ETHANOL
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL ABSOLUTE ETHANOL AETHANOL (German) AETHYLALKOHOL (German) ALCOHOL ALCOHOL, ANHYDROUS ALCOHOL, DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL, ETHYL ALCOOL ETHYLIQUE (French) ALCOOL ETILICO (Italian) ALCOHOLS, n.o.s. ALCOHOLS, toxic, n.o.s. ALGRAIN ALKOHOL (German) ALKOHOLU ETYLOWEGO (Polish) ANHYDROL ANHYDROUS ALCOHOL COLOGNE SPIRIT DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL DENATURED ALCOHOL ETANOLO (Italian) ETHANOL ETHANOL 200 PROOF ETHANOL SOLUTION ETHYL ALCOHOL ETHYLALCOHOL (Dutch) ETHYL ALCOHOL ANHYDROUS ETHYL ALCOHOL SOLUTION ETHYL HYDRATE ETHYL HYDROXIDE ETYLOWY ALKOHOL (Polish) FERMENTATION ALCOHOL GRAIN ALCOHOL INDUSTRIAL METHYLATED SPIRIT IMS JAYSOL JAYSOL S METHYLCARBINOL MOLASSES ALCOHOL POTATO ALCOHOL SD ALCOHOL 23-HYDROGEN SPIRITS OF WINE SPIRIT TECSOL ALCOHOL (BEVERAGE) ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE BOOZE (SLANG FOR ANY ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE) BRANDY COCKTAILS (ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE) ETHANOL, AND SOLUTIONS MOTOR FUEL, GASOHOL MOTOR FUEL, N.O.S. MOTOR SPIRIT R AND R (SLANG FOR RIPPLE WINE INGESTION WITH SECONAL INGESTION) RIPPLE & RED (SLANG FOR RIPPLE WINE INGESTION WITH SECONAL INGESTION) SHORT FLIGHT, TEENAGE (SLANG FOR CORICIDAN & BEER COMBINATION) WINE COOLER
IDENTIFIERS
4909159 (Cologne Spirits (Ethanol or Ethyl Alcohol)) 4909110 (Ethyl Alcohol, anhydrous, denatured in part with gasoline content not to exceed 5% (alcohol, n.o.s.))
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; (RTECS, 2002); Snyder, 1992)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Ethanol is used in alcoholic beverages; in coupling/wetting agents (coatings, cleaners, polishes); in organic synthesis as an intermediate (less so in recent years); in antifreeze (less so in recent years); in explosives; in plastics and synthetic rubber industries; in the production of vinegar; as a solvent/co-solvent (eg, perfume and toiletries, pharmaceuticals, dyes, inks, paints, resins, fatty acids, oils, hydrocarbons); as a gasoline octane booster; as a preservative (bacteriostatic or germicide); as a yeast growth medium; and as a disinfectant or soap, as well as many other specific uses in human and veterinary medicine. It is also used industrially in producing denatured alcohol (Ashford, 1994a; Budavari, 2000; HSDB, 2002; ILO , 1998a; Sittig, 1991a; Snyder, 1992a). In addition, it is used to extract nucleic acids from whole tissue or tissue culture in virtually all biotechnology processes (Baxter et al, 2000). Ethanol may also be administered in methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning in order to interfere with the generation of toxic metabolites (Cooney, 1995; Howland, 1994). As a solvent, ethanol blended with denaturants is also known as "INDUSTRIAL METHYLATED SPIRIT" (Ashford, 1994a). It is incorporated into many elixirs: 15% to 90% volume per volume (v/v) in aftershave, 50% v/v in colognes and perfumes, and 14% to 27% v/v in mouthwashes (Baselt, 1997; Scherger et al, 1988; Weller-Fahy et al, 1980). Ethanol is incorporated into cooking extracts (eg, vanilla, lemon) that are used as flavorings in food. In one ruling, the FDA required that vanilla extracts contain at least 35% ethanol (Dayton et al, 2015). Alcohol-based hand sanitizers, formulated as low-viscosity rinses, gels, or foams, may contain 60% to 95% ethanol (Doyon & Welsh, 2007). Ethanol is found in alcoholic beverages at various concentrations:BEVERAGEPROOFPERCENT ETHANOL v/vAle10-165-8Beer8-124-6Light Beer5-72.5-3.5Wine20-4010-20Bourbon80-9040-45Gin80-9440-47Rum80-8240-41Tequila80-9240-46Whiskey80-9040-45Vodka80-8240-41 LiqueursAmaretto34-5617-28Anisette40-6020-30Brandy70-8035-40Cognac80-8240-41Coconut Rum34-6317-31.5Cream de Banana50-5625-28Creme de Cacao50-5425-27Cream de Cassis35-4017.5-20Creme de Menthe42-6021-30Coffee Liqueurs42-5321-26.5Orange Caracao6030Fruit Liqueurs40-5020-25Irish Cream34-5217-26Kirschwasser Fruit Liqueurs8442Midori Melon Liqueur4623Pina Colada5025Schnapps40-10020-50Sloe Gin40-6020-30Triple Sec6030 CISCO is a carbonated, fortified wine that has an alcohol content of 20% and is bottled in 357 mL and 750 mL bottles. It may be mistaken for wine coolers or other beverages of lower alcohol content. Sixteen cases of teenage intoxication with average alcohol blood levels of 200 mg/dL have been reported (AAPCC, 1991). Cider is widely available in Sweden and contains a maximum of 2.3% of alcohol (1.8 g/100 mL) (Jones, 1996).
The most commonly utilized denaturants (used singly or in combination) are (Budavari, 2000): acetone aldehol amyl alcohol aniline dyes benzene cadmium iodide camphor castor oil diethyl phthalate ether gasoline isopropanol kerosene methanol nicotine pyridine bases sulfuric acid terpineol
Ethanol vapor is used as a glaze in confections (Harbison, 1998a).
"DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL" and "ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL" refer to 100% ethanol. The terms "ALCOHOL" and "95% ALCOHOL" refer to a binary azeotrope possessing a distillate composition of 95.57% ethanol by weight and a boiling point of 78.15 degrees C. "ALCOHOL, USP" is defined as containing not less than 92.3% and not more than 93.8% ethanol (by weight); this corresponds to not less than 94.9% and not more than 96.0% ethanol (by volume) at 15.56 degrees C. "DILUTED ALCOHOL" is a mixture of equal volumes of 95% alcohol and water; by weight, this mixture contains 41.5% ethanol, and by volume it contains 48.9% ethanol (Budavari, 2000; Sandmann & Widders, 1988). The terms "ETHYL ALCOHOL, DENATURED," "DENATURED ETHANOL," etc refer to ethanol where one or more substances have been added. Denatured ethanol is unfit for use in alcoholic beverages. "SD ALCOHOL," "SDA ALCOHOL," and "ALCOHOL, SD, or SDA" refer to special denatured alcohols (Budavari, 2000).
Denatured ethanol is produced mostly from synthetic production from ethylene. This is mainly by direct hydration process (replacing the earlier method of indirect hydration using sulfuric acid) (Bingham et al, 2001a). In addition, ethanol can be obtained from fermentation of sugar, cellulose, or starch. Such is the method used in the production of beverage alcohol. The supply for beverage alcohol is not augmented by synthetic ethanol (Bingham et al, 2001a; Harbison, 1998a). Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose also generates ethanol (Lewis, 1997a). Ethanol can also be obtained through the reaction of methanol with synthesis gas at 185 degrees C and under pressure (HSDB, 2002). Anhydrous ethanol is manufactured by azeotropic distillation (Bingham et al, 2001a; Bingham et al, 2001a).
SYNONYM EXPLANATION
- For industrial use as a solvent, ethanol blended with denaturants is also known as "INDUSTRIAL METHYLATED SPIRIT" or "IMS" (Ashford, 1994).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Found primarily in alcoholic beverages. Also found in a variety of over-the-counter products, including some cough/cold medicines, perfumes, colognes, mouthwashes, food flavorings (eg, vanilla extract), and hand sanitizers. Also used clinically as a treatment of ethylene glycol or methanol poisonings.
- PHARMACOLOGY: When used therapeutically, ethanol's high affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase inhibits the metabolism of methanol and ethylene glycol.
- TOXICOLOGY: Ethanol enhances the inhibitory effects of GABA at the GABA-A receptor. It also competitively inhibits the binding of glycine at the NMDA receptor, disrupting excitatory glutaminergic neurotransmission. The net result is CNS depression. Chronic ethanol use causes desensitization and down-regulation of GABA-A receptors and NMDA up-regulation. Abrupt cessation of ethanol use then causes a hyperexcitable state, producing ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Please refer to the ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROMES management for further information.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Extremely common exposure that rarely results in morbidity or death. However, ethanol frequently precipitates traumatic injury.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Intoxication, euphoria, ataxia, nystagmus, disinhibition, aggressive behavior, nausea, vomiting, flushing, and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (primarily atrial fibrillation) can develop. SEVERE TOXICITY: Coma, respiratory depression, pulmonary aspiration, hypoglycemia, and hypothermia can occur. Abrupt cessation of chronic ethanol use causes withdrawal, manifested by hypertension, tachycardia, tremors, seizures, and in severe cases, delirium.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
PHARMACOLOGY: When used therapeutically, ethanol's high affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase inhibits the metabolism of methanol and ethylene glycol. TOXICOLOGY: Ethanol enhances the inhibitory effects of GABA at the GABA-A receptor. It also competitively inhibits the binding of glycine at the NMDA receptor, disrupting excitatory glutaminergic neurotransmission. The net result is CNS depression. Chronic ethanol use causes desensitization and down-regulation of GABA-A receptors and NMDA up-regulation. Abrupt cessation of ethanol use then causes a hyperexcitable state, producing ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Please refer to the ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROMES management for further information. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Extremely common exposure that rarely results in morbidity or death. However, ethanol frequently precipitates traumatic injury. MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Intoxication, euphoria, ataxia, nystagmus, disinhibition, aggressive behavior, nausea, vomiting, flushing, and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (primarily atrial fibrillation) can develop. SEVERE TOXICITY: Coma, respiratory depression, pulmonary aspiration, hypoglycemia, and hypothermia can occur. Abrupt cessation of chronic ethanol use causes withdrawal, manifested by hypertension, tachycardia, tremors, seizures, and in severe cases, delirium.
LACTIC ACIDOSIS: Lactic acidosis has been reported in children (Leung, 1986; Selbst et al, 1985) and in individuals with alcoholism (Lien & Mader, 1999; Braden et al, 1993) after acute ingestions. KETOSIS: Ketoacidosis may be present, particularly following an ethanol binge in patients with a history of chronic ethanol abuse and malnutrition (Larremore, 1984).
CARDIAC ARREST: Sudden death has occurred in patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy who did not have angina or coronary artery disease (Sheehy, 1992). ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: Acute alcohol intoxication may result in atrial fibrillation (Thorton, 1984). CARDIOMYOPATHY: Regular consumption of large amounts of alcohol for 5 or more years may lead to alcoholic cardiomyopathy in a small percentage of adults (1% out of 12%); some susceptible individuals may develop cardiomyopathy after doses as low as 3 ounces of strong alcoholic beverages daily for 10 years (Parker, 1974). ANGINA: Ethanol induced angina has been described in studies (Miwa et al, 1994) and case reports (Oda et al, 1994; Ando et al, 1993). HYPOTENSION: Hypotension and bradycardia may occur (Wilson & Waring, 2007; Lien & Mader, 1999; Goldfrank et al, 1994; Eilam & Heyman, 1991). TACHYCARDIA: Tachycardia may be present (Zaitsu et al, 2013; Osborn, 1994).
HYPOGLYCEMIA: Hypoglycemia, which can result in seizures and coma, is a serious complication of acute alcoholic intoxication, particularly in children (Hornfeldt, 1992; Selbst et al, 1985; Ricci & Hoffman, 1982; Cummins, 1961). However, ethanol-induced hypoglycemia appears to be an uncommon effect in adults(Sporer et al, 1992).
HYPOKALEMIA: Hypokalemia has been reported in children (Leung, 1986) and chronic ethanol abusers (Martin et al, 1971). HYPOMAGNESEMIA: Magnesium depletion is characterized by multiple effects including cerebellar dysfunction, mood disturbances, altered mental status, seizures, hypotension, dysrhythmias, and cardiac failure (Myerson & Rubin, 1992). DEHYDRATION: Dehydration has been reported (Braden et al, 1993; Jenkins et al, 1971).
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES: Esophageal varices that may cause fatal hemorrhage have been reported in alcoholics with cirrhosis and portal hypertension (Kartsonis et al, 1986; Dagradi, 1973). PANCREATITIS: Chronic ethanol abuse is a common cause of acute and chronic pancreatitis with both endocrine and exocrine insufficiency (Singh & Simsek, 1990). GASTRITIS: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal bleeding often occur (Fields et al, 1994; Watson et al, 1974).
EYES RARE EFFECTS: BLINDNESS: Temporary blindness, with normal pupil reactivity and fundi, has been rarely associated with acute intoxication. Methanol ingestion was excluded (Walsh, 1957). Most cases of blindness reported in the earlier literature were caused by methanol and not by ethanol (Grant & Schuman, 1993). AMBLYOPIA: In chronic alcoholism, amblyopia due to peripheral neuritis has been reported. Bilaterally decreased vision occurs. Vitamin deficiencies correlate with the ocular defects, and early administration of B vitamins causes recovery in some patients (Grant & Schuman, 1993). EYE IRRITATION: Eye exposure to liquid generally causes transient pain, irritation, and reflex lid closure. A foreign-body sensation may persist for 1 to 2 days (Grant & Schuman, 1993). Vapors produce transient stinging and tearing but no apparent adverse effects (Grant & Schuman, 1993). OCULAR EFFECTS IN FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: Abnormal eye features, ptosis, strabismus, myopia, amblyopia, and optic disc pallor have been reported (Grant & Schuman, 1993; Galea & Goel, 1989). IMPAIRED EYE MOVEMENTS: Poor control of eye movements, with diplopia and nystagmus, may occur and alter vision and performance (Grant & Schuman, 1993). Acute overdoses of ethanol have caused spontaneous (not gaze-evoked) horizontal nystagmus (Anon, 1971). The greatest effects are on saccadic and smooth pursuit movements (Willoughby, 1987; Wilkinson et al, 1974).
ANEMIA: Anemia is associated with chronic excessive ethanol use (Nakao et al, 1991; Bottiger, 1973; Edwards & Hoyt, 1973; Bauer & Strass, 1972). THROMBOCYTOPENIC DISORDER: Transient thrombocytopenia is common with alcoholism (Nakao et al, 1991; Bottiger, 1973). LEUKOPENIA: Mild leukopenia is common in chronic alcoholism (Osborn, 1994). BLOOD COAGULATION PATHWAY: Prolonged prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and INR are common in patients with significant alcoholic cirrhosis (Osborn, 1994).
CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER: CHRONIC EFFECTS: Chronic, excessive ethanol use can cause hepatomegaly, hepatic fibrosis, steatosis, necrosis, cirrhosis, chronic hepatocellular failure, elevated serum aminotransferase, and elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase (Estruch et al, 1993; Flannery et al, 1991; Richardson et al, 1991). Patients with cirrhosis may be asymptomatic (Estruch et al, 1993).
COMA: Coma has been reported in children (Hornfeldt, 1992; Cummins, 1961) and adults (Roberts et al, 2005; Sanap & Chapman, 2003). SEIZURE: Seizures have occurred in children secondary to hypoglycemia following dermal exposure or ingestion (Hornfeldt, 1992; Leung, 1986; Selbst et al, 1985). DECREASED MUSCLE TONE: Children may experience severe lethargy and hypotonia after acute exposure (Da Dalt et al, 1991; Ricci & Hoffman, 1982; Weller-Fahy et al, 1980). NEUROPATHY: CHRONIC ABUSE: Peripheral neuropathy has been reported in patients with alcoholism (Juntunen, 1982). ATAXIA: Blood levels below 50 mg% (11 mmol/L) rarely lead to marked sensory or motor impairment. Values above 150 mg% (32.6 mmol/L) may cause ataxia and are consistent with intoxication (Koul et al, 2005; Goldfrank et al, 1998). DISTURBANCE IN THINKING: DRIVING IMPAIRMENT: Deterioration of driving skills occurs at blood ethanol levels of 100 mg% and becomes progressively more serious as the level increases (Goldfrank et al, 1998). DEMENTIA: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (a more severe deficit in learning and memory) and dementia have been reported in patients with alcoholism (Zubaran et al, 1997; Filley & Kelly, 1993). AMNESIA: Blackout spells may occur, particularly with frequent ingestion of large volumes of ethanol. These amnesia episodes effect specific memories and are not associated with loss of consciousness. The person is unable to recall events of several hours and may not appear intoxicated. Patients do not have long-term memory impairment of immediate recall (Jennison & Johnson, 1994; Myerson & Rubin, 1992).
HYPOVENTILATION: Respiratory depression has been reported in substantial ingestions (Johnstone & Witt, 1972)(Johnstone & Reier, 1973) and in 3 pediatric cases of dermal exposure (Gimenez et al, 1968). Death due to respiratory failure can occur after significant ingestions (Osborn, 1994). HYPOXEMIA: Moderate ethanol intoxication (1 mg/kg of ethanol as a 45% aqueous solution) reduces peripheral oxygen delivery and metabolism and mas result in shock or hypoxia in the acutely intoxicated patient (Gutierrez et al, 1999).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
In humans, chronic ethanol ingestion causes DEPENDENCE, TOLERANCE, and CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER. Tolerance to ethanol, measured by hand-eye coordination tests, was seen in more than half of volunteer social drinker subjects after 4 to 5 days of ingestion of 0.75 g/kg. However, a higher dose of 1 g/kg did not produce tolerance (Bennett et al, 1993). Inhalation exposure to an airborne concentration of 14 to 28 mg/L over a 10-day period was sufficient to produce chemical dependence in rats (Ferko & Bobyock, 1977); 1.4 mg/L for 1 to 2 weeks produced dependency in rats, although blood alcohol levels could not be detected (French & Morris, 1972). Ethanol dependence, also called ALCOHOLISM, is thought to be somewhat genetically determined in humans. Chronic exposures are well known to produce ethanol tolerance in mice (Grieve & Littleton, 1978) and in humans. Tolerance may follow a wave-like pattern with time in attempts to correlate blood alcohol levels with performance or behavioral effects (Pavienko & Guseva, 1973). Cross-tolerance to ACETONE and XYLENE in mice have been produced by ethanol (Olyunin, 1970). Ethanol is mainly metabolized in the liver, which is also one of the primary target organs. Although ethanol is well known to cause cirrhosis of the liver in alcoholics, liver cirrhosis has also been produced in rabbits exposed by inhalation (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Other effects of chronic exposure involve the HEART, with progressive dysfunction, congestive cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias (HSDB, 2009). Occupational exposure to ethanol has been linked with an increased risk for ischemic heart disease in rubber workers who were also exposed to other chemicals (Wilcosky & Tyroler, 1983). Ethanol has also been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis (Ludwig & Hausen, 1977). Female workers in the wine industry exposed to airborne levels in the range of 1500 to 2000 mg/m(3) (approximately 800 to 1000 ppm) reported an increased incidence of psychosomatic disorders and asthma (Bonev, 1974). Significant exposure to known allergens, such as SULFITES, can also occur in the wine industry; therefore, it is not clear if the reported asthma was due to ethanol and/or to one or more of these other substances. Low bone density and higher serum calcium levels, suggestive of loss of calcium from bone, were noted in a group of 26 chronic heavy drinkers without liver disease (Diez et al, 1994). Heavy alcohol use may be a contributing factor in up to 24% of cases of dementia (Smith & Atkinson, 1995). There have been at least 10 prospective studies showing that consumption of low amounts of ethanol offers some protection against coronary heart disease, but wine may offer some additional protection of its own (Gronbaek & Sorensen, 1996).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE: Flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention. INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary. ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, blood, and reproductive system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000). Supportive treatment is generally sufficient. Patients should be positioned to prevent aspiration of gastric contents. Gastric lavage may be useful in select patients. Activated charcoal is not useful. Thiamine, glucose, and naloxone should be given as clinically indicated. Treat seizures with benzodiazepines (usually diazepam or lorazepam). Phenytoin for prophylaxis of alcohol withdrawal seizures is NOT indicated. Flumazenil is not indicated. Administration of fructose to accelerate ethanol metabolism is not of proven clinical benefit. Hemodialysis may be helpful in patients with markedly elevated blood levels and impaired hepatic function.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
Non-tolerant adult: 5 to 6 g/kg of body weight via oral route (Osborn, 1994), which is equivalent to approximately 33 beers (Harbison, 1998). CASE REPORT: A 36-year-old man, with a history of schizophrenia, presented to the emergency department (ED) with ethanol intoxication. The patient was uncooperative with slurred speech and nystagmus. A breath ethanol reading was 278 mg/dL. Four hours later, with supportive care, the patient was calm with a steady gait and was discharged. Thirty minutes later, the patient was found unresponsive and pulseless in the bathroom at the ED, with an empty 354-mL hand sanitizer containing 62% ethanol and less than 5% isopropanol. Following resuscitation, the patient developed spontaneous circulation with normal sinus rhythm, but never regained consciousness. His serum ethanol concentration was 526 mg/dL. A brain MRI showed extensive bilateral cortical infarction, cerebral edema, and sulcal effacement, indicating anoxic brain injury. The patient died on hospital day 7 following withdrawal of care. Based on his post-resuscitation serum ethanol concentration, it is suspected that the patient had ingested the majority of the contents of the hand sanitizer container (Schneir & Clark, 2013).
There is wide variability in toxicity, with factors such as hypoglycemia, coingestants, hypothermia, other medical conditions, age, aspiration of vomitus, a past history of chronic vs infrequent ethanol use, and the availability of supportive care influencing each overdose situation (Olson, 1994; Ellenhorn & Barceloux, 1988; Johnson, 1985; Weyman et al, 1974) .
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
Very few adverse effects have been reported from inhalation and dermal exposures in industrial settings. Occupational exposures to ethanol are not of the same magnitude as chronic ingestion of alcoholic beverages (Harbison, 1998). Human epidemiological and animal studies have not found any association between inhalation of ethanol vapors and abnormal fetal development (Harbison, 1998). Concentrations of 1000 to 5000 parts per million (ppm) produce some symptoms of irritation. Exposure at 5000 to 10,000 ppm has caused transient but strong irritation of the eye and nose and has produced cough. At 15,000 ppm, effects were continuous lacrimation and cough. A level of 20,000 ppm (40 mg/L) was judged as impossible to tolerate. Above this level, the atmosphere was described as suffocating even for brief exposures (ACGIH, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996).
DOSE of 60 to 105 mL (50% to 99% ethanol): All but 1 out of 119 children were asymptomatic following estimated ingestion of up to 60 mL of cologne, perfume, or aftershave products (50% to 99% ethanol). Slurred speech and ataxia developed in 2 out of 4 children who ingested an estimated 60 to 105 mL of ethanol (Scherger et al, 1988).
DOSE of 48.2 to 180 g: Survival following an estimated ingestion of 180 g (Gibson et al, 1985) and 48.2 g (Weller-Fahy et al, 1980) of ethanol by two 3-year-olds have been reported. Supportive care was provided in both cases, and vomiting occurred within 15 minutes of the 180 g ingestion.
HAND SANITIZERS: In a retrospective review of 647 pediatric (age range, 1 month to 5 years; mean age, 1.89 years) exposures to ethanol-based hand sanitizers (599 ingestions, 105 dermal, 29 ocular, and 2 inhalational), 31 (4.8%) patients did not develop any symptoms; 26 (4%) patients had only a minor effect; 372 (57.5%) were coded as nontoxic (no effects were expected) and 10 (1.6%) were coded as minimal clinical effects possible. No moderate or severe effects were observed. Reported effects were dermal erythema (n=4), oral irritation (n=2), vomiting (n=5), ocular irritation (n=9), lacrimation (n=1), conjunctivitis (n=1), cough (n=4), and miscellaneous other (n=2) (Mrvos & Krenzelok, 2009). CASE REPORT/HAND SANITIZER: A 3-year-old child presented to the emergency department with loss of balance, vomiting, drowsiness, and unresponsiveness to painful stimuli following a suspected ingestion of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, containing 62% ethanol. In addition, the patient also developed nystagmus, mydriasis, hypotension (108/56 mmHg), tachycardia (108 bpm), and hypothermia (94.7 degrees F). An initial blood ethanol level, obtained approximately 1 hour post-presentation, was 212 mg/dL. With supportive care, the patient's condition improved with a decrease in her blood ethanol level to 45 mg/dL, 6 hours after the first level, and undetectable 8 hours later (Ruck et al, 2010). In order for the patient to initially present with a blood ethanol level of 212 mg/dL, it is believed that she ingested approximately 45 mL of the hand sanitizer. CASE REPORT/HAND SANITIZER: A 4-year-old child became "floppy" but responsive after ingesting approximately 6 ounces of an ethanol-based liquid hand sanitizer. The patient's blood ethanol level, obtained approximately 60 to 90 minutes post-ingestion, was 221 mg/dL. The patient recovered with supportive care (Reed et al, 2010). CASE REPORT (INFANT): A 29-day old 3.5 kg infant was brought to the emergency department because of suspected ethanol intoxication due to reported ingestion of soy formula that was mixed with 1 to 3 ounces of gin instead of water. At presentation, approximately 1.5 hours post-ingestion, the patient had a weak cry and cough, with a variable tone, described as "flat", "floppy", and "normal". Her initial heart rate was 181 beats/min, blood pressure of 85/67 mmHg and respiratory rate of 47 breaths/min; oxygenation was normal on room air. Physical examination was normal. Laboratory data revealed an initial blood alcohol concentration, obtained approximately 2 hours post-ethanol ingestion, was 301 mg/dL. All other laboratory parameters, including serum electrolytes, renal function tests, and glucose were within normal limits. With supportive care, including continuous administration of IV fluids containing 5% dextrose and 0.45% sodium chloride at 6 mL/kg/hour, the patient was awake and alert, and feeding normally. Continued observation revealed a slight increase in a liver enzyme level (AST 87 units/L) approximately 13 hours post ethanol-ingestion, but resolved 12 hours later. All other cardiovascular, neurologic, respiratory, and glycemic parameters remained normal, and the patient was discharged 3 days post-admission (Fong & Muller, 2014). CASE REPORT (INFANT): A 15-day-old infant presented to the emergency department with flushed skin, hypoactive, and somnolent approximately 3 hours after drinking formula milk. At presentation, the patient was hypotensive (55/29 mmHg) and tachycardic (214 beats/min), and arterial blood gases indicated metabolic acidosis (pH 7.186, HCO3 16.7 mmol/L, pCO2 45.8 mmHg, base excess -10.1 mmol/L). The patient's serum ethanol concentration, obtained at admission, was 43 mg/dL. With supportive care, including IV fluid administration, the patient gradually recovered within 12 hours post-admission. An interview with the parents, 24 hours post-admission, revealed that the infant's formula had been inadvertently mixed with 10 mL of sake (Japanese wine prepared from fermented rice). Follow up of the patient over the next 12 months showed no evidence of psychomotor sequelae (Zaitsu et al, 2013). CASE REPORT (ADOLESCENT): A 14-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with an altered mental status and an inability to walk on his own. Examination of the patient demonstrated a Glasgow Coma score of 6 and an absence of a gag reflex, necessitating intubation. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed metabolic acidosis, and laboratory data revealed a serum ethanol concentration of 233 mg/dL. Other toxicologic screening was negative for drugs of abuse and acetaminophen level was normal. Following supportive care, he was extubated and referred to psychiatry for consultation. Interview of the patient's friends indicated that he had ingested 24 ounces of lemon cooking extract. It was determined that lemon extract has a similar alcohol content as bourbon and absinthe (Dayton et al, 2015).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS64-17-5 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Ethanol A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethyl alcohol MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 5 ; Listed as: Ethanol Category 5 : Substances with carcinogenic and genotoxic effects, the potency of which is considered to be so low that, provided the MAK and BAT values are observed, no significant contribution to human cancer risk is to be expected. The classification is supported by information on the mode of action, dose dependence and toxicokinetic data pertinent to species comparison.
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS64-17-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
CALCULATIONS
1 parts per million (ppm) = 1.88 mg/m(3) (Bingham et al, 2001) 1 ppm = 1.92 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2000) 1 mg/L = 532 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.52 ppm (Verschueren, 2000)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS64-17-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS64-17-5 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS64-17-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
Listed as: Ethyl alcohol REL: TWA: 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m(3)) STEL: Ceiling: Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed Skin Designation: Not Listed Note(s):
IDLH: IDLH: 3300 ppm Note(s): [10%LEL]
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS64-17-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS64-17-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS64-17-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS64-17-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS64-17-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS64-17-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS64-17-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS64-17-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS64-17-5 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1170 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ethanol or Ethyl alcohol or Ethanol solutions or Ethyl alcohol solutions Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 3 Identification Number: UN1170 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3 Special Provisions: 24, IB2, T4, TP1 24: Alcoholic beverages containing more than 70 percent alcohol by volume must be transported as materials in Packing Group II. Alcoholic beverages containing more than 24 percent but not more than 70 percent alcohol by volume must be transported as materials in Packing Group III. IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 150 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 242
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ethanol or Ethyl alcohol or Ethanol solutions or Ethyl alcohol solutions Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 3 Identification Number: UN1170 Packing Group: III Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3 Special Provisions: 24, B1, IB3, T2, TP1 24: Alcoholic beverages containing more than 70 percent alcohol by volume must be transported as materials in Packing Group II. Alcoholic beverages containing more than 24 percent but not more than 70 percent alcohol by volume must be transported as materials in Packing Group III. B1: If the material has a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) and below 93 °C (200 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.241 of this subchapter are applicable. If the material has a flash point of less than 38 °C (100 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.242 of this subchapter are applicable. IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672). T2: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 150 Non-bulk packaging: 203 Bulk packaging: 242
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1170 (ICAO, 2002):
Proper Shipping Name: Ethanol UN Number: 1170 Proper Shipping Name: Ethanol solution UN Number: 1170 Proper Shipping Name: Ethyl alcohol UN Number: 1170 Proper Shipping Name: Ethyl alcohol solution UN Number: 1170
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS64-17-5 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 2 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (96 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 2 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Denatured Alcohol Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 0 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Denatured Alcohol, Government Formulae Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 0 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (95 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 2 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (80 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 2 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (70 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 2 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (60 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 2 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (50 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 2 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (40 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 1 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (30 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 1 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (20 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 1 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (10 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 1 Flammability Rating (Red): 2 Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (5 vol %) Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 1 Flammability Rating (Red): 2 Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
- Only non-sparking equipment and tools are to be utilized, especially when opening and closing containers of ethanol. All precautions against static electricity should be taken (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
STORAGE
Ethanol should be kept in tightly closed containers (Budavari, 1996; Sittig, 1991). Metal containers used for the transfer of 5 gallons or more of ethanol need to be grounded and bonded. Drums are to be equipped with pressure vacuum bungs, self-closing valves, and flame arresters ((CHRIS, 2002); ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). Containers should be protected from physical damage (ITI, 1995).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store ethanol containers in a cool and well-ventilated area, preferably outdoors (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). Protect containers from physical damage (ITI, 1995). The number of sealed drums stored at any one time should be limited (ITI, 1995). Small quantities may be stored outdoors in the original shipping container, whereas larger amounts may be stored in underground tanks outside (ITI, 1995).
Ethanol should be kept well separated from heat, open flame, or any other possible ignition source (Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). Ethanol should not come into contact with oxidizers (eg, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, permanganates, peroxides). Contact with these substances can result in a violent reaction. Ethanol has an explosive reaction with the oxidized coating around potassium metal material (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991) . Ethanol should not be stored near oleum, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, bases, aliphatic amines, and isocyanates. Contact with these substances can result in a violent reaction (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Workers may be exposed by direct dermal contact with ethanol. Ethanol can be absorbed through skin, so appropriate personal protective clothing should be worn. Due to the flammability hazard, wet clothing should be removed and replaced (OHM/TADS , 2002; NIOSH , 1998; Sittig, 1991). It is a weak sensitizer in a patch test (Bingham et al, 2001).
- Workers may be exposed through inhalation of ethanol vapor. Ethanol can be absorbed by the pulmonary epithelium. At very high concentrations, vapor is irritating to the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1998; Baselt, 1997); such effects are temporary ((CHRIS, 2002)).
- Workers with zinc deficiency in association with various diseases may be more susceptible to ethanol exposure (Zenz, 1994).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Appropriate eye protection should be worn to prevent contact with this compound (NIOSH , 1998; Sittig, 1991).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 64-17-5.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004) HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
Ethanol is a flammable liquid; it is a fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000). The vapor is heavier than air, so flashback along a vapor trail may occur (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS, 2002)). Ethanol floats on and mixes with water producing irritating and flammable vapor ((CHRIS, 2002)). Ethanol ignites and then explodes on contact with the following compounds (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999): acetic anhydride + sodium hydrosulfate (ignites and may explode) disulfuric acid + nitric acid phosphorous(III) oxide platinum potassium-tert-butoxide + acids
Ethanol may accumulate static electrical charges and may cause ignition of its vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS64-17-5 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (96 vol %) Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Denatured Alcohol Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Denatured Alcohol, Government Formulae Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (95 vol %) Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (80 vol %) Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (70 vol %) Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (60 vol %) Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (50 vol %) Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (40 vol %) Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (30 vol %) Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (20 vol %) Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (10 vol %) Flammability Rating: 2 Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (5 vol %) Flammability Rating: 2
- INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES
FLASH POINT: 12.7 degrees C; 55 degrees F (Lewis, 1997) FLASH POINT: 12.8 degrees C; 55.6 degrees F (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002) FLASH POINT: 12.77 degrees C (ACGIH, 2001) FLASH POINT: 18 degrees C; 65 degrees F (Pohanish & Greene, 1997) FLASH POINT: 12.2 degrees C (closed cup) (ITI, 1995) FLASH POINT: 13 degrees C (closed cup) (Budavari, 2000; ILO , 1998) FLASH POINT: 14 degrees C (Tagliabue closed cup) (Ashford, 1994) FLASH POINT: 15.8 degrees C (open cup) (ITI, 1995) FLASH POINT: 64 degrees F (open cup); 55 degrees F (closed cup) ((CHRIS, 2002)) FLASH POINT: 13 degrees C; 55 degrees F (NFPA, 2002a) FLASH POINT: 50% aqueous solution: 24 degrees C; 75 degrees F (NFPA, 2002a) FLASH POINT: 10% aqueous solution: 49 degrees C; 120 degrees F (NFPA, 2002a)
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS64-17-5 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (96 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Denatured Alcohol Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Denatured Alcohol, Government Formulae Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (95 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (80 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (70 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (60 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (50 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (40 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (30 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (20 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (10 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
Listed as: Ethyl Alcohol and Water (5 vol %) Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5 1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures. 5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
- Do not attempt to extinguish a fire involving ethanol unless the leak/spill can be stopped (AAR, 2000).
- The most appropriate extinguishers are carbon dioxide and dust. Additionally, dry chemical or alcohol foam may be used. Solid streams of water may not be effective unless used in large amounts (AAR, 2000; (HSDB, 2002)).
- However, water can be used in flooding quantities to cool fire exposed containers, to disperse vapors, and to dilute standing pools of ethanol. Apply water from as great a distance as possible or from a protected location (AAR, 2000).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Ethanol vapor can easily form explosive mixtures with air. When ignited within an enclosed area, the explosive force can be magnified ((CHRIS, 2002); Sittig, 1991).
- It can react vigorously/explosively with the following (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 1999):
- Ethanol ignites and then explodes on contact with the following compounds (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
acetic anhydride + sodium hydrosulfate (ignites and may explode) disulfuric acid + nitric acid phosphorous(III) oxide platinum potassium-tert-butoxide + acids
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Ethanol may accumulate static electrical charges and may cause ignition of its vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- The vapor is heavier than air, so flashback along a vapor trail may occur (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS, 2002)).
- Ethanol floats on and mixes with water producing irritating and flammable vapor ((CHRIS, 2002)).
- Ethanol vapor can easily form explosive mixtures with air. When ignited within an enclosed area, the explosive force can be magnified ((CHRIS, 2002); Sittig, 1991).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Ethanol rapidly absorbs water from air (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000).
- Ethanol is very reactive and will react vigorously or explosively with a number of chemicals. Please see the Explosion Hazard Section for additional and more specific information (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 1999).
- Ethanol ignites and then explodes on contact with the following compounds (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
acetic anhydride + sodium hydrosulfate (ignites and may explode) disulfuric acid + nitric acid phosphorous(III) oxide platinum potassium-tert-butoxide + acids
- Ethanol vapor can easily form explosive mixtures with air. When ignited within an enclosed area, the explosive force can be magnified ((CHRIS, 2002); Sittig, 1991).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- For an ethanol spill not involving fire, considerations for downwind evacuation should include the following: Size of the spill, weather conditions, and location (AAR, 1996).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS64-17-5 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS64-17-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 500 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 1800 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 3300 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 3300 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS64-17-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS64-17-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 3300 ppm Note(s): [10%LEL]
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004) Avoid breathing vapors by keeping upwind, ventilating the area, applying appropriate foam to the spill, and using water spray to knock down vapors. Keep people out of the area of the spill except for protective clothing equipped emergency responders. Remove any possible ignition source. Contain the discharged material (dikes, oil spill control booms, and natural barriers can be used to this end). Keep ethanol out of sewers and water sources. Liquids can be absorbed in dry sand, earth, vermiculite, or similar material and then deposited in sealed containers (AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Ethanol can be burned harmlessly; hence, the most suitable disposal method is incineration (OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Ethanol will enter the environment as emissions from its manufacture and use as well as in the preparation of alcoholic beverages. Other industrial uses of this compound will contribute to its presence in the environment. Ethanol occurs naturally in fermentation of carbohydrates, as a plant volatile, as a microbial degradation product of animal wastes, and from geological processes (eg, volcanoes) (Howard, 1990).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
In the atmosphere, ethanol will photodegrade by reaction with hydroxyl radicals. The half-life will range from hours in polluted urban areas to approximately 6 days in cleaner atmospheres. Rainout may be significant as ethanol is quite soluble in water (Howard, 1990). Photooxidation half-life in air (based on reaction with hydroxyl radicals) = High: 122 hours (5.1 days); Low: 12.2 hours (Howard, 1991)
SURFACE WATER In water, ethanol will volatilize; estimated half-life of 6 days. Biodegradation will also be a significant route. It will not bioconcentrate nor sorb to sediment. Ethanol readily biodegrades in laboratory tests, however, there are no degradation data in natural waters (Howard, 1990). Half-life in water (based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life) (Howard, 1991) Photooxidation half-life in water (based upon measured rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl radicals): High: 3.2x10(5) hours (36.6 years); Low: 8020 hours (334 days) (Howard, 1991)
TERRESTRIAL When released to soil, ethanol will evaporate as well as leach into the ground. There is evidence that it will biodegrade. Based on its low octanol/water partition coefficient, ethanol is not expected to greatly adsorb to soil. Products of this degradation are likely to be formaldehyde and acetic acid. If degradation is slow, ethanol will largely leach into groundwater (Howard, 1990). Soil half-life (based on soil die-away test data) = High: 24 hours; Low: 2.6 hours (Howard, 1991)
BIODEGRADATION
- Unacclimated Aqueous Biodegradation (Howard, 1991)
Aerobic half-life (based upon river die-away test data for one sample of water from one river) = High: 26 hours; Low: 6.5 hours Anaerobic half-life (based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life) = High: 104 hours (4.3 days); Low 26 hours
- Ethanol vapors were degraded using a fixed film spiral bioreactor containing immobilized activated sludge microorganisms. The study looked at an ethanol feed concentration range of 600-7000 ppmv and an air flow rate ranging from 2.34-40.0 dm(3) min(-1). Within these ranges, elimination capacity increased proportionately with an increase in feed concentration; however, there was a significant decrease in elimination capacity at flow rates greater than 20 dm(3) min(-1) due to insufficient residence time (Shim et al, 1995).
- Ethanol can be destroyed in biological specimens in vitro; fluoride, mercuric ion, hemoglobin-catalyzed oxidation, and cold storage of the microorganisms can slow down the degradation process (Baselt, 1997).
BIOACCUMULATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- Freshwater Toxicity ((CHRIS, 2002); (HSDB, 2002))
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas), 30D old: 15.3 g/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay, water hardness 47.3 mg/L (CaCO3), temperature 24.3 degrees C, pH 7.60, dissolved oxygen 6.8 mg/L, alkalinity 43.7 mg/L (CaCO3) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas), 30D old: 14.2 g/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay, water hardness 47.5 mg/L (CaCO3), temperature 24.0 degrees C, pH 7.56, dissolved oxygen 6.6 mg/L, alkalinity 40.9 mg/L (CaCO3) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas), 30D old: 12.9 g/L for 96H, flow-through bioassay, water hardness 47.3 mg/L (CaCO3), temperature 24.3 degrees C, pH 7.60, dissolved oxygen 6.8 mg/L, alkalinity 43.7 mg/L (CaCO3) LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii): 13,000 mg/L for 96H at 12 degrees C, static bioassay, fish weight = 0.8 g LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdnerii), fingerlings: 10,400 ppm for 96H at 12 degrees C LD - GOLDFISH: 250 ppm for 6H hours LC50 - Palaemonetes, mature: > 250 mg/L for 96H at 21 degrees C, static bioassay
- Saltwater Toxicity (OHM/TADS , 2002)
- Other Organisms (Verschueren, 2000)
LC50 -- FISH (Brachydanio rerio): 14,200 mg/L for 96H LC50 -- FISH (Nitocra spinipes): 7750 mg/L for 96H LC50 -- GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 11,050 mg/L for 7D LC50 -- BLEAK (Alburnus alburnus): 11,000 mg/L for 96H LC50 -- CREEK CHUB (Semotilus atromaculatus): >7000 mg/L for 24H
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Ethanol is a volatile, mobile, hygroscopic, colorless, flammable liquid with a fragrant, weak, ethereal, vinous odor and burning taste (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; (HSDB, 2002); Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 40 mmHg (at 19 degrees C) (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002)
- 43 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001)
- 43.9 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2000)
- 50 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Verschueren, 2000)
- 59.03 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)
- 59.3 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (value from experimentally derived coefficients) ((HSDB, 2002))
- 60 mmHg (at 26 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002)
- 75 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2000)
- 43 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg) Alcohol, USP (approximately 95% solution): 0.810 (at 25/25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) Diluted Alcohol (48.9% solution): 0.931 (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
0.7893 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000) 0.789 (at 20/4 degrees C) (ILO , 1998) 0.789 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Snyder, 1992) 0.789 (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001) 0.790 (at 20 degrees C) ((CHRIS, 2002))
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
0.789 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) 0.790 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994) 0.816 g/mL (at 15.56 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997) 95% solution: 0.804 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1998) Diluted Alcohol (48.9% solution): 0.936 g/mL (at 15.56 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-114.1 degrees C; -173 degrees F; 159 K (Snyder, 1992) -114 degrees C ((CHRIS, 2002); Lewis, 1997) -117.3 degrees C (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2002) solidifies at <-130 degrees C (ACGIH, 2001)
-114.1 degrees C (ACGIH, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001) -117 degrees C (Lewis, 2000) -117.3 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002)
BOILING POINT
- 78 degrees C; 173 degrees F (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 2002a)
- 78.3 degrees C; 172.9 degrees F; 351.5 K ((CHRIS, 2002); Lewis, 1997)
- 78.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002)
- 79 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)
- 78-79 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)
FLASH POINT
- 12.7 degrees C; 55 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)
- 12.8 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002)
- 12.77 degrees C (ACGIH, 2001)
- 18 degrees C; 65 degrees F (Pohanish & Greene, 1997)
- 12.2 degrees C (closed cup) (ITI, 1995)
- 13 degrees C (closed cup) (Budavari, 2000; ILO , 1998)
- 14 degrees C (Tagliabue closed cup) (Ashford, 1994)
- 15.8 degrees C (open cup) (ITI, 1995)
- 64 degrees F (open cup); 55 degrees F (closed cup) ((CHRIS, 2002))
- 13 degrees C; 55 degrees F (NFPA, 2002a)
- 55.6 degrees (Lewis, 2000)
- 50% aqueous solution: 24 degrees C; 75 degrees F (NFPA, 2002a)
- 10% aqueous solution: 49 degrees C; 120 degrees F (NFPA, 2002a)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 422 degrees C; 793 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)
- 422.78 degrees C (ACGIH, 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002)
- 426 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
- 689 degrees F ((CHRIS, 2002))
- 363 degrees C (ILO , 1998)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
miscible with water (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000) 1,000,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002) infinite solubility in water (Howard, 1990) >10% ((HSDB, 2002))
miscible in oxygenated and chlorinated solvents (eg. chloroform, methanol) and most organic solvents (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997) >10% in acetone, in benzene, or in ether ((HSDB, 2002))
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log = -0.31 (recommended value) (Howard, 1990)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 6.29x10(-6) atm/m(3)/mol (Howard, 1990)
- 5x10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002))
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
OTHER/PHYSICAL
5-10 ppm (Sittig, 1991) 10 ppm ((CHRIS, 2002)) 0.3420 mg/m(3) (Harbison, 1998) 2.40X10(+13) molecules/cm(3) in air; purity not specified ((HSDB, 2002)) 3.30X10(+13) molecules/cm(3) in air; purity not specified ((HSDB, 2002)) 84 ppm (Tolerance) (ACGIH, 2001) 4.40X10(+3) ppm (Detection) in air; purity not specified ((HSDB, 2002)) 1.00x10(-1) mg/L gas (Detection) in air; purity not specified ((HSDB, 2002)) 1.00X10(+1) ppm (Recognition) in air; chemically pure ((HSDB, 2002))
22.3 dynes/cm (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997) 22.1 dynes/cm (at 25 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002)) 22.75 dynes/cm in contact with vapor (at 20 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002))
6425 cal/g; -11,570 Btu/lb; 8.37x10(5) J/kg ((CHRIS, 2002)) 326.68 kg cal/g mol wt (at 25 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002))
1.364 (Lewis, 2000) 1.3614 (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001) 1.3596 (at 25 degrees C) (ITI, 1995) 1.3651 (at 15 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
0.0141 CP (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997) 44.0 CP (at -98.11 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002)) 1.773 CP (at 0 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002)) 1.200 CP (at 20 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002)) 0.504 CP (at 70 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002))
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
- 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
- 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
- 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
- AAPCC: American Association of Poison Control Centers Emergency Alert. American Association of Poison Control Centers, 1991.
- AAR: Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation, Bureau of Explosives, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, 1996.
- AAR: Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation, Bureau of Explosives, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, 2000.
- ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 2001.
- AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
- AMA: Council on Scientific Affairs: Effects of Toxic Chemicals on the Reproductive System, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1985.
- Abel EL & Sokol RJ: A revised conservative estimate of the incidence of FAS and its economic impact. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15:514-524.
- Abel EL: Drug Alcohol Depend 1984; 14:1-10.
- Abel EL: Rat offspring sired by males treated with alcohol. Alcohol 1993; 10:237-242.
- Abel EL: Teratology 1985; 31:35-40.
- Adinoff B, Risher-Flowers D, & De Jong J: Disturbances of hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis functioning during ethanol withdrawal in six men. Am J Psychiat 1991; 148:1023-1025.
- Afanasiev V, Green GB, & Priputina L: Controlled trial of picamilon for treatment of ethanol withdrawal (Abstract). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1995; 33:531-532.
- Alexander WD, Wills PD, & Eldred N: Urinary ethanol and diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1988; 5(5):463-464.
- Ali SS, Wilson MP, Castillo EM, et al: Common hand sanitizer may distort readings of breathalyzer tests in the absence of acute intoxication. Acad Emerg Med 2013; 20(2):212-215.
- Alldredge BK & Lowenstein DH: Status epilepticus related to alcohol abuse.. Epilepsia 1993; 34:1033-1037.
- Amene PC: Intravenous fructose for acute alcoholism: A double-blind study. JACEP 1976; 5:253-256.
- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.
- Ando H, Abe H, & Hisanou R: Ethanol-induced myocardial ischemia: close relation between blood acetaldehyde level and myocardial ischemia. Clin Cardiol 1993; 16:443-446.
- Andrews LS & Snyder R: Toxic effects of solvents and vapors, in: Amdur MO, Doull J & Klaassen CD (Eds), Casarett and Doull's The Basic Science of Poisons, 4th ed, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1991, pp 681-700.
- Anon: MRI Proj No 4867-T. Contract No NOI-CN-95419. Div Cancer Control Rehab, National Cancer Institute, 1980.
- Anon: NIOSH Contract No 210-78-0009, NTIS PB83-238-527, National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety, Washington, DC, 1980b, pp 103.
- Anon: Neurogenic nystagmus, in Duke-Elder (ed): System of Ophthalmology, CV Mosby, St Louis, MO, 1971, pp 861.
- Ansell-Edmont: SpecWare Chemical Application and Recommendation Guide. Ansell-Edmont. Coshocton, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.ansellpro.com/specware. As accessed 10/31/2001.
- Arishima K, Yamamoto M, & Takizawa T: Effect of acute maternal alcohol consumption on the fetal ductus arteriosus in the rat. Biol Neonate 1993; 63:40-43.
- Ashford R: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications Ltd, London, England, 1994.
- Ashford RD: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications, London, United Kingdom, 1994a.
- Atassi WA, Noghnogh AA, & Hariman R: Hemodialysis as a treatment of severe ethanol poisoning. Intl J Artif Organs 1999; 22:18-20.
- Athanaselis S, Stefanidou M, & Koutselinis A: Interpretation of postmortem alcohol concentrations. Forens Sci Intl 2005; 149:289-291.
- Austin H, Delzell E, & Grufferman S: Cancer Res 1986; 46:962-966.
- Ayres JG: Alcohol-induced bronchial asthma (letter). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 860.
- Balmer MG: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1976; 37:345-352.
- Baraniuk JN, Murray RB, & Mabbee WG: Naloxone, ethanol, and the chlorpropamide alcohol flush. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1987; 11:518-520.
- Barauskaite S: Iss Viniti 5690-83, 1983.
- Barrett MJ & Babl FE: Alcohol-based hand sanitiser: a potentially fatal toy. Med J Aust 2015; 203(1):43-44.
- Baselt RC & Cravey RH: Ethanol, in: Baselt RC & Cravey RH (Eds): Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Chemical Toxicology Institute, Foster City, CA, 1995.
- Baselt RC: Biological Monitoring Methods for Industrial Chemicals, 3rd ed, Chemical Toxicology Institute, Foster City, CA, 1997.
- Baselt RC: Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemical in Man, 5th ed, Chemical Toxicology Institute, Foster City, CA, 2000a.
- Baselt RC: Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 5th ed, Chemical Toxicology Institute, Foster City, CA, 2000.
- Bata Shoe Company: Industrial Footwear Catalog, Bata Shoe Company, Belcamp, MD, 1995.
- Battisti L, Degani D, & Rugolotto S: Fetal alcohol syndrome and malignant disease: a case report. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993; 15:136-137.
- Bauer U & Strass M: Hehandlung von Magen und Zwolffingerdam-Geschwuren mit Carbenoxolone-Natrium. Med Welt 1972; 23:985.
- Baxter PJ, Adams PH, & Aw TC: Hunter's Diseases of Occupations, 9th ed, Oxford Univ Press, Inc, New York, NY, 2000.
- Bennett RH, Cherek DR, & Spiga R: Acute and chronic alcohol tolerance in humans - effects of dose and consecutive days of exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:740-745.
- Berild D & Hasselbalch H: Survival after a blood alcohol of 1127 mg/dl. Lancet 1981; 2:363.
- Berliner EG: Gig Aspekty Okhr Zdorovya Naseleniya 1977; 61.
- Bertolet BD, Freund G, & Martin CA: Unrecognized left ventricular dysfunction in an apparently healthy alcohol abuse population. Drug Alcohol Depend 1991; 28:113-119.
- Best Manufacturing: ChemRest Chemical Resistance Guide. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com. As accessed 10/8/2002.
- Best Manufacturing: Degradation and Permeation Data. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com/DomesticPrep2/. As accessed 04/09/2004.
- Bingham E, Cohrssen B, & Powell CH: Patty's Toxicology Vol. 6, 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 2001a.
- Bingham E, Cohrssen B, & Powell CH: Patty's Toxicology, Vol <6>. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2001.
- Block RS, Weaver DW, & Bowman DL: Acute alcohol intoxication: significance of the amylase level. Ann Emerg Med 1983; 12:294-296.
- Boggan WO, Monroe B, & Turner WR Jr: Effect of prenatal ethanol administration on the urogenital system of mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1989; 13:206-208.
- Bonev G: Khig Zdraveopaz 1974; 17:533-536.
- Boss Manufacturing Company: Work Gloves, Boss Manufacturing Company, Kewanee, IL, 1998.
- Bottiger LE: Alcohol and the blood. Scand J Haematol 1973; 10:321-326.
- Boyd TA, Ernhart CB, & Greene TH: Prenatal alcohol exposure and sustained attention in the preschool years. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1991; 13:49-55.
- Braden GL, Strayhorn CH, & Germain MJ: Increased osmolol gap in alcoholic acidosis. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:2377-2380.
- Brennan DF, Betzelos S, & Reed R: Ethanol elimination rates in an ED population. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13:276-280.
- Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al: Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2012; 17(1):3-23.
- Brown RT, Coles CD, & Smith IE: Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. II. Attention and behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1991; 13:369-376.
- Brown SS, Forrest JA, & Roscoe P: A controlled trial of fructose in the treatment of acute alcohol intoxication. Lancet 1972; 2:898-900.
- Buck KJ, Heim H, & Harris RA: Reversal of alcohol dependence and tolerance by a single administration of flumazenil. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 257:984-989.
- Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed, Merck & Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996, pp 641-642.
- Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed. on CD-ROM. Version 12:3a. Chapman & Hall/CRCnetBASE. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2000.
- Butcher GP, Rhodes JM, & Walker R: The effect of antioxidant supplementation on a serum marker of free radical activity and abnormal serum biochemistry in alcoholic patients admitted for detoxification. J Hepatol 1993; 19:105-109.
- CHRIS: CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard. Washington, DC, US (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Caballeria J, Pares A, & Bru C: Metadoxine accelerates fatty liver recovery in alcoholic patients: results of a randomized double-blind, placebo- control trial. J Hepatol 1998; 28:54-60.
- Calvino J, Bravo J, Millan B, et al: Flank pain and acute renal failure after binge drinking: a growing concern?. Ren Fail 2013; 35(3):421-424.
- Cameron AM: Arch Toxicol 1985; Suppl 8:422-424.
- Catlin MC, Abdollah S, & Brien JF: Dose-dependent effects of prenatal ethanol exposure in the guinea pig. Alcohol 1993; 10:109-115.
- Chamberlain JM, Altieri MA, & Futterman C: A prospective, randomized study comparing intramuscular midazolam with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of seizures in children. Ped Emerg Care 1997; 13:92-94.
- Chance JF: Emergency department treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures with phenytoin. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20:520-522.
- Charness ME: Brain lesions in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:2-11.
- ChemFab Corporation: Chemical Permeation Guide Challenge Protective Clothing Fabrics, ChemFab Corporation, Merrimack, NH, 1993.
- Chemsoft(R) : Electronic EPA, NIOSH, & OSHA Methods(TM). Windowchem(TM) Software. Fairfield, CA. 2000.
- Chin RF , Neville BG , Peckham C , et al: Treatment of community-onset, childhood convulsive status epilepticus: a prospective, population-based study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7(8):696-703.
- Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Ritz J, et al: Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:603-613.
- Choi SY & Kahyo H: Internat J Cancer 1991; 49:381-386.
- Cicero TJ & Bell RD: Adv Exp Med Biol 1980; 132:211-217.
- Cicero TJ, Nock B, & O'Connor LH: Acute paternal alcohol exposure impairs fertility and fetal outcome. Life Sci 1994; 55:PL33-PL36.
- Cina SJ, Russell RA, & Conradi SE: Sudden death due to metronidazole/ethanol interaction. Am J Forens Med Pathol 1996; 17:343-346.
- Clark CR: Adv Mod Environ Toxicol 1984; 6:109-122.
- Clausen TG, Wolff J, & Carl P: The effect of the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, on psychometric performance in acute ethanol intoxication in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 38:233-236.
- Clayton DE & Busse W: Anaphylaxis to wine. Clin Allerg 1980; 10:341-343.
- Clayton GD & Clayton FE: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol 2C, Toxicology, 3rd ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1982, pp 4541-4556.
- Clayton GD & Clayton FE: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol 2C. Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1994.
- Coles CD, Brown RT, & Smith IE: Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. I. Physical and cognitive development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1991; 13:357-367.
- Comasec Safety, Inc.: Chemical Resistance to Permeation Chart. Comasec Safety, Inc.. Enfield, CT. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.comasec.com/webcomasec/english/catalogue/mtabgb.html. As accessed 4/28/2003.
- Comasec Safety, Inc.: Product Literature, Comasec Safety, Inc., Enfield, CT, 2003a.
- Cooney DO: Major classes of drugs and chemicals, in: Cooney DO (Ed): Activated Charcoal in Medical Applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, NY, 1995.
- Council on Scientific Affairs: Alcohol and the Driver. JAMA 1986; 255:522-527.
- Cox NH & Mustchin CP: Prolonged spontaneous and alcohol-induced flushing due to the solvent dimethylformamide. Contact Dermatitis 1991; 24:69-70.
- Cummins LH: Hypoglycemia and convulsions in children following alcohol ingestion. J Pediatr 1961; 23-26.
- D'Onofrio G, Rathley NK, & Ulrich AS: Lorazepam for the prevention of recurrent seizures related to alcohol. N Eng J Med 1999; 340:915-919.
- DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.
- Da Dalt L, Dall'Amico R, & Laverda AM: Percutaneous ethyl alcohol intoxication in a one-month-old infant. Pediatr Emerg Care 1991; 7:343-344.
- Dagradi AE: Esophageal varices, splenic pulp pressure and "directional" flow patterns in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a correlative study. Am J Gastroenterol 1973; 59:15-22.
- Daryanani HE, Santolaria FJ, & Gonzalez Reimers E: Alcoholic withdrawal syndrome and seizures. Alcohol Alcohol 1994; 29:323-328.
- Dasilva VA, McLean AEM, & Beales D: Ethanol elimination by rats as a function of reproductive state, gender and nutritional status. Braz J Med Biol Res 1996; 29:651-657.
- Day NL, Richardson GA, & Geva D: Alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco: effects of prenatal exposure on offspring growth and morphology at age six. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18:786-794.
- Dayton J, Caravati M, & Smith S: The Grocery Baking Aisle and Non-beverage Alcohol Abuse (abstracts). Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 5(7):674.
- De Keyser J: Spasmodic torticollis occurring during alcohol withdrawal. Neurol 1993; 43:623-624.
- Deitrich RA, Dunwiddie T, & Harris RA: Mechanism of action of ethanol: initial central nervous system actions. Pharmacol Rev 1989; 41:489-537.
- Delaney KA, Vassallo SU, & Goldfrank LR: Thermoregulatory principles, in: Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA et al (Eds): Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 5th ed, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994, pp 151-159.
- Dickerman JD, Bishop W, & Marks JF: Acute ethanol intoxication in a child. Pediatrics 1968; 42:837-840.
- Diez A, Puig J, & Serrano S: Alcohol-induced bone disease in the absence of severe chronic liver damage. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9:825-831.
- Doyon S & Welsh C: Intoxication of a prison inmate with an ethyl alcohol-based hand sanitizer. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(5):529-530.
- DuPont: DuPont Suit Smart: Interactive Tool for the Selection of Protective Apparel. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/protectiveapparel/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp. As accessed 10/31/2002.
- DuPont: Permeation Guide for DuPont Tychem Protective Fabrics. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2003. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/en/pdf/tyvektychem/pgcomplete20030128.pdf. As accessed 4/26/2004.
- DuPont: Permeation Test Results. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.tyvekprotectiveapprl.com/databases/default.htm. As accessed 7/31/2002.
- Dukes NMA: Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs, Ann 5, Excerpta Medica, New York, NY, 1981.
- EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.
- ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.
- Edwards HG & Dow-Edwards DL: Craniofacial alterations in adult rats prenatally exposed to ethanol. Teratology 1991; 44:373-378.
- Edwards WM & Hoyt R: Alcoholic ketoacidosis. S Med J 1973; 66:281-282.
- Eilam O & Heyman SN: Wenckebach-type atrioventricular block in severe alcohol intoxication (Letter). Ann Emerg Med 1991; 1170.
- Eliason MJ & Williams JK: Fetal alcohol syndrome and the neonate. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 1990; 3:64-72.
- Ellenhorn MJ & Barceloux DG: Ethanol, in: Ellenhorn MJ & Barceloux DG (Eds): Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning, Elsevier, New York, NY, 1988.
- Elliott RW & Hunter PR: Acute ethanol poisoning treated by haemodialysis. Postgrad Med J 1974; 50:515-517.
- Eriksson CJP, Fukunaga T, & Sarkola T: Estrogen-related acetaldehyde elevation in women during alcohol intoxication. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 1996; 20:1192-1195.
- Ernhart CB: Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1985; 9:447-453.
- Estruch R, Nicolas JM, & Villegas E: Relationship between ethanol-related diseases and nutritional status in chronically alcoholic men. Alcohol Alcohol 1993; 28:543-550.
- Ettinger PO, CF, & De La Cruz C Jr: Wu. Am Heart J 1978; 95:555-562.
- Falkensson M, Jones W, & Sorbo B: Bedside diagnosis of alcohol intoxication with a pocket-size breath-alcohol device: sampling from unconscious subjects and specificity for ethanol. Clin Chem 1989; 35:918-921.
- Ferko AP & Bobyock E: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1977; 40:269-276.
- Fett DL & Vukov LF: An unusual case of severe griseofulvin-alcohol interaction. Am J Emerg Med 1994; 24:95-97.
- Field JB, Williams HE, & Mortimore GE: Studies on the mechanism of ethanol-induced hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest 1963; 42:497-506.
- Fields JZ, Turk A, & Durkin M: Increased gastrointestinal symptoms in chronic alcoholics. Am J Gastrointerol 1994; 89:382-386.
- Filley CM & Kelly JP: Alcohol- and drug-related neurotoxicity. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 1993; 6:443-447.
- Fisher HR, Simson RI, & Kapur BM: Calculation of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) by sex, weight, number of drinks and time. Canad J Public Health 1987; 78:300-304.
- Fisher SE: Ethanol alters hormone production in cultured human placental trophoblasts. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:816-821.
- Flannery MT, Altus P, & Taub LD: Alcohol withdrawal with an unusual presentation. S Med J 1991; 84:1408-1409.
- Fong HF & Muller AA: An unexpected clinical course in a 29-day-old infant with ethanol exposure. Pediatr Emerg Care 2014; 30(2):111-113.
- French SW & Morris JR: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1972; 4:221-233.
- Froster UG & Baird PA: Congenital defects of the limbs and alcohol exposure in pregnancy - data from a population based study. Am J Med Genet 1992; 44:782-785.
- Fujiwara T, Watanabe M, & Matsuda K: Complex partial status epilepticus provoked by ingestion of alcohol: a case report. Epilepsia 1991; 32:650-656.
- Galea P & Goel K: The fetal alcohol syndrome. Scot Med J 1989; 34:505.
- Gapstur SM, Potter JD, & Sellers TA: Increased risk of breast cancer with alcohol consumption in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136:1221-1231.
- Gengo FM, Gabos C, & Straley C: The pharmacodynamics of ethanol: Effects on performance and judgment. J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 30:748-754.
- Gershman H & Steeper J: Rate of clearance of ethanol from the blood of intoxicated patients in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 1991; 9:307-311.
- Gibson PJ, Cant AJ, & Mant TGK: Ethanol poisoning. Acta Pediatr Scand 1985; 74:977-978.
- Gill R, Hatchett SE, & Broster CG: The response of evidential breath alcohol testing instruments with subjects exposed to organic solvents and gases. 1. Toluene, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and butane. Med Sci Law 1991b; 31:187-200.
- Gill R, Warner HE, & Broster CG: The response of evidential breath alcohol testing instruments with subjects exposed to organic solvents and gases. II. White spirit and nonane. Med Sci Law 1991a; 31:201-213.
- Gimenez ER, Vallejo NE, & Roy E: Percutaneous alcohol intoxication. Clin Toxicol 1968; 1:39-48.
- Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, & Lewin NA: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 6th ed, Appleton & Lange, Stamford, CT, 1998.
- Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, & Weisman RS: Vital signs and toxic syndromes, in: Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA et al (Eds): Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 5th ed, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994, pp 143-149.
- Gomez HR, Moore L, & Davis M: Elevation of breath ethanol measurements by metered dose inhalers (Abstract). Vet Human Toxicol 1992; 34:358.
- Gossel TA & Bricker JD: Principles of Clinical Toxicology, 3rd ed, Raven Press, New York, NY, 1994.
- Grant WM & Schuman JS: Toxicology of the Eye, 4th ed, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1993.
- Greene T, Ernhart CB, & Ager J: Prenatal alcohol exposure and cognitive development in the preschool years. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1991; 13:57-68.
- Gregory M: Alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia presenting as drug intoxication. J Clin Forens Med 2003; 10:191-192.
- Grieve SJ & Littleton JM: Br J Parmacol 1978; 63:375-376.
- Gronbaek M & Sorensen TIA: Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease - studies suggest that wine has additional effect to that of ethanol. BMJ 1996; 313:365.
- Grossmann A, Astley SJ, & Liggitt HD: Immune function in offspring of nonhuman primates (macaca- nemestrina) exposed weekly to 1.8 g/kg ethanol during pregnancy - preliminary observations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:822-827.
- Guardian Manufacturing Group: Guardian Gloves Test Results. Guardian Manufacturing Group. Willard, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.guardian-mfg.com/guardianmfg.html. As accessed 12/11/2001.
- Gutierrez CA, Lambert C, & Harrah J: Moderate alcohol intoxication directly reduces peripheral oxygen delivery and utilization (abstracts). Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6:391-392.
- HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 10/31/2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- HSDB: Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- HSDB: Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2009; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- HSDB: Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD, USA (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Haddad LM, Shannon MW, & Winchester JF: Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose, 3rd ed, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1998.
- Hakim RB, Gray RH, & Zacur H: Alcohol and caffeine consumption and decreased fertility. Fertil Steril 1998; 70:632-637.
- Hammond KB, Rumack BH, & Rodgerson DO: Blood ethanol: a report of unusually high levels in a living patient. JAMA 1973; 226:63-64.
- Hannigan JH, Abel EL, & Kruger ML: Population characteristics of birthweight in an animal model of alcohol-related developmental effects. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1993; 15:97-105.
- Hanson JW: J Pediatr 1978; 92:457-460.
- Harbison RD: Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 5th ed, Mosby-Year Book, Inc, St. Louis, MO, 1998a.
- Harbison RD: Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 5th ed, Mosby-Year Books, St. Louis, MO, 1998.
- Hardell L, Bengtsson NO, & Jonsson U: Br J Cancer 1984; 50:389-397.
- Hartmann RJ: Proc West Pharmacol Soc 1984; 27:251-253.
- Hasumura Y, Trschke R, & Lieber CS: Increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, and its mechanism, after chronic ethanol consumption. Gastroenterology 1974; 66:415-422.
- Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 4th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.
- Hayes RB, Brown LM, & Schoenberg JB: Alcohol use and prostate cancer risk in US blacks and whites. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143:692-697.
- Heatley MK & Crane J: The relationship between blood and urine alcohol concentration at autopsy. Med Sci Law 1989; 29:209-217.
- Hegenbarth MA & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs: Preparing for pediatric emergencies: drugs to consider. Pediatrics 2008; 121(2):433-443.
- Hekmatpanah J, Haghighat N, & Adams CR: Alcohol consumption by nursing rats and its effect on the cerebellum of the offspring. Alcohol Alcohol 1994; 29:535-547.
- Heminki K & Vineis P: Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 1985; 5:251-318.
- Hendrikx JJ, Lagas JS, Daling R, et al: Severe lactic acidosis in a diabetic patient after ethanol abuse and floor cleaner intake. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115(5):472-475.
- Henning RJ, Wilson LD, & Glauser JM: Cocaine plus ethanol is more cardiotoxic than cocaine or ethanol alone. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:1896-1906.
- Henretig F & Vuignier B: Mouthwash ingestions in young children (Abstract). Vet Human Toxicol 1989; 31:338.
- Hill RM, Hegemier S, & Tennyson LM: The fetal alcohol syndrome: a multihandicapped child. Neurotoxicol 1989; 10:585-596.
- Hills BW & Venable HL: Am J Ind Med 1982; 3:321-334.
- Hinds MW, Kolonel LN, & Lee J: Br J Cancer 1980; 41:929-940.
- Hoey L, Joslin S, & Vance-Bryan K: Letters to the Editor. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28:972.
- Hoffman RS & Goldfrank LR: Ethanol-associated metabolic disorders. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1989; 7:943-961.
- Hornfeldt CS: A report of acute ethanol poisoning in a child: mouthwash versus cologne, perfume and after-shave. Clin Toxicol 1992; 30:115-121.
- Howard PH: Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Volume III: Pesticides, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1991.
- Howard PH: Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Volume II: Solvents, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1990.
- Howland MA: Ethanol, in: Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA et al (Eds): Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 5th ed, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994, pp 841-843.
- Hulten BA, Heath A, & Mellstrand T: Does alcohol adsorb to activated charcoal?. Human Toxicol 1985; 5:211-212.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide), 97, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2008.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying, 95, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010a.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, 89, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, 92, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.
- IARC: List of all agents, mixtures and exposures evaluated to date - IARC Monographs: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Volumes 1-88, 1972-PRESENT. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, FranceAvailable from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html. As accessed Oct 07, 2004.
- ICAO: Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2003-2004. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002.
- ILC Dover, Inc.: Ready 1 The Chemturion Limited Use Chemical Protective Suit, ILC Dover, Inc., Frederica, DE, 1998.
- ILO : Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th ed, Vols 1 - 4. (CD ROM Version). International Labour Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 1998a.
- ILO : Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th ed. Vol 1-4. (CD ROM Version). International Labour Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 1998.
- ITI: Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual, The International Technical Information Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 1995.
- Ida Y, Tsujimaru S, & Nakamaura K: Effects of acute and repeated alcohol ingestion on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functioning in normal males. Drug Alcohol Depend 1992; 31:57-64.
- Ifudu O & Markel M: Rhabdomyolysis associated with pneumococcal pneumonia and sepsis in an abstinent alcohol abuser (Letter). State J Med 1992; 92:24-25.
- Ikonomidou C, Bittigau P, & Ishimaru MJ: Ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration and fetal alcohol syndrome. Science 2000; 287:1056-1060.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: list of classifications, volumes 1-116. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Lyon, France. 2016. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php. As accessed 2016-08-24.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. As accessed 2015-08-06.
- Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, & Sokol RJ: Effects of alcohol use, smoking, and illicit drug use on fetal growth in black infants. J Pediatr 1994; 124:757-764.
- Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, & Sokol RJ: Prenatal alcohol exposure and infant information processing ability. Child Development 1993; 64:1706-1721.
- Jarvenpaa T, Rinne JO, Koskenvuo M, et al: Binge drinking in midlife and dementia risk. Epidemiology 2005; 16(6):766-771.
- Jatlow P: Acute toxicology of ethanol ingestion. Role of the clinical laboratory. AJCP 1980; 74:721-724.
- Jeffreys DB, Flanagan RJ, & Volans GN: Reversal of ethanol-induced coma with naloxone. Lancet 1980; 1:308-309.
- Jenkins DW, Eckel RE, & Craig JW: Alcoholic ketoacidosis. JAMA 1971; 217:177-183.
- Jennison KM & Johnson KA: Drinking-induced blackouts among young adults: results from a national longitudinal study. Internat J Addict 1994; 29:23-51.
- Jerrells TR, Saad AJ, & Domiati-saad R: Effects of ethanol on parameters of cellular immunity and host defense mechanisms to infectious agents. Alcohol 1992; 9:459-463.
- Johnson HRM: At what blood levels does alcohol kill?. Med Sci Law 1985; 25:127-130.
- Johnson RA, Noll EC, & Rodney WM: Survival after a serum ethanol concentration of 1.5% (Letter). Lancet 1982; 2:1394.
- Johnstone RE & Reier CE: Acute respiratory effects of ethanol in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1973; 14:501-508.
- Jones AW: Low alcohol drinks and risk of high blood alcohol in children (letter). Clin Toxicol 1996; 34:349-350.
- Jones AW: Relationship between blood and breath alcohol concentration in a subject absorbing alcohol at the time of testing (Letter). J Anal Toxicol 1991; 15:44-45.
- Jones KL & Smith DW: Description of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet 1973; 2:999.
- Jung AL, Roan Y, & Temple AR: Neonatal death associated with acute transplacental ethanol intoxication. Am J Dis Child 1980; 134:419-420.
- Juntunen J: Alcoholism in occupational neurology: diagnostic difficulties with special reference to the neurological syndromes caused by exposure to organic solvents. Acta Neurol Scandinav 1982; 66:89-108.
- Kallas P & Sellers EM: Blood glucose in intoxicated chronic alcoholics. CMA J 1975; 112:590-592.
- Kanwar KC & Tikoo A: Hematological lesions in rat following heavy alcohol ingestion. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1992; 11:241-245.
- Kanzaki T & Hori H: Late phase allergic reaction of the skin to ethyl alcohol. Contact Dermatitis 1991; 25:252-253.
- Kappler, Inc.: Suit Smart. Kappler, Inc.. Guntersville, AL. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.kappler.com/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp?select=1. As accessed 7/10/2001.
- Kartsonis A, Reddy KR, & Schiff ER: Alcohol, acetaminophen, and hepatic necrosis (Letter). Ann Intern Med 1986; 105:138-139.
- Kartsonis A, Reddy KR, & Schiff ER: Alcohol, acetaminophen, and hepatic necrosis. Ann Int Med 1986a; 105:138-9.
- Kay HH, Grindle KM, & Magness RR: Ethanol exposure induces oxidative stress and impairs nitric oxide availability in the human placental villi: a possible mechanism of toxicity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:682-688.
- Keim ME, Bartfield JM, & Raccio-Robak N: Accuracy of an enzymatic assay device for serum ethanol measurement. Clin Toxicol 1999; 37:75-81.
- Keim ME, Bartfield JM, & Racciorobak N: Blood ethanol estimation - a comparison of three methods. Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3:85-87.
- Kimberly-Clark, Inc.: Chemical Test Results. Kimberly-Clark, Inc.. Atlanta, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.kc-safety.com/tech_cres.html. As accessed 10/4/2002.
- Kon S & Ikeda M: Br J Cancer 1979; 40:449-455.
- Kotch LE, Chen SY, & Sulik KK: Ethanol-induced teratogenesis - free radical damage as a possible mechanism. Teratology 1995; 52:128-136.
- Koul PB, Sussmane JB, Cunil-De Sautu B, et al: Atrial fibrillation associated with alcohol ingestion in adolescence: holiday heart in pediatrics. Ped Emerg Care 2005; 21:38-39.
- Kouvaras G & Cokkinos D: Effects of alcohol on the heart: current views. Angiology 1986; 37:592-600.
- LaCrosse-Rainfair: Safety Products, LaCrosse-Rainfair, Racine, WI, 1997.
- Lam KC, Yu MC, & Leung JWC: Cancer Res 1982; 42:5246-5248.
- Langhan ML: Acute alcohol intoxication in adolescents: frequency of respiratory depression. J Emerg Med 2013; 44(6):1063-1069.
- Laposata EA, Scherrer DE, & Lange LG: Fatty acid ethyl esters in adipose tissue: a laboratory marker for alcohol-related death. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 113:762-766.
- Larremore T: Alcohol-induced ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia. Topics Emerg Med 1984; 6:48-57.
- Larroque B, Kaminski M, & Dehaene P: Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and psychomotor development at preschool age. Am J Public Health 1995; 85:1654-1661.
- Lee BH: Korean J Biochem 1977; 9:29-42.
- Leung AKC: Ethyl alcohol ingestion in children: a 15-year review. Clin Pediatr 1986; 25:617-619.
- Lewis RA: Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1998.
- Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionaly, 13th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 1997a.
- Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 1997.
- Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 10th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 2000.
- Lheureux P & Askenasi R: Efficacy of flumazenil in acute alcohol intoxication: double blind placebo-controlled evaluation. Human Exp Toxicol 1991; 10:235-239.
- Li J, Mills T, & Erato R: Intravenous saline has no effect on blood ethanol clearance. J Emerg Med 1999; 17:1-5.
- Lieber CS & DeCarli LM: Hepatotoxicity of ethanol. J Hepatol 1991; 12:394-401.
- Lien D & Mader TJ: Survival from profound alcohol-related lactic acidosis. J Emerg Med 1999; 17:841-846.
- Lignian H, Fontaine J, & Askenase R: Naloxone alcoholic intoxication. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:255-256.
- Lin RC, Shahidi S, & Kelly TJ: Measurement of hemoglobin-acetaldehyde adduct in alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:669-674.
- Lin YJ, Weidler DJ, & Garg DC: Effects of solid food on blood levels of alcohol in man. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1976; 13:713-722.
- Linneberg A, Petersen J, Gronbaek M, et al: Alcohol during pregnancy and atopic dermatitis in the offspring. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:1678-1683.
- Little RE & Streissguth AP: CMA J 1981; 125:159-164.
- Little RE, Anderson KW, Ervin CH, et al: Maternal alcohol use during breast-feeding and infant mental and motor development at one year. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:425-430.
- Loddenkemper T & Goodkin HP: Treatment of Pediatric Status Epilepticus. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2011; Epub:Epub.
- Ludwig E & Hausen BM: Contact Dermatitis 1977; 3:240-244.
- Lynch J: J Occup Med 1979; 21:333-341.
- Lyon LJ & Antony J: Reversal of alcoholic coma by naloxone. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96:464-465.
- MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/pro/ChemicalSearch.asp. As accessed 4/21/2003.
- MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/ProductSearch.cfm?id=1. As accessed 6/10/2004.
- Macdonald RC & Kimmerer TW: Metabolism of transpired ethanol by eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr). Plant Physiol 1993; 102:173-179.
- Madlom MM: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy and infants' development (Letter). Br Med J 1991; 303-646.
- Manno EM: New management strategies in the treatment of status epilepticus. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78(4):508-518.
- Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc: Product Literature, Protective Apparel, Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc., McBee, SC, 1995.
- Mardel S, Phair I, & O'Dwyer F: Intravenous pyridoxine in acute ethanol intoxication. Human Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:321-323.
- Marigold Industrial: US Chemical Resistance Chart, on-line version. Marigold Industrial. Norcross, GA. 2003. Available from URL: www.marigoldindustrial.com/charts/uschart/uschart.html. As accessed 4/14/2003.
- Martin JB, Craig JW, & Eckel RE: Hypokalemic myopathy in chronic alcoholism. Hypokalemic myopathy in chronic alcoholism 1971; 21:1160-1168.
- Marway JS, Maheshwari HG, & Norman M: Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6 and growth hormone binding protein in acute and chronic experimental ethanol toxicity. Biochem Soc Trans 1994; 22:351S.
- Mattila MJ, Nvotto E, & Seppala T: Naloxone is not an effective antagonist of ethanol. Lancet 1981; 1:775-776.
- Mattson SN, Riley EP, & Gramling L: Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome leads to IQ deficits. J Pediatr 1997; 131:718-721.
- Mayo-Smith MF: Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal: a meta- analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. JAMA 1997; 278:144-151.
- McCowan C & Marik P: Refractory delirium tremens treated with propofol: a case series. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1781-1784.
- McGinnity de Laveaga J & Caravati EM: Successful treatment of severe pediatric alcohol poisoning with hemodialysis: 2015 Annual Meeting of the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology (NACCT). Clin Toxicol 2015; 53(7):755-756.
- McGivern RF, Handa RJ, & Redei E: Decreased postnatal testosterone surge in male rats exposed to ethanol during the last week of gestation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:1215-1222.
- Memphis Glove Company: Permeation Guide. Memphis Glove Company. Memphis, TN. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.memphisglove.com/permeation.html. As accessed 7/2/2001.
- Mennella JA & Beauchamp GK: The transfer of alcohol to human milk: effects on flavor and the infant's behavior. Obstet Gynecol Survey 1992; 47:166-168.
- Miller MW: Effect of pre- or postnatal exposure to ethanol on the total number of neurons in the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve - cell proliferation and neuronal death. Alc Clin Exp Res 1995; 19:1359-1363.
- Minera G & Robinson E: Accidental acute alcohol intoxication in infants: review and case report. J Emerg Med 2014; 47(5):524-526.
- Minocha A, Herold DA, & Barth JT: Activated charcoal in oral ethanol absorption: lack of effect in humans. Clin Toxicol 1986; 24:225-234.
- Miwa K, Igawa A, & Miyagi Y: Importance of magnesium deficiency in alcohol-induced variant angina. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73:813-816.
- Moghadam BKH, Gier R, & Thurlow T: Extensive oral mucosal ulcerations caused by misuse of a commercial mouthwash. Cutis 1999; 64:131-134.
- Montgomery Safety Products: Montgomery Safety Products Chemical Resistant Glove Guide, Montgomery Safety Products, Canton, OH, 1995.
- Morse JMD & Thomas E: Hepatic toxicity from disinfectant abuse. JAMA 1984; 252:1904.
- Moss MH: Alcohol induced hypoglycemia and coma caused by alcohol sponging. Pediatrics 1970; 46:445-447.
- Mrvos R & Krenzelok EP: Pediatric Ingestions of Hand Sanitizers: Debunking the Myth. Pediatr Emerg Care 2009; 25(10):665-666.
- Myerson RM & Rubin W: Ethanol: mimicry, masquerade, and mayhem. Prim Care Rep 1992; 8:51-58.
- NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 12th ed, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002a.
- NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002.
- NIOSH : Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 1998; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 1, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 2, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 3, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003.
- NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 4, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004.
- Nakao S, Harada M, & Kondo K: Reversible bone marrow hypoplasia induced by alcohol. Am J Hematol 1991; 37:120-123.
- Naradzay J & Barish RA: Approach to ophthalmologic emergencies. Med Clin North Am 2006; 90(2):305-328.
- Nat-Wear: Protective Clothing, Hazards Chart. Nat-Wear. Miora, NY. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.natwear.com/hazchart1.htm. As accessed 7/12/2001.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Butylene Oxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648083cdbb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Dibromoethane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802796db&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037904e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Acrylonitrile (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648028e6a3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Biphenyl (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1b7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c646&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN1 CAS Reg. No. 538-07-8) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN2 CAS Reg. No. 51-75-2) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN3 CAS Reg. No. 555-77-1) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Tetroxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091855b&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Trifluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008o. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e32&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008p. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dd58&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene (Draft-Revised). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a08a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tellurium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e2a1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tert-Octyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008r. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5c7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tetramethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-17.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7d608&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethylacetyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008t. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5cc&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Zinc Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for n-Butyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064808f9591&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 2007.
- National Research Council : Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 5, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.
- National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 6, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2008.
- National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 7, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009.
- National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 8, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.
- Nava-Ocampo AA, Velazquez-Armenta Y, Brien JF, et al: Elimination kinetics of ethanol in pregnant women. Reproductive Toxicol 2004; 18:613-617.
- Neese Industries, Inc.: Fabric Properties Rating Chart. Neese Industries, Inc.. Gonzales, LA. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.neeseind.com/new/TechGroup.asp?Group=Fabric+Properties&Family=Technical. As accessed 4/15/2003.
- Nelson BK: Environ Health Perspect 1984; 57:255-259.
- Neuvonen PJ, Olkkola KT, & Alanen T: Effect of ethanol and pH on the adsorption of drugs to activated charcoal: studies in vitro and in man. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1984; 54(1):1-7.
- North: Chemical Resistance Comparison Chart - Protective Footwear . North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.linkpath.com/index2gisufrm.php?t=N-USA1. As accessed April 30, 2004.
- North: eZ Guide Interactive Software. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.northsafety.com/feature1.htm. As accessed 8/31/2002.
- OHM/TADS : Oil and Hazardous Materials/Technical Assistance Data System. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002a; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- OHM/TADS : Oil and Hazardous Materials/Technical Assistance Data System. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires August/6/2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Obe G: Prog Mutat Res 1981; 2:19-23.
- Oda H, Suzuki M, & Oniki T: Alcohol and coronary spasm. J Vasc Dis 1994; 45:187-197.
- Odeleye OE, Watson RR, & Eskelson CD: Enhancement of cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity by ethanol. Drug Alcohol Depend 1993; 31:253-263.
- Odesanmi WO: Observations on unusual cases of sudden unexpected death from acute ethanol poisoning. J Forens Sci Soc 1979; 19:131-133.
- Olkkola KT: Factors affecting the antidotal efficacy of oral activated charcoal, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 1985.
- Olsen H & Morlan J: Ethanol-induced increase in drug acetylation in man and isolated rat liver cells. Br Med J 1978; 2:1260-1262.
- Olson KR: Comprehensive evaluation and treatment of poisoning and overdose, in: Olson KR (Ed): Poisoning & Drug Overdose, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994a.
- Olson KR: Ethanol, in: Olson KR (Ed): Poisoning & Drug Overdose, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994.
- Olyunin IV: Mater Obl Sezda Gig, Sanit Vrachei. Epidemiol, Mikrobiol Infek, 2nd 1970; 39-43.
- Ophaswongse S & Maibach HI: Alcohol dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria syndrome: a review. Contact Dermatitis 1994a; 30:1-6.
- Ophaswongse S & Maibach HI: Alcohol dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria syndrome: a review.. Contact Dermatitis 1994; 30:1-6.
- Osborn H: Ethanol, in: Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA et al (Eds): Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 5th ed, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994, pp 813-824.
- Oshima A, Tsukuma H, & Hiyama T: Internat J Cancer 1984; 34:775-779.
- Ouellette EM, Ouellette EM, & Rosett HL: Adverse effects on offspring of maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy. New Engl J Med 1977; 297:528-530.
- Parker BM: The effects of ethyl alcohol on the heart. JAMA 1974; 228:741-742.
- Paula-Barbosa MM, Brandao F, & Madeira MD: Structural changes in the hippocampal formation after long-term alcohol consumption and withdrawal in the rat. Addiction 1993; 88:237-247.
- Pavienko SM & Guseva VA: Itogi Nauki Tech, Farmakol, Khimioter Sredstva, Toksikol, Probl Toksikol 1973; 5:110-119.
- Pearn JH: Med J Aust 1983; 2:16-20.
- Peate WF: Work-related eye injuries and illnesses. Am Fam Physician 2007; 75(7):1017-1022.
- Perr IM: Forens Sci 1986; 31:806-811.
- Pieninkeroinen IP, Telakivi TM, & Hillborn ME: Outcome in subjects with alcohol-provoked seizures. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16:955-959.
- Pierog S, Chandavasu O, & Wexler I: Withdrawal symptoms in infants with the fetal alcohol syndrome. J Pediatr 1977; 90:630-633.
- Pittman JG & Decker JW: Acute and chronic myopathy associated with alcoholism. Neurology 1971; 21:293-296.
- Playtex: Fits Tough Jobs Like a Glove, Playtex, Westport, CT, 1995.
- Pohanish RP & Greene SA: Rapid Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1997.
- Poklis A & Pearson MS: An unusually high blood ethanol level in a living patient. Clin Toxicol 1977; 10:429-431.
- Pollack CV Jr, Jorden RC, & Carlton FB: Gastric emptying in the acutely inebriated patient. J Emerg Med 1992; 10:1-5.
- Polychronopoulou A, Tzonou A, & Hsieh CC: Reproductive variables, tobacco, ethanol, coffee and somatometry as risk factors for ovarian cancer. Internat J Cancer 1993; 55:402-407.
- Preedy VR, Siddiq T, & Why HJF: Ethanol toxicity and cardiac protein synthesis in vivo. Am Heart J 1994; 127:1432-1439.
- Product Information: ROMAZICON(R) IV injection, flumazenil IV injection. Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NJ, 2004.
- Product Information: diazepam IM, IV injection, diazepam IM, IV injection. Hospira, Inc (per Manufacturer), Lake Forest, IL, 2008.
- Product Information: lorazepam IM, IV injection, lorazepam IM, IV injection. Akorn, Inc, Lake Forest, IL, 2008.
- Przybilla B & Ring J: Anaphylaxis to ethanol and sensitization to acetic acid (Letter). Lancet 1983; 1:483.
- Purssell R, Pudek M, & Brubacher J: Derivation of a formula to calculate the contribution of ethanol to the osmolar gap (abstract). J Tox Clin Tox 1999; 37:655.
- Puschel K: Percutaneous alcohol intoxication. Eur J Pediatr 1981; 136:317-318.
- RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2002; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
- Radike MJ: Environ Health Perspect 1977; 21:153-155.
- Rae HG: Retrospective review of ethanol concentration measurements in patients with ethanol overdose treated with naloxone. Curr Ther Res 1986; 49:960-964.
- Ragan FA Jr, Samuela MS, & Hite SA: Ethanol ingestion in children. JAMA 1979; 242:2787-2788.
- Rall TW: Hypnotics and sedatives; ethanol, in: Gilman AG, Rall RW, Nies AS et al (Eds), Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1990.
- Ramcharitar V, Levine BS, & Goldberger BA: Bupropion and alcohol fatal intoxication: case report. Forens Sci Internat 1992; 56:151-156.
- Randall CL, Anton RF, & Becker HC: Teratology 1991; 44:521-529.
- Rangno RE, Kreeft JH, & Sitar DS: Ethanol dose dependent elimination: Michaelis-Menten v classical kinetic analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 12:667-673.
- Rathlev NK, D'Onofrio G, & Fish SS: The lack of efficacy of phenytoin in the prevention of recurrent alcohol-related seizures. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23:513-518.
- Razani-Boroujerdi S, Savage SM, & Sopori ML: Alcohol-induced changes in the immune response: immunological effects of chronic ethanol intake are genetically regulated. Toxic Appl Pharm 1994; 127:37-43.
- Reed RJ, Grant I, & Rourke SB: Long-term abstinent alcoholics have normal memory. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1982; 16:677-683.
- Reed RR, Michels JE, & Richardson WH: Two cases of intoxication in children after accidental ingestion of alcohol-based liquid hand sanitizer. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:654.
- Rees LH, Besser GM, & Jeffcoate WJ: Alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 1977; 1:726728.
- Ricci LR & Hoffman SA: Ethanol-induced hypoglycemic coma in a child. Ann Emerg Med 1982; 11:202-204.
- Richardson ED, Malloy PF, & Longabough R: Liver function tests and neuropsychologic impairment in substance abusers. Add Behav 1991; 16:51-55.
- Ridker PM, Gibson CM, & Lopez R: Atrial fibrillation induced by breath spray (Letter). N Engl J Med 1989; 320:124.
- Riihimaki V, Laine A, & SavolainenK: Acute solvent-ethanol interactions with special reference to xylene. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982; 8:77-79.
- Riihimaki V: in: A Aitio et al (Eds), Biological Monitoring and Surveillance of Workers Exposed to Chemicals, Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 1984, pp 231-245.
- River City: Protective Wear Product Literature, River City, Memphis, TN, 1995.
- Roberts HS, Self RJ, & Coxon M: An unusual complication of hand hygiene (letter). Anaesthesia 2005; 60:100-101.
- Rodenberg HD, Bennett JR, & Watson WA: Clinical utility of a saliva alcohol dipstick estimate of serum ethanol concentrations in the emergency department. DICP 1990; 24:358-361.
- Rosett HL: J Am Coll Ob Gyn 1983; 61:539-546.
- Rubin E, Gang H, & Misra PS: Inhibition of drug metabolism by acute ethanol intoxication: a hepatic microsomal mechanism. Am J Med 1970; 49:801-806.
- Ruck B , Calello DP , & Marcus S : Pediatric ingestions of hand sanitizers. Pediatr Emerg Care 2010; 26(9):688-689.
- S Budavari : The Merck Index, 12th ed on CD-ROM. Version 12:3a. Chapman & Hall/CRCnetBASE. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2000a.
- Safety 4: North Safety Products: Chemical Protection Guide. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.safety4.com/guide/set_guide.htm. As accessed 8/14/2002.
- Sanap M & Chapman MJ: Severe ethanol poisoning: a case report and brief review. Crit Care Resusc 2003; 5(2):106-108.
- Sandmann BJ & Widders IM: Liquid expressions: what they really mean. Am Pharm 1988; NS28:48.
- Santucci L: Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1983; 7:135-139.
- Scherger DL, Wruk KM, & Kulig KW: Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)-containing cologne, perfume, and after-shave ingestions in children. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142:630-632.
- Schmeltz I: J Anal Toxicol 1978; 2:265-268.
- Schneir AB & Clark RF: Death caused by ingestion of an ethanol-based hand sanitizer. J Emerg Med 2013; 45(3):358-360.
- Scott R, Besag FMC, & Neville BGR: Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomized trial. Lancet 1999; 353:623-626.
- Selbst SM, De Maio JG, & Boenning D: Mouthwash poisoning: report of a fatal case. Clin Pediatr 1985; 24:162-163.
- Servus: Norcross Safety Products, Servus Rubber, Servus, Rock Island, IL, 1995.
- Sheehy TW: Alcohol and the heart: how it helps, how it harms. Postgrad Med 1992; 91:271-277.
- Shim JS, Jung JT, & Sofer S: Oxidation of ethanol vapors in a spiral reactor. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 1995; 64:49-54.
- Shoemaker WJ: Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1981; 3:431-436.
- Shu XO, Ross JA, & Pendergrass TW: Parental alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and risk of infant leukemia - a Childrens Cancer Group study. J Nat Cancer Inst 1996; 88:24-31.
- Siddiq T, Patel VB, & Richardson PJ: Biochem Soc Trans 1994; 22:173S.
- Siddiq T, Salisbury JR, & Richardson PJ: Synthesis of ventricular mitochondrial proteins in vivo: effect of acute ethanol toxicity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:894-899.
- Sidell FR & Pless JE: Ethyl alcohol: blood levels and performance decrements after oral administration to man. Psychopharmacol 1971; 19:246-261.
- Silber E, Reilly M, & Al-Moallem M: Brachial plexopathy related to alcohol intoxication. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1999; 67:411-412.
- Silverman BL: Perfumes possibly perilous to pediatric patients (Letter). Am J Dis Child 1990; 144:15.
- Singh M & Simsek H: Ethanol and the pancreas: current status.. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:1051-1062.
- Singh NP, Lai H, & Khan A: Ethanol-induced single-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells. Mutat Res 1995; 345(3-4):191-196.
- Sittig M: Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical and Carcinogens, 3rd ed, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1991a.
- Sittig M: Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1991.
- Smith DM & Atkinson RM: Alcoholism and dementia. Int J Addict 1995; 30:1843-1869.
- Smith-Warner S, Spiegelman D, & Yaun SS: Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA 1998; 279:535-540.
- Snyder R: Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents: Alcohols and Esters, 2nd ed, 3, Elsevier Science Publishing Company Inc, New York, NY, 1992a.
- Snyder R: Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents: Vol 3, Alcohols and Esters, 2nd ed, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc, New York, NY, 1992.
- Sorensen SC & Mattisson KW: Naloxone as an antagonist in severe alcohol intoxication (Letter). Lancet 1978; 2:68-689.
- Soskolne CL: Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120:358-369.
- Sporer KA, Ernst AA, Conte R, et al: The incidence of ethanol-induced hypoglycemia. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10:403-405.
- Sreenath TG, Gupta P, Sharma KK, et al: Lorazepam versus diazepam-phenytoin combination in the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2009; Epub:Epub.
- Stal P & Hultcrantz R: Iron increases ethanol toxicity in rat liver. J Hepatol 1993; 17:108-115.
- Standard Safety Equipment: Product Literature, Standard Safety Equipment, McHenry, IL, 1995.
- Starc R, Brucan A, & Bunc M: Acute myocardial infarction induced by alcohol ingestion in an asymptomatic individual. Europ J Emerg Med 1999; 6:403-406.
- Stenback F: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1969; 77:325-326.
- Streissguth AP, Aase JM, & Clarren SK: Fetal alcohol syndrome in adolescents and adults. JAMA 1991; 265:1961-1967.
- Streissguth AP, Barr HM, & Sampson PD: Prenatal alcohol and offspring development: the first fourteen years. Drug Alcohol Depend 1994a; 36:89-99.
- Streissguth AP, Sampson PD, & Olson HC: Maternal drinking during pregnancy - attention and short-term memory in 14-year-old offspring - a longitudinal prospective study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18:202-218.
- Sulaiman ND, Florey CduV, & Taylor DG: Alcohol consumption in Dundee primigravidas and its effect on outcome of pregnancy. Br Med J 1988; 296:1500-1503.
- Szpak D, Groszek B, & Obara M: Thermoregulatory dysfunction secondary to acute ethanol poisoning. Przeglad Lekarski 1995; 52:281-283.
- Taberner PV: Pharmacokinetics of alcohol and the law. Trends Pharmacological Sci 1988; 9:47-48.
- Tanaka K, Hirohata T, & Takeshita S: Jap J Cancer Res 1987; 79:1075-1082.
- Taylor CL, Jones KL, & Jones MC: Incidence of renal anomalies in children prenatally exposed to ethanol. Pediatrics 1994; 94:209-212.
- Thomas AP, Rozanski DJ, & Renard DC: Effects of ethanol on the contractile function of the heart: a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18:121-131.
- Thomas RG , Plumb J , & Dudley N : Coma after intentional ingestion of a hand sanitizer in a child. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48(6):652-653.
- Thomson JS, Donald C, & Lewin K: Use of Flumazenil in benzodiazepine overdose. Emerg Med J 2006; 23(2):162-.
- Thorton JR: Atrial fibrillation in healthy non-alcoholic people after an alcoholic binge. Lancet 1984; 2:1013-1014.
- Tingley: Chemical Degradation for Footwear and Clothing. Tingley. South Plainfield, NJ. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.tingleyrubber.com/tingley/Guide_ChemDeg.pdf. As accessed 10/16/2002.
- Tominack RL & Spyker DA: Debunking alcohol breathalyzer myths: Denture adhesive and smokeless tobacco (Abstract). Vet Human Toxicol 1987; 29:490.
- Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Chemical and Biological Tests (database). Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/. As accessed 10/18/2002.
- Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Trellchem Chemical Protective Suits, Interactive manual & Chemical Database. Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2001.
- Triantafillidis JK, Vekini J, & Nicolakis D: Ethanol-induced proctitis: another kind of chemical proctitis (Letter). Letters to the Editor 1994; 89:1270-1271.
- Trichopoulos D, Day NE, & Kaklamani E: Internat J Cancer 1987; 39:45-49.
- Tsuang JW, Irwin MR, & Smith TL: Characteristics of men with alcoholic hallucinosis. Addiction 1994; 89:73-78.
- Tuohimma P & Wichmann L: in: K Hemminki et al (Eds), Occupational Hazards and Reproduction, Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 1981, pp 73-79.
- Tuyns AT, Pequignot G, & Gignoux M: Internat J Cancer 1982; 30:9-11.
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management: Protective Action Criteria (PAC) with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs: Rev. 26 for chemicals of concern. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.hss.doe.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/Chem_Safety/teel.html. As accessed 2011-06-27.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project : 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEXA5E1.HTM?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932. As accessed 2011-06-27.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities 2010b; 40CFR(261.33, e-f):77-.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2011. Available from URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList&list_type=date. As accessed 2011-06-21.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010a. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: The list of extremely hazardous substances and their threshold planning quantities (CAS Number Order). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010c. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-part355.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
- U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Part 1910 - Occupational safety and health standards (continued) Occupational Safety, and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Subpart Z - toxic and hazardous substances. CFR 2010 2010; Vol6(SEC1910):7-.
- U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA): Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 29 CFR 2010 2010; 29(1910.119):348-.
- US DHHS: Toxicological profile for carbon disulfide (update), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, 1992.
- US DHHS: Toxicological profile for carbon disulfide (update), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, 1993.
- Ukita K, Fukui Y, & Shiota K: Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in mice - influence of an ADH inhibitor and a chronic inhalation study. Reprod Toxicol 1993; 7:273-281.
- Ungvary G: Prog Clin Biol Res 1985; 163b:295-300.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Vinyl Acetate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6af&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
- Urben PG: Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, & CD-ROM. Vol 1-2, 6th ed, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford, England, 1999.
- Urso T, Gavaler JS, & Van Thiel DH: Blood ethanol levels in sober alcohol users seen in an emergency room. Life Sci 1981; 28:1053-1056.
- Uszenski RT, Gillis RA, & Schaer GL: Additive myocardial depressant effects cocaine and ethanol. Am Heart J 1992; 124:1276-1283.
- VanDierendonk DR & Dire DJ: Baclofen and ethanol ingestion: a case report. J Emerg Med 1999; 17:989-993.
- Vasileva TF: Gig Truda Prof Zabol 1975; 6:48-49.
- Verschueren K: Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 4th ed. (CD-ROM Version) , Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 2000.
- Virji SK: The relationship between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and infant birthweight. An epidemiologic study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991; 70:303-308.
- Vogel C, Caraccio T, & Mefenson H: Alcohol intoxication in young children. Clin Toxicol 1995; 33:25-33.
- Wade T & Gammon A: Ingestion of mouthwash by children (letter). Br Med J 1999; 318:1078.
- Walsh FB: Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1957.
- Watabe T & Endo A: Sexual orientation of male mouse offspring prenatally exposed to ethanol. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1994; 16:25-29.
- Watson WC, Sallam M, & Allan G: Acute upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding and recent alcohol ingestion. CMA J 1974; 110:529.
- Weiss M & Thurnheer U: Die osmotische lucke zur diagnose der alkoholintoxikation. Schweiz Med Wschr 1988; 118:845-848.
- Weller-Fahy ER, Berger LR, & Troutman WG: Mouthwash: a source of acute ethanol intoxication. Pediatrics 1980; 66:302-305.
- Wells Lamont Industrial: Chemical Resistant Glove Application Chart. Wells Lamont Industrial. Morton Grove, IL. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.wellslamontindustry.com. As accessed 10/31/2002.
- Werler MM, Lammer EJ, & Rosenberg L: Maternal alcohol use in relation to selected birth defects. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 134:691-698.
- Weyman AE, Greenbaum DM, & Grace WJ: Accidental hypothermia in an alcoholic population. Am J Med 1974; 56:13-21.
- Whitby KE, Collins TFX, & Welsh JJ: Developmental effects of combined exposure to ethanol and vitamin A. Food Chem Toxicol 1994; 32:305-320.
- Whitcomb DC & Block GD: Association of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use. JAMA 1994; 272:1845-1850.
- Whorton MD: West J Med 1982; 137:521-524.
- Wilcosky TC & Tyroler HA: J Occup Med 1983; 25:879-885.
- Wilkinson IMS, Kime R, & Purnell M: Alcohol and human eye movement. Brain 1974; 97:785-792.
- Willoughby EW: Nystagmus and alcohol intoxication (Letter). N Z Med J 1987; 100:232.
- Wilson E & Waring WS: Severe hypotension and hypothermia caused by acute ethanol toxicity. Emerg Med J 2007; 24(2):e7-.
- Workrite: Chemical Splash Protection Garments, Technical Data and Application Guide, W.L. Gore Material Chemical Resistance Guide, Workrite, Oxnard, CA, 1997.
- Wu YL, Guo HR, & Lin HJ: Fatal alcohol immersion during the SARS epidemic in Taiwan. Forens Sci Intl 2005; 149:287.
- Yamauchi M, Kimura K, & Maezawa Y: Urinary level of l-fructose as a marker of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:268-271.
- Yamauchi M, Maezawa Y, & Toda G: Association of a restriction fragment length polymorphism in the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 gene with Japanese alcoholic liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1995; 23:519-523.
- Zaitsu M, Inada Y, Tashiro K, et al: Acute alcohol intoxication in a 15-day-old neonate. Pediatr Int 2013; 55(6):792-794.
- Zehtabchi S, Sinert R, Baron BJ, et al: Does ethanol explain the acidosis commonly seen in ethanol-intoxicated patients?. Clin Toxicol 2005; 43:161-166.
- Zellweger JP: Alcohol-induced asthma: not only in Asians (letter). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 860.
- Zenz C: Occupational Medicine, 3rd ed, Mosby Year Book, Inc, St Louis, MO, 1994.
- Zubaran C, Fernandes JG, & Rodnight R: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Postgrad Med J 1997; 73:27-31.
|