ACRYLONITRILE

Acrylonitrile is widely utilized in synthetics, surface coatings, plastics, and adhesives manufacturing, especially in the form of acrylic and modacrylic fibers (ACGIH, 1991; Baselt, 2000; Budavari, 2001; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
This compound also functions as a pesticide fumigant (Budavari, 2001; Hayes & Laws, 1991).
Acrylonitrile is a major chemical intermediate, employed in creating such products as pharmaceuticals, antioxidants, and dyes, as well as in organic synthesis (Budavari, 2001; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

FORMS

Acrylonitrile is available as a technical grade which is greater than 99% pure; the major impurities include water (0.5% maximum), acetone, acetonitrile, acetaldehyde, iron, peroxides, and hydrogen cyanide (Snyder et al, 1990).
Acetonitrile in a polymerization grade may include dimethylformamide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyanisole, methyl acrylate, phenyl ether-bi-phenyl mixture, sodium metasulfite, sulfuric acid, and titanium dioxide (Snyder et al, 1990).

SOURCES

Acrylonitrile is produced by ammoxidation (propylene + ammonia and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst such as bismuth phosphomolybdate or a uranium-based compound); by the addition of hydrogen cyanide to acetylene using cuprous chloride as a catalyst; and by the dehydration of ethylene cyanohydrin (Ashford, 1994; Baselt, 1997; Baselt & Cravey, 1995; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Howard, 1989; Lewis, 1997).
Acrylonitrile does not occur naturally, but may be introduced to the environment through wastewater or fugitive emissions in manufacturing. The compound is a known component of cigarette smoke and is also released in the burning of polyacrylonitrile plastic. (Ashford, 1994; Baselt, 2000; Baselt & Cravey, 1995; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Howard, 1989; Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Acrylonitrile is a heavily produced unsaturated nitrile. It is widely utilized in synthetics, surface coatings, plastics, and adhesives manufacturing, especially in the form of acrylic and modacrylic fibers. It also functions as a pesticide fumigant. This compound is a major chemical intermediate, employed in creating such products as pharmaceuticals, antioxidants, and dyes, as well as in organic synthesis.

TOXICOLOGY: Acrylonitrile can be toxic by the inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure routes. Much of the toxicity of acrylonitrile is thought to be due to metabolic generation of cyanide; symptoms are similar to those induced by cyanide, but with slower onset. However, acrylonitrile is metabolized to a lesser extent in humans than in rodents; therefore cyanide toxicity may play a lesser role in humans than toxicity of the parent compound or its more proximate metabolites.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposures are uncommon, but deaths have been reported.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sneezing, eye irritation, headache, weakness, and irritability may occur with mild to moderate exposures.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Lactic acidosis, tachycardia, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, anemia, leukocytosis, renal dysfunction, hepatitis, rhabdomyolysis, seizures, coma, respiratory failure, and death have been reported with more severe exposures. Dermal contact may result in erythema, dermatitis, a burning sensation, and blister formation.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: Acrylonitrile can be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure. Much of the toxicity of acrylonitrile is thought to be due to metabolic generation of cyanide; symptoms are similar to those induced by cyanide, but with a slower onset. However, acrylonitrile is metabolized to a lesser extent in humans than in rodents; therefore cyanide toxicity may play a lesser role in humans than toxicity of the parent compound or its more proximate metabolites.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is uncommon, but deaths have been reported.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sneezing, eye irritation, headache, weakness, and irritability may occur with mild to moderate exposures.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Lactic acidosis, tachycardia, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, anemia, leukocytosis, renal dysfunction, hepatitis, rhabdomyolysis, seizures, coma, respiratory failure, and death have been reported with more severe exposures. Dermal contact may result in erythema, dermatitis, a burning sensation, and blister formation.

With an oral LD50 in rats of 78 to 93 mg/kg, acrylonitrile is highly toxic (RTECS , 1996). Much of the toxicity of acrylonitrile is thought to be due to metabolic generation of CYANIDE; symptoms are similar to those induced by cyanide, but with slower onset (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Some animal studies would indicate that not all of the toxicity of acrylonitrile is due to metabolic conversion to cyanide; some may be due to the parent compound itself.

Acrylonitrile can be toxic by the inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure routes (Plunkett, 1976; Clayton & Clayton, 1994). There have been fatalities from acute exposures, one from inhalation of an unknown concentration, and another from a mixed dermal-inhalation exposure (Hathaway et al, 1991). The lowest published lethal concentration in humans is 1 g/m(3) for 1 hour (RTECS , 1996). No deleterious effects were reported in human volunteers exposed to 5.4 to 10.9 mg/m(3) (2.4 to 5 ppm) for 8 hours (Jakubowski et al, 1987).

Acrylonitrile is an eye, skin, and upper respiratory tract irritant (Hathaway et al, 1991). Acrylonitrile vapors are eye irritants and lacrimators (ITI, 1975). The liquid was a severe eye irritant in rabbits (RTECS , 1996). Prolonged skin contact with the liquid may cause formation of large vesicles after a latent period of several hours. The burns resemble second degree thermal burns, but with little pain or inflammation (Hathaway et al, 1991). Spills on clothing usually evaporate rapidly with either mild erythema or no irritation. In addition to metabolic release of cyanide, acrylonitrile itself causes hepatotoxicity.

The lowest published toxic concentration for a human is 16 ppm for 20 minutes (RTECS , 1996). Mild exposures usually involve sneezing, eye irritation, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, irritability, and apprehension (Hathaway et al, 1991; ITI, 1975; Finkel, 1983). The headache is usually rapid in onset, and often accompanied by lightheadedness (ITI, 1975; Hathaway et al, 1991). Lactic acidosis may develop (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Symptoms include weakness in the limbs, dyspnea, burning sensation in the throat, dizziness, impaired judgement, cyanosis, nausea, irregular breathing, seizures, and death. Seizures and cardiac arrest may occur without warning. Serious exposures may result in profound weakness, asphyxia, and death (Hathaway et al, 1991).

In human volunteers exposed to 5 or 10 mg/m(3) of acrylonitrile, 52% of the inhaled dose was retained (Jakubowski et al, 1987). At 20 mcg/L, the average human retention was 46% (HSDB , 1996). Acrylonitrile was absorbed through the skin of the forearm of workers at a rate of 0.6 mg/cm(2)/hr (HSDB , 1996).

Cyanide causes symptoms including flushing, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, rapid heartbeat and breathing, headache, dizziness, confusion, hyperventilation, anxiety, agitation, tremors, weakness, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac conduction defects and arrhythmias, stupor, seizures, and coma (Hall & Rumack, 1986). Death may occur within a few minutes. Lesser cyanide exposures may produce nausea, vomiting, palpitations, confusion, hyperventilation, anxiety, and vertigo (Hall & Rumack, 1986).

Acrylonitrile was widely distributed in rats after a single oral or IV dose, and some became covalently bound to the nuclear, mitochondrial, and microsomal subcellular fractions of liver, kidney, spleen, brain, lung, and heart (HSDB , 1996).

The neurotoxicity of acrylonitrile in rats involved two phases. The early phase had rapid onset and was essentially cholinomimetic in nature; signs of this phase included salivation, lacrimation, polyuria, miosis, vasodilatation, and chlordacryorrhea. The later phase developed several hours after dosing and included CNS depression, convulsions, and respiratory failure, followed by death. Atropine, a cholinergic antidote, was protective against the early, but not the later, effects (Ghanayem et al, 1991).

Acrylonitrile is rapidly accumulated, extensively bound, and slowly eliminated from tissues in rats. Radioactivity from (2-C(14))-acrylonitrile accumulated in the liver, lung, bone marrow, adipose tissues, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and spleen after IV administration of 11.5 mg/kg; only 27% of the administered dose was eliminated by all routes by 48 hours (Ahmed et al, 1996).

Pre-induction of microsomal mixed function oxidases with Arochlor 1254 (a polychlorinated biphenyl) greatly enhanced the toxicity of acrylonitrile and caused a three-fold increase in cyanide levels in rats (HSDB , 1996). This result is consistent with the role of metabolic activation in enhancing acrylonitrile toxicity. Acrylonitrile is metabolized to an epoxide intermediate, 2-cyanoethylene oxide (Kedderis & Batra, 1993; Solomon et al, 1993).

There are four major pathways of metabolism for acrylonitrile: formation of glucuronides; direct reaction with glutathione to form cyanoethyl mercapturic acid; direct reaction with the thiol groups in proteins; and epoxidation to 2-cyanoethylene oxide. The last two pathways are believed to be responsible for the cyanide mediated toxicity of acrylonitrile (Muller et al, 1987). Hydrogen cyanide is released when 2-cyanoethylene oxide is hydrolyzed or conjugated with glutathione (HSDB , 1996).

While the major aspects of the acute toxicity of acrylonitrile are cyanide-like effects, some properties such as mucous membrane irritation, pulmonary edema, alveolar thickening, and splenic hemosiderosis in rats may be due to acrylonitrile itself (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). The mechanism of acrylonitrile's toxicity may be cyanoethylation of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and proteins (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

No discernable adverse effects were seen in a group of workers with chronic exposure to acrylonitrile averaging 1.13 ppm (Muto et al, 1992). No neurological deficits were seen in a group of workers with chronic exposure ranging from 1.8 to 14.1 ppm (Kaneko & Omae, 1992). In the largest study to date, no significant excess mortality was seen in a group of 1,774 workers exposed to acrylonitrile (Collins et al, 1989).

Repeated contact with the skin can produce solvent dermatitis (Hathaway et al, 1991). Allergic contact dermatitis has also been reported from occupational exposure, and acrylonitrile was positive in a guinea pig maximization test for allergenicity (Bakker et al, 1991).

Subjective symptoms reported by persons with chronic occupational acrylonitrile exposure include headache, tongue trouble, choking lump in the throat, fatigability, general malaise, heavy arms, and heavy sweating; choking lump in the throat was the only dose-related symptom (Kaneko & Omae, 1992).

Chronic exposure to acrylonitrile has been linked with liver damage. Jaundice and abnormal values for specific gravity of whole blood and serum, bilirubin, urinary protein, and urobilinogen were seen in a group of Japanese workers exposed to 5 to 20 ppm of acrylonitrile over a 10-year period. Mild anemia and leukocytosis may accompany jaundice (HSDB , 1996) Sakarai & Kusimoto, 1972).

An ongoing study has found significant excess mortality from ischemic heart disease, which has been linked to occupational exposure to acrylonitrile and/or DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE. No dose-response relationship was seen, however (Chen et al, 1988).

True chronic cyanide toxicity in humans is rare (Hathaway et al, 1991), although a variety of complaints including goiter, subclinical thyroid function, B12 and folate abnormalities, headaches, vertigo, chest discomfort, palpitations, eye and respiratory tract irritation, dermatitis, fatigue, poor appetite and sleeping, and epistaxis have been reported in cyanide-exposed workers (Hathaway et al, 1991; Colle, 1972; Saia et al, 1970; Ermans et al, 1972).

Chronic exposure to cyanides has been reported to cause CNS effects such as insomnia, loss of memory, and tremors (Chaumont, 1960). Experimental animal studies have confirmed the central nervous system as a target for the chronic toxicity of cyanide. Rats fed cyanide for 11 months suffered damage to the spinal cord (Philbrick et al, 1979). Other neurological effects include degeneration of the optic nerve, resulting in blindness.

In rats, cyanide metabolites may accumulate over long periods (Tewe & Maner, 1981).

Liver damage was seen in experimental animal studies (Plunkett, 1976).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is not recommended due to the potential for seizures and profound CNS depression and subsequent aspiration risk.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If symptoms occur after washing, get medical attention immediately.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, and CNS [brain tumors, lung and bowel cancer] (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

POTENTIAL TOXICITY/BACKGROUND

There is conflicting animal data regarding the role of cyanide in the toxicity of acrylonitrile. There is no clear evidence in humans to confirm or deny cyanide as being the toxic metabolite of acrylonitrile. It is believed that toxicity is due to acrylonitrile and its metabolites.

Although limited experience with treating human acrylonitrile toxicity using the traditional cyanide antidotes has generally proved ineffective, based on animal studies, in addition to supportive measures, and depending on the severity of acrylonitrile toxicity it has been suggested that the treatment of toxicity should include intravenous N-acetylcysteine and the traditional cyanide antidotes (McLaughlin et al, 1985) (Buchter & Peter, 1984) (Appel et al, 1981) (Hashimoto et al, 1965).

CYANIDE POISONING

The treatment of acrylonitrile poisoning is essentially that for cyanide intoxication.
Establish respiration; avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if possible during CPR to prevent self-poisoning. Immediately begin therapy with 100% oxygen. Be prepared for endotracheal intubation if necessary.
Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high airborne concentrations of this agent without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid becoming secondary victims. Avoid direct dermal contact with cyanide contaminated patient or gastric contents.
Administer 100% oxygen: Establish secure large bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin OR the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
The cyanide antidote kit is administered as follows:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Methylene or toluidine blue treatment may be considered if excessive methemoglobinemia occurs due to nitrite administration. Consider exchange transfusion for severe symptoms of excessive methemoglobinemia.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES

Dicobalt-EDTA (Kelocyanor(R)) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

In symptomatic patients, skip these steps until other major emergency measures including use of Cyanide Antidote Kit and other life support measures have been instituted.

Perform gastric lavage with a large bore tube after endotracheal intubation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

Administer 100% oxygen. Establish secure large bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin OR the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
The Cyanide Antidote Kit is administered as follows:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Whole blood cyanide levels may be obtained to document the poisoning and response to treatment.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Methylene or toluidine blue treatment may be considered if excessive methemoglobinemia occurs due to nitrite administration. Consider exchange transfusion for severe symptoms of excessive methemoglobinemia.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES: Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA. See Treatment Sections in the Cyanide Meditext(R) Medical Management for more information.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

The lowest published lethal concentration in humans is 1 g/m(3) for 1 hour (RTECS , 1996).
Acrylonitrile has caused fatalities in humans by both dermal and inhalation exposure (Baselt, 2000; Hayes & Laws, 1991).
Acrylonitrile has the same toxic action as hydrogen cyanide or alkali cyanides, but the toxic action is slower to develop based on slower absorption of the fatal dose of low vapor concentration, as well as slower metabolic release of the cyanide ion (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hayes & Laws, 1991; Raffle et al, 1994).
The slow onset of symptoms may explain the disproportionate number of deaths among infants and the elderly who already suffer from serious chronic disease (Hayes & Laws, 1991).
If the vapor concentration is sufficiently high, or if the compound is ingested, slow absorption is not a factor and the toxic action could take place only moments after exposure (Hayes & Laws, 1991).
Acrylonitrile poisoning also takes on a second form which is apparently completely different from the poisoning results of cyanide exposure (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

This form appears as a serious dermatitis, and has been observed following both exposure to acrylonitrile only and exposure to a carbon tetrachloride/acrylonitrile mixture utilized for fumigation. Carbon tetrachloride does not produce this result alone (Hayes & Laws, 1991).
The intact acrylonitrile molecule is thought to cause the severe dermatitis related to this form of poisoning (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

CASE REPORTS

A 10-year-old girl died about 4 hours after an application of about 50 mL of an acrylonitrile formulation to treat head lice (Hayes, 1982; Hayes & Laws, 1991).
A 67-year-old man with heart disease, emphysema, and hypertension died after returning to a house which had been fumigated with a mixture of acrylonitrile and methylene chloride. Serious symptoms of illness did not begin until 14 hours after returning to the house, and death occurred just under 6 hours later (Hayes, 1982; Hayes & Laws, 1991).
Three fatal cases of toxic epidermal necrosis occurred in persons who were exposed to a fumigant containing acrylonitrile and carbon tetrachloride (1:2). The immediate cause of death was septic shock and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A 10-year-old boy who was exposed at the same time survived after topical and parenteral corticosteroid treatment (HSDB , 1990).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

The lowest published toxic concentration for a human is 16 ppm for 20 minutes (RTECS , 1996).
No deleterious effects were reported in human volunteers exposed to 5.4 to 10.9 mg/m(3) (2.4 to 5 ppm) for 8 hours (Jakubowski et al, 1987).

CASE REPORT

Three fatal cases of toxic epidermal necrosis occurred in persons who were exposed to a fumigant containing acrylonitrile and carbon tetrachloride (1:2). The immediate cause of death was septic shock and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A 10-year-old boy who was exposed at the same time survived after topical and parenteral corticosteroid treatment (HSDB , 1990).

OCCUPATIONAL

Human studies involving chronic work-related exposure to acrylonitrile have resulted in heightened cancer rates of the lung, prostate, stomach, respiratory tract, colon, bladder, brain, and lymphatic and hematopoietic systems (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).

A positive correlation was observed between length of exposure durations and increased exposure severity to the increased risk of cancers of all sites (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS107-13-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Acrylonitrile

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B1 ; Listed as: Acrylonitrile

B1 : Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Acrylonitrile

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Acrylonitrile

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Acrylonitrile

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): R ; Listed as: Acrylonitrile

R : RAHC = Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS107-13-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 5.4x10(-1) per mg/kg-day
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: 6.8x10(-2) per mg/m3
RfC: 2x10(-3) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 1.5x10(-2) per mg/L

TOXICITY VALUES

LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 425 ppm for 4H (RTECS , 2002a)
LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- 600 ppm for 4H (RTECS , 2002a)
LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- 110 ppm for 4H (RTECS , 2002a)
LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- 575 ppm for 4H (RTECS , 2002a)
LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- male: 1 g/m(3) for 1H (RTECS , 2002a)
LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 315 ppm for 4H (RTECS , 2002a)
LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- 260 ppm for 4H (RTECS , 2002a)
LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- 50 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002b)
LD50- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- 202 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002b)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- 130 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002b)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 46 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002a)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 27 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002a)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- 25 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002a)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- 35 mg/kg (Lewis, 1996a)
LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- 69 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002b)
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- 63 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002b)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 65 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002a)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 78 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002a)
LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- 148 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002a)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- 75 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002a)
LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- 200 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002a)
LDLo- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- child: 2015 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002a)
TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- 16 ppm for 20M (RTECS , 2002a)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- female: 25 ppm for 6H -- at 6-20D of pregnancy; caused fetotoxicity (RTECS , 2002a)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- female: 40 ppm for 6H--at 6-15D of pregnancy(RTECS , 2002a)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- female: 80 ppm for 6H--at 6-15D of pregnancy; caused abnormal musculoskeletal system development (RTECS , 2002a)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 5 ppm for 52W-I (RTECS , 2002a)
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)HAMSTER:
- female: 641 mg/kg--at 8D of pregnancy; increased post-implantation mortality, caused developmental abnormality of the fetal central nervous system and musculoskeletal system, and induced fetotoxicity (RTECS , 2002a)
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- female: 32 mg/kg--at 5D of pregnancy; increased post-implantation mortality (RTECS , 2002a)
TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- male: 600 mg/kg--at 60D prior to mating, affected paternal reproductive system (RTECS , 2002a)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- female: 650 mg/kg--at 6-15D of pregnancy; affected fetal development of the musculoskeletal and circulatory systems, induced fetotoxicity, and decreased maternal fertility index (RTECS , 2002a)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- male: 644 mg/kg--at 2W prior to mating; affected paternal reproductive system (RTECS , 2002a)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- 18,200 mg/kg for 52W-C (RTECS , 2002a)

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 mg/L = 460.5 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

1 mg/m(3) = 0.454 ppm (Verschueren, 1983)
1 ppm = 2.168 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1 ppm = 2.203 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 1983)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS107-13-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Acrylonitrile

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 2 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair; LRT irr
Molecular Weight: 53.05

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS107-13-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS107-13-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Acrylonitrile
REL:

TWA: 1 ppm
STEL:
Ceiling: 10 ppm [15-minute]
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 85 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS107-13-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Acrylonitrile; see 29 CFR 1910.1045
Table Z-1 for Acrylonitrile; see 29 CFR 1910.1045:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3:

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS107-13-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS107-13-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 2-Propenenitrile
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Acrylonitrile
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS107-13-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS107-13-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Acrylonitrile
P or U series number: U009
Footnote:
Listed as: 2-Propenenitrile
P or U series number: U009
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS107-13-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Acrylonitrile
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): f

f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS107-13-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Acrylonitrile
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS107-13-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS107-13-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2-Propenenitrile

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1093 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Acrylonitrile, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1093
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3, 6.1

3: Flammable Liquid.
6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: B9, T14, TP2, TP13

B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1093 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Acrylonitrile, stabilized
UN Number: 1093

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS107-13-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acrylonitrile
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Acrylonitrile is poisonous by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent exposure. Protective clothing should not be made of leather since leather does not provide absorption protection against liquid acrylonitrile (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
It is a dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers and a moderate explosion hazard when exposed to flame. If acrylonitrile is spilled or splashed onto clothing, remove the clothing at once to avoid injury from fire hazard. If acrylonitrile is spilled or splashed onto the skin, wash it away quickly with abundant amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Wear protective clothing suitable for working with this material and avoid direct contact. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.1045 for OSHA recommendations on the appropriate training, working conditions, monitoring, and medical surveillance for acrylonitrile (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Protect containers from physical damage and store drums with bungs up. Do not stack drums more than two high (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

It is preferable to store acrylonitrile outside, or in detached storage. If stored inside, use a flammable liquids storage room or cabinet. (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Uninhibited acrylonitrile should not be stored under any conditions. Inhibited acrylonitrile is incompatible with alkaline materials (i.e. caustics, ammonia, amines), strong acids, strong oxidizers, and sources of ignition; these materials should be stored separately from acrylonitrile (ITI, 1995) Pohannish & Greene, 1997; (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Acrylonitrile is poisonous through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact.

Avoid direct or prolonged contact with acrylonitrile or its vapors by wearing appropriate protective clothing. Leather readily absorbs acrylonitrile and so is not an appropriate protective material.
Wash skin immediately if it becomes wet or contaminated with acrylonitrile. Remove any wet or contaminated clothing immediately to avoid fire hazard (AAR, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Acrylonitrile is an eye irritant; wear eye protection to prevent injury (Grant & Schuman, 1993; Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 107-13-1.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Butyl

DuPont Personal Protection

Butyl

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 138
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.89
Notes: 99%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Chlorinated Polyethylene

ILC Dover, Inc.

Chemturion

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 24
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 17.6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Microporous Fabric

Workrite

CSP Garments

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Workrite, 1997)

Neoprene

National Safety Wear

Nation splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natprene splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Nattuf splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe V

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe VI

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Premier, Magnaprene

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natchem Splash Suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Paracril+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natweb splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natwork splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 2

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 13
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.75
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

CPF 4

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 377
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.18
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.003
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0003
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0003
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.57
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 382
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.18
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 382
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.18
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.06
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.06
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.57
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0003
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0003
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Kimberly-Clark Professional

Hazard-Gard I

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Hazard-Gard II

Degradation Rating: not tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Polyurethane

National Safety Wear

Natflex splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natsoft splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Iron Eagle, Eagle

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

National Safety Wear

Natcide splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natcon splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natpro splash suit

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Standard Safety Equipment Company

Greylite-20

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 19
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)

Winterglo-20

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 26.8
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

American, Scrim, DuraScrim, PVC Polyester, Double-Ply PVC, PVC Film

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Webdri, Safetyflex, Electra, ElectraBrite

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Natural Rubber

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Purolite

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyurethane+PVC

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane Blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Resistor

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Sureflex

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Two Stage Injection Molded, Better Grade, General Purpose, Workbrutes

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Two Stage Injection Molded, Premier

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Economy Short Boot

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Bluemax

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Hazmax

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 90
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12.4
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polymax

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Butyl II 874R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 7
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

neoprene

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Chemzoil NL-339

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 80.3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 23.4
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 36
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 32
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 30
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 27
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 42
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 59
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 27
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 13
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 59
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 109
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 54.9
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 19
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 63.3
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Stanzoil NK-22

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16.2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 108.7
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 17
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 22
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 29
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >50
Notes: 99%; non-normalized breakthrough
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 176000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 247
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 97
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Concentrated, tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Concentrated, tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Best Manufacturing

Black Knight 7712R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 131
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Vinyl

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Pylox/V-20

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >50
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 1
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 176000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton/Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Best Viton 892

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 55
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 207
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
ILC Dover, Inc. One Moonwalker Rd. Frederica, DE 19946-2080 USA Phone: (302) 335-3911 Toll-Free: (800) 631-9567 Website: http://www.ilcdover.com Email: Customer_Service@ilcdover.com
Kimberly-Clark Professional 1400 Holcomb Bridge Road Roswell, GA 30076 Phone: (800) 255-6401 Fax: (800) 579-3555 Toll-Free: (800) 255-6401 Website: http://www.kcprofessional.com/us/ Email: kcpinfo@kcc.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Standard Safety Equipment Company 1407 Ridgeview Drive McHenry, IL 60050 USA Phone: (815) 363-8565 Fax: (815) 363-8633 Toll-Free: (815) 363-8565 Website: http://www.standardsafety.com Email: solson@standardsafety.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com
Workrite 500 East Third Street Box 1192 Oxnard, CA 93032 USA Phone: (805) 483-0715 Fax: (805) 483-0678 Toll-Free: (800) 521-1888 Website: http://www.workrite.com Email: info@workrite.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Refer to the "Acrylonitrile - 29 CFR 1910.1045" document for additional information.

OTHER

INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION

Provide emergency showers (Sittig, 1991).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
If acrylonitrile is on fire or involved in a fire, do not attempt to extinguish the fire unless the flow of acrylonitrile can be stopped (AAR, 1998).
- Create a fog by using flooding quantities of water; if containers are affected, cool with flooding quantities of water. Water applied in solid streams may be ineffective; apply water from the farthest possible distance (AAR, 1998).
- Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to fight fire (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS107-13-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acrylonitrile
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Acrylonitrile polymerizes easily when exposed to heat, light, or contamination by bases or peroxides (AAR, 1998; (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996).
Acrylonitrile vapor is heavier than air, making distant ignition possible through travel along the ground (AAR, 1998; (ILO, 1998).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS107-13-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acrylonitrile
Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, acrylonitrile emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides and cyanides (AAR, 1998; (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Acrylonitrile may violently combust or explode when exposed to heat, strong bases, or strong oxidizers (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Acrylonitrile vapor is heavier than air, making distant ignition possible through travel along the ground (AAR, 1998; (ILO, 1998).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Acrylonitrile forms explosive mixtures with air based on its low flash point (AAR, 1998; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It easily forms violently explosive polymerides when exposed to heat, light, strong bases, strong acids, strong oxidizers, azoisobutyronitrile, dibenzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butylperoxide, bromine, or silver nitrate (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 1995).

Small amounts of strong acids (nitric or sulfuric) may neutralize the ammonia used to inhibit acrylonitrile and create uninhibited, unstable acrylonitrile (Urben, 1995).
Strong bases will cause inhibited or uninhibited acrylonitrile to violently polymerize (Urben, 1995).

Acrylonitrile may have explosive reactions with benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide + pyrrole and with tetrahydrocarbazole + benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (Lewis, 1996).

Acrylonitrile is incompatible with strong acids, amines, 2-aminoethanol, bromine, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene diamine, nitric acid, oleum, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It attacks copper, copper alloys, and aluminum in high concentrations (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Static electrical charges may accumulate and cause ignition of acrylonitrile vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If acrylonitrile containers are in contact with direct flame or if a fire involving acrylonitrile is out of control, consider evacuating an area for one-half (1/2) mile radius around the fire (AAR, 1998).

If the chemical is leaking and fire is not involved, consider evacuating areas downwind according to the spill location, amount of chemical spilled, and weather conditions (AAR, 1998).

Acrylonitrile vapor is heavier than air, making distant ignition possible through travel along the ground (AAR, 1998; (ILO, 1998).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS107-13-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Acrylonitrile
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 10
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 35
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 75
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS107-13-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Acrylonitrile
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 35
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 75
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS107-13-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Acrylonitrile
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 4.6 ppm
mg/m3: 10 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 4.6 ppm
mg/m3: 10 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 4.6 ppm
mg/m3: 10 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 4.6 ppm
mg/m3: 10 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 4.6 ppm
mg/m3: 10 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Acrylonitrile
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 290 ppm
mg/m3: 630 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 110 ppm
mg/m3: 240 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 57 ppm
mg/m3: 120 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 16 ppm
mg/m3: 35 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 8.6 ppm
mg/m3: 19 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Acrylonitrile
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 480 ppm
mg/m3: 1000 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 180 ppm
mg/m3: 390 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 100 ppm
mg/m3: 217 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 35 ppm
mg/m3: 76 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 19 ppm
mg/m3: 41 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS107-13-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 85 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
LAND SPILL
- If it is possible to do so without danger to personnel, attempt to stop the leak. As deemed necessary, construct containment dikes to hold the flow of spilled acrylonitrile using sand bags, soil, foamed concrete, or foamed polyurethane and use commercial sorbents, fly ash, or cement powder to absorb bulk liquid. Prevent the spill from contact with water sources and sewers (AAR, 1998).
- To dilute pools of acrylonitrile and disperse its vapors, use a water spray (AAR, 1998).
- If acrylonitrile is spilled on land, dig a holding area (such as a pit, lagoon, pond, etc) (AAR, 1998).
- Immobilize the spill by applying a "universal" gelling agent (AAR, 1998).
WATER SPILL
- If acrylonitrile is spilled onto water, limit its travel distance by utilizing natural barriers or oil spill control booms. If approved by EPA, a surface active agent such as detergent, soap, or alcohol can be used. Once contained, a "universal" gelling agent may be introduced to solidify the spill and increase the booms' effectiveness (AAR, 1998).
- Add calcium hypochlorite(Ca(ClO)2) to the acrylonitrile spill. If the concentration is dissolved to 10 ppm or greater, introduce activated charcoal at an amount ten times the spilled quantity (AAR, 1998).
- Mechanical dredges or lifts may be employed to remove immobilized masses of pollutants/precipitates (AAR, 1998).
AIR SPILL
- If acrylonitrile is spilled into the air, use water spray or mist to knock down vapors (AAR, 1998).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
Wearing appropriate protective clothing and working in a fume hood, heat a 25 mL solution of concentrated hydrochloric acid in a 100 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel, and heating mantle or steam bath. When the solution is heated to a gentle reflux, add the acrylonitrile (5.3 g, 0.1 mol) in drops at a rate to maintain the gentle reflux. Maintain reflux with stirring (to prevent bumping) for 5-10 hours (Armour, 1996).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
To dispose of spills, remove or shut off all sources of ignition. Keep others away from the area until the spill is cleaned up. Ventilate the area to disperse vapors (Armour, 1996).
Wearing appropriate protective clothing, cover the spill with a 1:1:1 mixture of clay cat litter (bentonite), calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate, and sand. After the spill has been absorbed, put the mixture into a plastic container and package it for disposal by burning (Armour, 1996).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

To dispose of package lots of acrylonitrile, place in a separate labeled container for recycling or burning (Armour, 1996).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

After treating spilled acrylonitrile with alcoholic sodium hydroxide, evaporate the alcohol and add calcium hypochlorite (Sittig, 1991).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Acrylonitrile may be incinerated if there is provision for nitrogen oxide removal from effluent gases with scrubbers or afterburners (Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Acrylonitrile primarily enters the atmosphere as fugitive emissions or in wastewater as part of its production or in the production of other chemicals (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, acrylonitrile degrades through reaction with hydroxyl radicals; it has a relatively long reaction half-life (3.5 12-hour sunlit days) which may lead to substantial atmospheric dispersion (Howard, 1989).
- A reported photooxidation half-life ranges from 8.25 days (189 hours) to 0.56 days (13.4 hours) (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In water, acrylonitrile will probably biodegrade in about a week or less where the microbes are acclimated; it may take about 20 days in water with unacclimated microbes. In environmental waters, a volatilization half-life of 1-6 days has been reported. Photooxidation in humic waters may occur, but no data has been reported. Adsorption and bioconcentration are not expected to be significant processes (Howard, 1989).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Acrylonitrile is very poorly adsorbed to soil; it will evaporate into the atmosphere and may leach into ground water (Howard, 1989).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Acrylonitrile is not subject to direct photolysis since it does not absorb light >290 nm. Hydrolysis has been reported to be negligible at pH 4 for a period of 10-23 days. Based on tests in a smog chamber, a half-life of 13 hours has been estimated (Howard, 1989).

The reported maximum light absorption is lambda max = 203 nm (Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

In aerobic systems, acrylonitrile degrades after acclimation. This process reportedly requires days to weeks based on the different systems tested. Acrylonitrile degrades poorly in anaerobic conditions, even after acclimation (Howard, 1989).

Aerobic biodegradation of acrylonitrile was evaluated in soil samples at concentrations between 10 and 1000 ppm. In a Londo soil, complete degradation occurred in less than 2 days for concentrations up to 100 ppm. Acrylamide and acrylic acid were observed as transient intermediates of the degradation process. The slowness of the degradation process at higher concentrations was probably due to inhibitory effects of the initial acrylonitrile (Donberg et al, 1992).
Unacclimated aqueous biodegradation has been estimated as follows. Under aerobic condition, the half-life ranges from 1.25 days (30 hours) to 23 days (552 hours). Under Anaerobic condition, the half-life ranges from 5 days (120 hours) to 92 days (2208 hours). Based on continuous activated sludge treatment simulator data, 75 to 99.9 percent removal of acrylonitrile has been reported (Howard et al, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not significant; an estimated bioconcentration factor based on water solubility is 1 (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB, 2000)

LC50 - Pimephales promelas/fathead minnow: 2600 mcg/L for 30D -- static bioassay
LC50 - Pinfish: 24,500 mcg/L for 24H -- static bioassay; saltwater
LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus/bluegill: 11,800 mcg/L for 96H -- static bioassay
LC50 - Pimephales promelas/fathead minnow: 10,100 mcg/L for 96H -- flow-through bioassay
LC50 - Poecilia reticulata/guppy: 33,500 mcg/L for 96H -- static bioassay
LC50 - Crangon crangon: 10-33 mg/L for 24H -- conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus/bluegill: 28 mg/L for 24H -- conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus/bluegill: 10 mg/L for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - Daphnia magna/water flea: 13 mg/L for 24H -- conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - Daphnia magna/water flea: 7.6 mg/L for 48H -- conditions of bioassay not specified

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

53.06

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Acrylonitrile is a mobile, clear, colorless, highly flammable, volatile, and toxic liquid; it has a characteristic odor reported to be strong and pungent (garlic- or pyridine-like) or mild and not unpleasant. It may develop a yellow color after standing, especially after excessive light exposure. Acrylonitrile may spontaneously polymerize, especially when exposed to visible light or in the absence of oxygen (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2001; Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Hathaway, 1996; (Hayes, 1982; Hayes & Laws, 1991; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; Raffle et al, 1994) Synder et al, 1990; Verschueren, 1983).

VAPOR PRESSURE

83 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)

100 mmHg (at 22.8 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

100 mmHg (at 23 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

110-115 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Synder et al, 1990)

137 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

11.0 kPa (ILO, 1998)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.8004 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.806 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.81 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-83 degrees C (Ashford, 1994) Lewis. 1997)
-83.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hayes, 1982; Hayes & Laws, 1991)

MELTING POINT

-82 degrees C (Lewis, 1996; Snyder et al, 1990)
-83.55 degrees C (Budavari, 2001; ILO, 1998)
-84 degrees C; -118 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

BOILING POINT

8.7 degrees C (at 50 mmHg) (Budavari, 2001)

23.6 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 2001)

45.5 degrees C (at 250 mmHg) (Budavari, 2001)

64.7 degrees C (at 500 mmHg) (Budavari, 2001)

77 degrees C; 171 degrees F (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997)

77.3 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 2001; ILO, 1998) Synder et al, 1990)

77.3-77.4 (Lewis, 1997)

77.3-77.5 (Hayes, 1982; Hayes & Laws, 1991)

77.5-77.9 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

FLASH POINT

0 degrees C; 32 degrees F (OC) (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2001; Hayes, 1982; Hayes & Laws, 1991; Lewis, 1997)

0 (plus or minus 2.5 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-1 degree C (CC) (ILO, 1998)

-4.4 degrees C (Synder et al, 1990)

-5 degrees C (TOC) (Ashford, 1994)

30 degrees F (TCC) (Lewis, 1996)

32 degrees F (TOC) (Lewis, 1997)

<50 degrees F (of 5% aqueous solution) (Lewis, 1996)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

481 degrees C (ILO, 1998)

898 degrees F (Lewis, 1996)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

3% (ILO, 1998)
3.1%(Lewis, 1996)
3.05% (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)
3.5% (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

UPPER

17% (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2001; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

It is soluble in water (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996):

7.3% by weight (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Snyder et al, 1990)
7.35% (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)
73 g/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
7 g/100 mL (ILO, 1998)

It is miscible with water (Lewis, 1997):

75 g/kg (at 25 degrees C) (Hayes, 1982) Hayes & Laws, 1990)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Acrylonitrile is soluble in all common organic substances and isopropyl alcohol (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997) Synder et al, 1990).
It is miscible with most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2001; Hayes, 1982) Hayes & Laws, 1990).

OTHER

Water is slightly soluble in acrylonitrile:

3.1% (Budavari, 1996)

It forms azeotropes with water-benzene (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Snyder et al, 1990).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log 0.25 (Howard, 1989)

log -0.92 (Verschueren, 1983)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

9.2x10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

1.10x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mole (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

1.38X10(-4) atm-m(3)/mole (HSDB , 2002)

0.063 (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

21.6 ppm (ACGIH, 1991)

SURFACE TENSION

27.3 dyn/cm (at 24 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

505 degrees F; 536 degrees K (HSDB , 2002)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-7930 cal/g; -14,300 BTU/lb (HSDB , 2002)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.3911 (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1.3885 (at 25 degrees C) (Synder et al, 1990)
1.3888 (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)

VISCOSITY

0.34 cP (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

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