, 1991).

Ethyl acrylate is incompatible with oxidizers, peroxides, polymerizers, strong alkalies, and moisture (CHRIS , 1999).

Ethyl acrylate may react violently with chlorosulfonic acid (Lewis, 1996).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If fire cannot be controlled or if container is exposed directly to flame, consider evacuation of one-half mile radius (AAR, 1992).

If ethyl acrylate is leaking (not on fire), consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location, and weather conditions (AAR, 1992).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS140-88-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Ethyl Acrylate
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 0.01
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 30
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 300
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS140-88-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Ethyl acrylate
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 5
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 8.3
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 36
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 240
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS140-88-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS140-88-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 300 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/month) containing ethyl acrylate, EPA hazardous waste number U113, must conform with US Environmental Protection Agency regulations in storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste (HSDB, 2004).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. Report any release in excess of 1000 pounds (NFPA, 1991).
Prevent material from entering water sources and sewers. If necessary, build dikes to contain flow (AAR, 1992).
If ethyl acrylate is leaking (not on fire), consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location, and weather conditions (AAR, 1992).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

BIOREMEDIATION

Ethyl acrylate is degraded in an anaerobic reactor employing acetate-enriched cultures and a 2 to 10 day hydraulic retention time with 95 percent utilization after 110 days of acclimation (HSDB, 2004).
It biodegraded in screening tests using sewage seed (fresh and salt water). The percent of theoretical biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was 28% and 11%, respectively, after 5 days. After acclimation, the BOD increased to 66 percent of theoretical oxygen demand (HSDB, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Ethyl acrylate is a good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1600 degrees C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds (HSDB, 2004).
It is also a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1600 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids (HSDB, 2004).
Ethyl acrylate is also a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids (HSDB, 2004).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Ethyl acrylate may be released into the environment in fugitive or stack emissions or in wastewater during its production and use or from spills. It is also a volatile component of vegetation (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

If ethyl acrylate is released to the atmosphere, it will be expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor phase based upon a reported vapor pressure of 38.6 mmHg at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).
Ethyl acrylate is not expected to directly photolyze in air (HSDB, 2004).
- Ethyl acrylate does not absorb UV radiation greater than 290 nm. Therefore direct photolysis should not occur with sunlight (HSDB, 2004).
It will be susceptible to photodegradation via vapor phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone. (HSDB, 2004).
- The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of ethyl acrylate with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 1.1 x 10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C, which correspond to an atmospheric half-life of 1.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 10(+5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3). The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of ethyl acrylate with ozone is estimated to be 5.7 x 10(-18) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C, which correspond to an atmospheric half-life of 2.0 days(HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Concentrated ethyl acrylate spilled in water will likely undergo polymerization to an insoluble resin (HSDB , 1995).
- If ethyl acrylate is released to water, it will not be expected to directly photolyze, adsorb to sediment or suspended particulate matter, or to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004).
- Hydrolysis of ethyl acrylate may be a significant process based upon hydrolytic half-lives of 3.0 years at pH 7, 103 days at pH 8, and 2.5 hours at pH 9 (HSDB, 2004).
- Ethyl acrylate may biodegrade in natural waters based upon its biodegradability in aqueous screening tests (HSDB, 2004).
- It should significantly volatilize from water with an estimated half-life of 6.0 hours for volatilization from a model river. The volatilization half-life from a model lake, which considers the effect of adsorption, has been estimated to be 5 days (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- If concentrated ethyl acrylate is spilled into water or onto land, it is likely to undergo polymerization to an insoluble resin. Low concentrations released on land should volatilize, leach into the ground, and probably biodegrade (HSDB , 1995).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Vapor phase ethyl acrylate photodegrades in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone. It will volatilize from water and soil. Hydrolysis may be a significant fate mechanism. It may leach into the ground, where it may biodegrade. Biodegradation in water is also possible. The concentrated material polymerizes on contact with water and soil (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

Ethyl acrylate and other acrylic acid derivatives create a considerable oxygen demand which can cause problems in water bodies receiving these wastes (HSDB , 1995).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) for ethyl acrylate is 1.32 from which one can estimate a bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 6 using a recommended regression equation. This value indicates that bioconcentration of ethyl acrylate in aquatic organisms should not be significant (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES:

Bacteria: Pseudomonas putida: inhibition of cell multiplication starts at 270 mg/L (HSDB, 2004)
Algae: Microcystis aeruginosa: inhibition of cell multiplication starts at 14 mg/L (HSDB, 2004)
TLm, brine shrimp, 12 ppm/24 H (CHRIS , 1995)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

100.12 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Ethyl acrylate is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor described as sharp, acrid, pungent, fragrant, ester-like, acrylate, fruity, or penetrating (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; ACGIH, 1991; Sittig, 1991).

The commercial form contains 1000 ppm of hydroquinone or 15 or 200 ppm of hydroquinone monomethyl ether to prevent polymerization (Hathaway et al, 1996).

The polymer is a transparent, elastic substance with practically no odor and little adhesive power. It resists the usual solvents (Budavari, 1996).

Ethyl acrylate easily polymerizes on standing. The polymerization process is speeded up by heat, light, and peroxides (Budavari, 1996).

If pure, the monomer can be stored below 10 degrees C without polymerizing (Budavari, 1996).

Ethyl acrylate is usually inhibited with hydroquinone or its methyl ether to prevent polymerization (ACGIH, 1991).

The small amount (0.005 percent) of acrylic acid in ethyl acrylate may cause it to be slightly acidic (IARC, 1986).

VAPOR PRESSURE

29.3 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

38.6 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

40 mmHg (at 26 degrees C) (IARC, 1986)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.9405 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
LIQUID: 0.9230 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

< -72 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

99.4 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

20 degrees C (at 39.2 mmHg) (polymerizes on distillation) (Budavari, 1996)

FLASH POINT

15 degrees C; 60 degrees F (open cup) (Budavari, 1996)

9 degrees C; 48 degrees F (closed cup) (NFPA, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

382.8 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.8% (Lewis, 1992)
1.4% (NFPA, 1991)

UPPER

14% (NFPA, 1991)
9.5% (calculated) (CHRIS , 1999)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Ethyl acrylate is soluble in water at 2 percent (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991).
2 g/100 mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Ethyl acrylate is completely miscible with ether and alcohol (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996).
It is soluble in chloroform (IARC, 1986).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 1.32 (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.407 (at 20 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 2001)

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ETHYL ACRYLATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents