EPOXY RESIN
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
-IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
IDENTIFIERS
KD 4390000 KD 4380000 KD 4385000
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
EPOXY RESINS are used as adhesives where hardness, chemical resistance, and insulation are required, and in paints and coatings (Birmingham, 1962; Calnan, 1975) Lewis, 1993).
There are at least eight different epoxy resins (RTECS), each with varying chemical and biological properties. The uncured resins may be either liquid or solid (Hathaway et al, 1991). Uncured products usually are composed of the resin, a reactive diluent, hardener, and other additives (Calnan, 1975). Epoxy resins can also contain diluents or solvents, fillers, and pigments (Hathaway et al, 1991). Diluents may be reactive, generally of the glycidyl ether family, or non-reactive (Hathaway et al, 1991). Commonly used fillers are calcium carbonate, clay (bentonite), talc, silica, diatomaceous earth, and asbestos. Uncured resins are generally much more toxic (Lewis, 1992). Toxic substances can be released into the air during the curing process (EOHS, 1982). AMINES and ANHYDRIDES are used as hardeners, and may contribute significantly to the toxicity of these resins. Persons exposed to epoxy resins may also be exposed to cobalt, formaldehyde, and newly introduced compounds in diluents or hardeners. Among known sensitizers in epoxy resins are 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, 8-dimethylaminopropylamine, trimethylhexamethylenediamine; isophoronediamine; 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4-diaminodicyclohexylmethane; 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, m-phenylene diamine, 1,3-xylylene diamine; dicyanodiamide; triglycidyl isocyanurate, and hexavalent chromate (Kanerva et al, 1996). Many occupational studies of persons exposed to epoxy resins have not identified which particular resins were involved. Therefore, this review discusses the toxicologic properties commonly found with epoxy resins in general. Because epoxy resins may contain several toxic components such as epichlorohydrin or other epoxides, glycidyl ethers, amines, etc., the possible contribution of the ingredients of any specific resin to the total toxicity should be taken into account.
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Epoxy resins can irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract (pp 268-271). However, acute toxicity is generally low (ANON, 1958; Cornish & Block, 1959). Generally the toxicity of an epoxy resin decreases with increasing molecular weight of the polymer (Hathaway et al, 1991). Exposure to cured resin dust from sanding, grinding, or hammering operations would be predicted to irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract from frictional action. It is also possible that mechanical action could release pockets of uncured resin which might produce toxic effects.
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Many epoxy resin products are SENSITIZERS and can cause either allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, or both. Epoxy resins, especially those based on DIGLYCIDYL ETHER OF BISPHENOL A, are among the most common causes of occupational allergic contact dermatitis (Jolanki et al, 1990).
- Sensitizing potency is a function of both chemical composition and molecular weight. The most potent sensitizers are those with molecular weight less than 500 (Hathaway et al, 1991). Asthmatic reactions may be due to volatile amine curing agents (ANON, 1958). Because the curing reaction is exothermic, fumes containing sensitizing materials may be released during the course of curing (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Other symptoms of chronic exposure include burning of the eyes, blistering of the hands and face, coughing, irritation of the upper respiratory tract, and increased nasal secretions (Kluge et al, 1976; Shumskaya, 1960).
- Health effects found in workers exposed to epoxy resins in one study included systemic poisoning from inhalation of solvent vapors, skin inflammation, and allergic contact dermatitis (Vyhnak, 1967). Approximately 50 percent of exposed workers developed epoxy resin allergic contact dermatitis (Terry, 1958; Kluge et al, 1976). Workers spraying epoxy resin onto fiberglass developed allergic eczematous dermatitis (Balletta, 1976). Of a group of 22 ski factory workers, 6 developed allergic contact dermatitis from epoxy resin compounds, and 4 had irritant contact dermatitis (Jolanki et al, 1996).
- Dermatitis can develop on the wrists, forearms, upper extremities, face, neck, eyelids, feet, and genitalia (Birmingham, 1962; Suhonen, 1983). The dermatitis may range from erythema to a bullous eruption (Hathaway et al, 1991). Symptoms usually develop within three weeks of exposure, but can have a more rapid onset in persons previously sensitized (Birmingham, 1962).
- Although the amine components of uncured resins can often be allergenic, patch testing of sensitized workers to the individual components has revealed sensitivity to the resins themselves (Balletta, 1976; Calnan, 1975). The development and prevention of epoxy resin dermatitis have been reviewed (Key, 1969; Birmingham, 1962) 1968).
- Eight gas and electric company workers developed photosensitivity after exposure to heated epoxy resins. Papulovesicular eruptions and edema occurred first, followed by burning and stinging sensations and erythema upon exposure to sunlight (Allen & Kaidbey, 1979).
- Epoxy resins can induce a scleroderma-like condition of the skin. In two cases of occupational exposure, systemic effects disappeared within 5 years, and no signs of internal organ involvement have been apparent after 17 years of follow-up (Ishikawa et al, 1995).
- Exposure to the vapor of an epoxy resin based on 3-dimethylaminopropylamine resulted in decreased pulmonary function in ALL workers in the highest exposure group in one study. Cigarette smokers and persons with pre-existing respiratory conditions were most severely affected. These effects appeared to be reversible (Sargent et al, 1976).
- Seven workers in a pipe coating factory developed a severe acute illness with hemoptysis, fever, weakness, chills, headache, vomiting, anemia, reduced pulmonary function, and pulmonary infiltrates. These patients all recovered within one year without specific treatment, but five co-workers reported severe recurrent respiratory problems. The involved epoxy resin was a bisphenol A-based product, but the causative agent of the respiratory illnesses was thought to be the tri-mellitic anhydride component (Herbert & Orford, 1970).
- One woman developed reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) after being exposed to fumes from an epoxy floor coating. The initial exposure induced bronchospasm, chest tightness, laryngitis, and pharyngitis. Subsequent exposures in the same room caused bronchospasm several hours later. The patient also reacted to perfumes, cigarette smoke, and cleaning product fumes. Airflow obstruction consistent with RADS was confirmed by spirometry (Lerman & Kipen, 1988).
- While most reports of health effects from exposure to epoxy resins have involved uncured resins, in one study, workers removing epoxy resin concrete with air hammers developed acute upper respiratory illness with headache, nonproductive cough, and sore throat (Joyner & Pegues, 1961). In these cases, the symptoms may have been due to frictional irritation by the dust or release of uncured resin pockets within the concrete.
- Wheezing and skin rash did not necessarily develop in the same individuals in one study of workers exposed to a pyromellitic-dianhydride-cured epoxy resin (Meadway, 1980).
- Epoxy resin exposure was associated with development of lymphocytopenia in model and pattern makers, but the number of cases was small (Demers et al, 1994).
- EPILOX WG-34 was nontoxic in subacute oral dose testing in rats (Pludro et al, 1969).
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS25068-38-6 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS25068-38-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS25068-38-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS25068-38-6 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS25068-38-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS25068-38-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS25068-38-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS25068-38-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS25068-38-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS25068-38-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS25068-38-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS25068-38-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS25068-38-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS25068-38-6 (EPA, 2005):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS25068-38-6 (NFPA, 2002):
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 25068-38-6.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS25068-38-6 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS25068-38-6 (NFPA, 2002):
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS25068-38-6 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS25068-38-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Epoxy resin (EPON 1001) TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 125 TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 350 TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 500 TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS25068-38-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS25068-38-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
-REFERENCES
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