ETHANE

Ethane uses include the following: production of ethylene; feedstock for vinyl chloride production; as a refrigerant, a fuel gas component, and in chlorinated hydrocarbon synthesis (Bingham, et al., 2001).

FORMS

Ethane is a natural gas component (9%) and exists up to 5% in bottled gas (also known as suburban propane) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000).
Up to 2% of the hydrocarbons emitted from reciprocating gasoline engines is ethane. Rotary gasoline engines emit up to 1.3% ethane (ACGIH, 1991).
Though ethane is a gas, under vapor pressure of 544 psig (at 70 degrees F), it can be shipped as a liquefied compressed gas (CGA, 1999).
Ethane is available in a C.P. grade (99 mole percent minimum purity) and in a technical grade (95 mole percent minimum purity) (CGA, 1999).

SOURCES

It is produced from wet natural gas by way of fractionating gases of low molecular weight (Ashford, 1994) Bingham, et al., 2001).
"It is [also] produced as a catabolic product of lipid peroxidation in rats" (Bingham, et al., 2001).
Ethane "occurs naturally in mining operations" (Harbison, 1998).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Ethane is a simple asphyxiant. Ethane can cause suffocation, mainly in enclosed spaces, by displacement of oxygen from the breathing atmosphere resulting in hypoxemia. Ethane is without other substantial adverse physiological effects, and has been measured in the exhaled breath of normal subjects. Ethane vapor does not cause eye, nose or throat irritation. However, direct skin contact with the compressed or liquid form may cause frostbite.

Inhalation is the usual route of exposure to ethane.

At very low concentrations (5%, or 50,000 ppm), ethane has no effect. At higher concentrations (33%), early symptoms of hypoxemia may develop. These include 'air hunger', tachypnea, fatigue, decreased vision, headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, numbness of extremities, confusion, decreased alertness, coordination and judgement, mood disturbances, and cyanosis.
At still higher concentrations (50%), nausea, vomiting, prostration and loss of consciousness may result. Concentrations over 75% can cause convulsions, deep coma, and death by asphyxiation within minutes.

According to some reports, high concentrations of ethane have anesthetic, narcotic properties. Ethane is reportedly a weak cardiac sensitizer when mixed with oxygen.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The major effect of ethane is as a SIMPLE ASPHYXIANT; it displaces oxygen in the breathing atmosphere to below the critical level of 16% required to maintain life, causing asphyxiation and death.

Ethane is an anesthetic and CNS depressant. At less than 50,000 ppm (5%) there is little effect (ILO, 1983). Symptoms of overexposure include headache, vomiting, salivation, weakness, dizziness, loss of coordination, and stupor. These effects are readily reversible when the patient receives oxygen.

Ethane affected the heart in dogs and primates and is thought to make the heart more susceptible to arrhythmias induced by epinephrine (Clayton & Clayton, 1982) HSDB).

Liquified ethane may cause severe frostbite injury on contact with the skin or eyes (Clayton & Clayton, 1982) HSDB).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies were found on the effects of chronic or repeated exposures to ethane in humans or experimental animals.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

Remove victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100 percent humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Airway protection and maintenance may be required. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED.
Rescuers should wear appropriate respiratory protection when attempting to remove victims from areas with high air concentrations. Be aware of the serious fire and explosion hazard presented by ethane during rescue attempts.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray in cases with substantial exposure.
Cardiac monitoring may be advisable in cases of substantial exposure.
Airway protection and maintenance may be required.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If frostbite has occurred, DO NOT rub the affected area, DO NOT flush affected areas with water, or attempt to remove clothing.
PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If contact with escaping gas may have caused frostbite of the eyes, DO NOT flush with water; early ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Ingestion is unlikely; however, oral exposure might cause frostbite injury to the upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Administer oxygen and maintain airway as clinically indicated.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Unconsciousness leading to death will occur when the atmospheric oxygen concentration is reduced to 6% to 8% or less (Kizer, 1984). Signs of asphyxia will be noted when atmospheric oxygen is displaced such that the oxygen concentration is 15% to 16% or less (Kizer, 1984).
Ethane concentrations in air of 75% or greater can cause death in "a matter of minutes" (Hathaway, 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Unconsciousness leading to death will occur when the atmospheric oxygen concentration is reduced to 6% to 8% or less (Kizer, 1984). Signs of asphyxia will be noted when atmospheric oxygen is displaced such that the oxygen concentration is 15% to 16% or less (Kizer, 1984).

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

Concentrations in air and expected effects (ACGIH, 1991) Bingham, et al., 2001; Hathaway, 1996) -

Below 5% - no systemic effects
33 percent - early symptoms may develop
50 percent - marked symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, or prostration may be noted
75 percent - may cause deep coma or convulsions or be fatal within a few minutes of exposure

Ethane does not have anesthetic properties (Hotz et al, 1987). Experimental animals exposed to 2.5 to 5.5 percent (20,000 to 55,000 ppm) developed irregular respirations after 2 hours of exposure (Hotz et al, 1987).
No systemic effects have occurred at concentrations less than 50,000 ppm, although potential sensitization of the myocardium to injected epinephrine was demonstrated in dogs breathing 15 to 90 percent (150,000 to 900,000 ppm) (Hotz et al, 1987; Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-84-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethane
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethane
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS74-84-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 0.00123 mg/L (Hotz et al, 1987)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.815 ppm (Hotz et al, 1987)
1 ppm = 1.23 mg/m(3)(Hotz et al, 1987)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS74-84-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Ethane

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Additional information:

See Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Gases: Alkane [C1-C4]

Under Study

Ethane

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS74-84-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS74-84-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS74-84-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS74-84-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS74-84-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS74-84-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS74-84-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS74-84-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS74-84-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS74-84-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS74-84-0 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1035 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ethane

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1035
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions:

Not Listed

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 302

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1961 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ethane-Propane mixture, refrigerated liquid

Symbol(s): D

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA1961
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: T75, TP5

T75: Applicable refrigerated liquefied gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn.178.277 of this subchapter.
TP5: For a portable tank used for the transport of flammable refrigerated liquefied gases or refrigerated liquefied oxygen, the maximum rate at which the portable tank may be filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the primary pressure relief system rated at a pressure not exceeding 120 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. For portable tanks used for the transport of refrigerated liquefied helium and refrigerated liquefied atmospheric gas (except oxygen), the maximum rate at which the tank is filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the pressure relief device rated at 130 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. Except for a portable tank containing refrigerated liquefied helium, a portable tank shall have an outage of at least two percent below the inlet of the pressure relief device or pressure control valve, under conditions of incipient opening, with the portable tank in a level attitude. No outage is required for helium.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 316
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ethane, refrigerated liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1961
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: T75, TP5

T75: Applicable refrigerated liquefied gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn.178.277 of this subchapter.
TP5: For a portable tank used for the transport of flammable refrigerated liquefied gases or refrigerated liquefied oxygen, the maximum rate at which the portable tank may be filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the primary pressure relief system rated at a pressure not exceeding 120 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. For portable tanks used for the transport of refrigerated liquefied helium and refrigerated liquefied atmospheric gas (except oxygen), the maximum rate at which the tank is filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the pressure relief device rated at 130 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. Except for a portable tank containing refrigerated liquefied helium, a portable tank shall have an outage of at least two percent below the inlet of the pressure relief device or pressure control valve, under conditions of incipient opening, with the portable tank in a level attitude. No outage is required for helium.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: None
Bulk packaging: 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1035 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Ethane
UN Number: 1035

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1961 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Ethane, refrigerated liquid
UN Number: 1961

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS74-84-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethane
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Ensure that any equipment used with the compound is grounded (CGA, 1999).

When handling, using, or storing ethane, smoking or any source of open flames is prohibited. Only equipment and fittings that will not spark or explode are suitable for use around or with the compound. (Schardein, 1985).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Ensure that containers of ethane suffer no physical damage (ITI, 1995).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

A recommended storage temperature for ethane is 128 degrees F. Venting and safety relief are also recommended (HSDB , 2001).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep ignition sources away from containers (CGA, 1999).
Do not store ethane with combustible or oxidizing substances such as chlorine, dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate, or cylinders of oxygen (CGA, 1999; Lewis, 2000).
Keep separate from heat and flame (Lewis, 2000).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

Do not breath the vapors from this material and do not attempt to handle broken or leaking containers without appropriate protective equipment (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2001). Avoid bodily contact with the liquid material (CHRIS , 2001).

As ethane gas can be an inhalation hazard and liquid ethane a frostbite hazard, appropriate clothing and respirators should be available to personnel working with or around ethane and should be used when appropriate (Schardein, 1985).

When ethane vapor is highly concentrated, personnel should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (CHRIS , 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

If a full-face respirator is not worn when working with liquid or gas ethane, a face shield or splash-proof/gas-proof goggles should be worn (Schardein, 1985).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 74-84-0.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
Neese Industries, Inc. 10646 Airline Hwy Gonzales, LA 70737 USA Phone: (225) 647-6553 Fax: (225) 644-3517 Toll-Free: (800) 535-8042 Website: http://www.neeseind.com Email: customerservice@neeseind.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.
- Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Will form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
When exposed to heat, sparks, or flame, ethane is highly flammable (Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 2000).
Fire may result following contact with strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Ethane ignites with ease and "burns with a faintly luminous flame" (AAR, 2000; (Budavari, 2000).
The substance may flash back over a trail of vapor (CHRIS , 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS74-84-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethane
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.
CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049) and Deuterium (UN1957) burn with an invisible flame.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray or fog.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS74-84-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethane
Extinguishing Method(s): 6

6: Flammable gas fires are only safe to extinguish once the gas flow has been turned off. Attempting to fight a gas fire without turning off the gas can cause formation of an explosive gas cloud.

Fires involving ethane should be fought by first stopping the gas flow (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000).

Use water as fog in flooding amounts, applied from as far as possible (AAR, 2000).

Keep containers of the substance cool by using large quantities of water (AAR, 2000).

Fight ethane fires using carbon dioxide, water spray, foam extinguishers, or dry chemical. Large fires should be fought with water fog, spray, or foam (Schardein, 1985).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Acrid smoke or vapors may be produced when ethane is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Ethane and air mix well and can form explosive mixtures with ease (ILO , 1998).

If the compound is ignited in a closed area, an explosion may result (CHRIS , 2001).

Explosions may result when ethane comes into contact with strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It is moderately likely that ethane will explode if exposed to flame (Lewis, 2000).

Cylinders that are exposed to the heat of a fire may violently rupture and rocket (AAR, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Ethane is an asphyxiant gas and, in high concentrations, can cause oxygen deprivation in humans (Hathaway, 1996).

Acrid smoke or vapors may be produced when ethane is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

It should be noted that ethane is odorless and hazardous ethane gas levels are not apparent in atmospheres lacking oxygen (Hathaway, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Ethane is extremely flammable and is an explosion hazard (ACGIH, 1991).

Ethane is "relatively inactive chemically" (Lewis, 1997).

Ethane is incompatible with the following: chlorine, oxidizing substances, dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate, and flames or heat (Lewis, 2000).

An explosion resulted when dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate was combined with ethane at -196 degrees C and the temperature was subsequently raised to -78 degrees C (Urben, 1999).

Static electrical charges may develop in vapors, causing ignition (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

In closed areas, ethane vapors may explode (CHRIS , 2001).

Ethane does not react with water or common materials (CHRIS , 2001).

Explosive mixtures form easily when ethane and air combine (ILO , 1998).

Acrid smoke or vapors may be produced when ethane is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

"The violent interaction of liquid chlorine injected into ethane at 80 degrees C/10bar becomes very violent if ethylene is also present" (HSDB , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.

Consider evacuating an area one-third of a mile in radius if an ethane fire cannot be controlled or if an ethane container is directly exposed to fire (AAR, 2000).

If ethane is not on fire but a leak is detected, consider the weather, spill location, and amount of ethane spilled when making an evacuation decision (AAR, 2000).

"Evacuate. Keep people away. Shut off ignition sources and call fire department. Stay upwind and use water spray to 'knock down' vapor. Avoid contact with liquid. Notify local health and pollution control agencies" (CHRIS , 2001).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS74-84-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS74-84-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Ethane
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1,000
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 3,000
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 5,000
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 25,000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS74-84-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS74-84-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
- Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
Soapy water can be used to detect leaks on piping, connections, or containers of the gas. Bubbles indicate leaks. A flame should NOT be used to determine ethane leaks (CGA, 1999).
Ventilate spill area and ensure that no sources of ignition exist. Stop gas flow or, if not possible, move leaking container to a safer, more open area and repair or allow the container to empty completely. Only personnel wearing appropriate protective equipment should be in the spill area (Schardein, 1985).
Water spray may be used to reduce or knock down vapors (Schardein, 1985).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Ethane disposal should be carried out by properly trained personnel only (CGA, 1999).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

"At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices" (HSDB , 2001).
The best method for disposing of ethane is burning, if an appropriate burning apparatus is available. Burning or other disposal methods for ethane may be subject to regulation, so checking with the appropriate authorities before disposal is recommended (CGA, 1999).
Ethane can be disposed of by fitting a pipeline into a furnace or pit and carefully burning in a controlled manner (ITI, 1995). CHRIS (2001) also recommends burning as an appropriate disposal method.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Ethane occurs "naturally in mining operations," at a 5 to 9% level in natural gas, and in crude oil (Harbison, 1998; HSDB , 2001).

Artificial pollution sources include the following: "Diesel engine: 1.8% of emitted hydrocarbons; reciprocating engine: 2.0% of emitted hydrocarbons; rotary gasoline engine: 1.3% of emitted hydrocarbons; expected ground level concentration in USA urban air: 0.05-0.50 ppm; in flue gas of municipal incinerator; <0.4-0.5 ppm; in gasoline engine exhaust: 1.8% of emitted hydrocarbons" (HSDB , 2001).

Petroleum and natural gas manufacturers may release ethane to the environment. Waste incinerators as well as gasoline, polyethylene, and natural gas combustion are other mechanisms by which the gas is released to the atmosphere (HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In ambient air, ethane is expected to be found only in the vapor phase. Ethane reacts in the vapor phase with hydroxyl radicals that are photochemically produced (HSDB , 2001).
Data indicates that at night ethane can transform in the atmosphere into alkyl nitrates through reaction with nitrogen oxides and radical species (HSDB , 2001).
Direct photolysis of ethane in air is not expected (HSDB , 2001).
In air, ozone does not photooxidize ethane well. The half-life of ethane in the atmosphere is approximately 1830 years. This is based on ethane's reaction with photochemical ozone molecules in the vapor phase and the resulting rate constant of 1.2X10(-24) cm(3)/molecule-sec (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001).
The natural concentration of ethane and ethylene in estuarine water was measured at 0.03 and 0.5 nanomoles/L (nM). When this water was exposed to sunlight for 8 hours, the concentrations increased to 0.07 and 1.6 nM, respectively. When the water was sterilized prior to exposure, the ethane and ethylene reached concentrations of 0.09 and 4.3 nM. The results suggest that ethylene is produced biotically by phytoplankton and abiotically by photolysis of polyunsaturated lipids on particulate and dissolved organic matter (Lee & Baker, 1992).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Ethane volatilization from environmental waters is very quick based on a Henry's Law constant of 5.01X10(-1) atm-cu m/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001).
- "An estimated range for Koc from 230 to 460 indicates ethane may partition from the water column to organic matter contained in sediments and suspended materials" (HSDB , 2001).
- Biodegradation in water is a possible fate process for ethane; photolysis and hydrolysis are not likely to occur (HSDB , 2001).
- CHRIS (2001) reports that ethane is not harmful to water.

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Ethane volatilizes quickly from soil surfaces, making this the most important fate process for the compound (based on Henry's Law constant of 5.01X 10(-1) atm-cu m/mol (at 25 degrees C)) (HSDB , 2001).
- Ethane is moderately mobile in soil, based on a 230-460 Koc range (HSDB , 2001).
- Biodegradation is a possible fate process for ethane; photolysis and hydrolysis are not likely to occur (HSDB , 2001).

OTHER

OTHER
- Volatilization half-lives (HSDB , 2001):
- The half-life for ethane in the atmosphere is 52 days or greater, based on a 5x10(5)hydroxyl radical/cm(3) atmospheric concentration and a rate constant of 3.06X10(-13)cm(3)/molecule-sec (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001).
- Ethane existed for 137 hours in photochemical smog (HSDB , 2001).

BIODEGRADATION

"Within 24 hr, ethane was oxidized to its corresponding alcohol, ethanol, by cell suspensions of over 20 methyltrophic organisms isolated from lake water and soil samples. The average ethane utilization by microflora of 5 soils was 19 and 51% for single and mixed alkanes, respectively. The respective gas exchange and degradation rate constants were 0.83X5(5) sq cm(3) sec-1 and 0.027 day-1 for ethane contained in a model estuarine ecosystem at 10 deg C and a salinity of 30 parts per thousand the corresponding biodegradation half-life was greater than 87 days. At 20 deg C and a salinity of 30, the respective gas exchange and degradation rate constants were 1.132X10(-5) sq cm sec-1 and 0.062 day-1; the corresponding biodegradation half life for n-ethane ranged from 21 to 33 days" (HSDB , 2001).

The process by which microorganisms biodegrade n-alkanes is similar to the fatty acid degradation process. n-Alkanes also degrade by way of a dioic acid forming via terminal carbon oxidation followed by beta-oxidation (HSDB , 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Ethane's BCF is in the 1.15-1.79 range. (Bioconcentration is not an important process.) (HSDB , 2001)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ethane is not toxic to fish or waterfowl (CHRIS , 2001).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

30.08

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Ethane is a colorless, flammable gas. It has been described as odorless or as possessing a sweet, mild odor. It is heavier than air (AAR, 2000; (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000).

The liquified gas may smell mildly like gasoline. It floats on water and boils on water, creating a visible cloud of vapor (CHRIS , 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

38.5 atm (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

544 psig (at 21 degrees C) (1 atm) (CGA, 1999)

31,459 mmHg (at 25 degrees C)(calculated) (saturated atmosphere) (HSDB , 2001)

40 mmHg (at 23.6 degrees C) (Hotz et al, 1987)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.3771 (at 15.6 degrees C) (CGA, 1999)
LIQUID: 0.046 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
LIQUID: 0.546 (at -88.6 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2001; Hotz et al, 1987)
LIQUID: 0.45 (at 0/4 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)
GAS: 1.0469 (at 15.6 degrees C) (1 atm) (CGA, 1999)
GAS: 1.0493 (at 0/4 degrees C) (air=1) (Budavari, 2000)

DENSITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.446 g/mL (OC) (Lewis, 1997)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.446 (at 0 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
LIQUID: 0.546 g/mL (at -88 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
LIQUID: 376.7 kg/m(3) (at 15.6 degrees C) (CGA, 1999)
LIQUID: 358.8 kg/m(3) (21.1 degrees C) (CGA, 1999)
GAS: 1.2799 kg/m(3) (at 21.1 degrees C) (1 atm) (CGA, 1999)

VAPOR DENSITY

1.04 (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000);
1.0 (AIR = 1) (NFPA, 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-183.3 degrees C; -279.9 degrees F; 89.9 K (CHRIS , 2001)
-183.2 degrees C (triple point) (Lewis, 1997)
-189.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

MELTING POINT

-172 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000)
183.23 degrees C (Bingham, et al., 2001)
-183.20 degrees C; -297.76 degrees F (at 1 atm) (CGA, 1999)
-183 degrees C (ILO , 1998)
-183.3 degrees C (Hotz et al, 1987)

BOILING POINT

-88 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000)

-88.6 degrees C; -127.5 degrees F (at 1 atm); 264.6 K (CHRIS , 2001; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997; Hotz et al, 1987)

-88.63 degrees C (Bingham, et al., 2001)

-89 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; ILO , 1998)

FLASH POINT

-135 degrees C; -211 degrees F (Bingham, et al., 2001; (CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 1997; Hotz et al, 1987)

-202 degrees F (Lewis, 2000)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

472 degrees C; 882 degrees F (ILO, 1998 NFPA, 1997)

515 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

530 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)

940 degrees F (CHRIS , 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

3.2% (Budavari, 2000)
3% (Bingham, et al., 2001; (CGA, 1999; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)
2.9% (CHRIS , 2001)

UPPER

12.4% (CGA, 1999)
12.5% (Bingham, et al., 2001; (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)
13.0% (CHRIS , 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Ethane is insoluble in water (Lewis, 1997; ITI, 1995; Hotz et al, 1987).
60.2 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (ILO , 1998)
60.4 mcg/mL water (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
4.7 mL/100 mL water (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Ethane is soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether, EtOH, and liquid O2 (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997; ITI, 1995; Hotz et al, 1987).
IN ALCOHOL: 46 mL/100 mL alcohol (at 4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
IN BENZENE: >10% (HSDB , 2001)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 1.81 (HSDB , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

7989 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

5 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

16 dynes/cm; 0.016 N/m (at -88 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS , 2001)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

48.2 atm (Budavari, 2000)
708 psia; 48.16 atm; 4.879 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 2001)
708.35 psia (CGA, 1999)
718 psi (absolute)(Lewis, 1997)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

30.53 degrees C; 86.96 degrees F (CGA, 1999)
32 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)
32.1 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
32.3 degrees C; 90.1 degrees F; 305.5 K (CHRIS , 2001)

DIPOLE MOMENT

0 (HSDB , 2001)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

1727 Btu/ft(2)(at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
1800 Btu/ft(2); 22,300 Btu/lb (approximate) (Lewis, 1997)
-472.02X10(5) J/kg; -11,274 cal/g; -20,293 Btu/lb (CHRIS , 2001)

HEAT OF FUSION

95.1 kJ/kg; 40.9 Btu/lb (at triple point) (CGA, 1999)
22.73 cal/g (CHRIS , 2001)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.0377 (at 0 degrees C/D and 546 mmHg) (HSDB , 2001)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

45 dynes/cm; 0.045 N/m (at -88 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS , 2001)

VISCOSITY

63.4 micropoises (at -78.5 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents