EPICHLOROHYDRIN

Epichlorohydrin is used as a solvent for resins, gums, cellulose esters and ethers, paints, varnishes, nail enamels, and laquers; in the manufacture of glycerol and glycidol derivatives; in the manufacture of epoxy and phenoxy resins; and as a stabilizer in chlorine-containing materials (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 1998).

FORMS

Epichlorohydrin is a mobile, colorless, flammable, and reactive liquid. Its odor has been described as sweet and pungent or chloroform-like (Ashford, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 1998; Raffle et al, 1994; Verschueren, 1983).

SOURCES

It is produced by dehydrochlorination (glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin + calcium hydroxide) and by chlorination/dehydrochlorination (allyl alcohol + chlorine) (Ashford, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Inhalation of vapors, the major route of exposure, causes systemic effects; it is also toxic by ingestion and skin absorption. Epichlorohydrin is a strong irritant to skin, producing burning, itching, deep pain, redness, swelling, burns and blisters, and to the eyes and respiratory system. Exposure may result in nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, cyanosis, dizziness and suffocation. Effects may be delayed for several hours.

Epichlorohydrin is toxic to kidneys. Central nervous system and respiratory depression are possible.

There have been few serious reactions to epichlorohydrin following industrial exposures. Repeated, chronic exposure may damage lung, liver and kidney, with symptoms of enervation, dermatitis and disturbances in the stomach and kidneys.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED -

EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because there is so little information about the effects of overdose in humans.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. If contact lenses are worn when working with this chemical, OSHA requires individuals to combine them with appropriate industrial safety eyewear.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration . Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, kidneys, liver, and reproductive system [in animals: nasal cancer](National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and central nervous system depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
Epichlorohydrin is severely irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract, and to the skin. Exposure to 20 ppm for 1 hour reportedly causes temporary burning; exposure to 40 ppm reportedly causes 48 hours of irritation and exposure to 100 ppm may result in pulmonary edema and renal lesions. Skin contact with epichlorohydrin reportedly causes itching, erythema, edema, and sensitization depending upon exposure levels. Severe burns may also result from the use of improper protective clothing; epichlorohydrin easily penetrates leather shoes and gloves and may result in chemical burns (Baxter, 2000; (Bingham et al, 2001; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Grant, 1993; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 2000; Raffle et al, 1994).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Epichlorohydrin can damage the lungs, liver, and kidneys after chronic exposure; however, no statistically significant increases in cancer rates in cohort studies of exposed factory workers were found. Epichlorohydrin is listed as carcinogenic by several references based on animal studies (Hathaway et al, 1996; IARC, 1987; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 1998).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS106-89-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Epichlorohydrin

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Epichlorohydrin

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Epichlorohydrin

2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Epichlorohydrin

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Epichlorohydrin

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): R ; Listed as: Epichlorohydrin

R : RAHC = Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS106-89-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 9.9x10(-3) per mg/kg-day
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: 1.2x10(-3) per mg/m3
RfC: 1x10(-3) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 2.8x10(-4) per mg/L

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (RTECS, 2002)
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 mg/L = 265 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001)
1 ppm = 3.78 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001; Verschueren, 1983)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.265 ppm (Verschueren, 1983)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS106-89-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Epichlorohydrin

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; male repro
Molecular Weight: 92.53

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS106-89-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS106-89-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 75 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS106-89-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
Table Z-1 for Epichlorohydrin:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 5

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 19

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS106-89-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS106-89-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Oxirane, (chloromethyl)-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: 1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS106-89-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS106-89-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
P or U series number: U041
Footnote:
Listed as: Oxirane, (chloromethyl)-
P or U series number: U041
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS106-89-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): f

f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS106-89-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS106-89-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as 1-Chloro-2,3-Epoxypropane
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Epichlorohydrin
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS106-89-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Oxirane, (chloromethyl)-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2023 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Epichlorohydrin

Symbol(s): +

+: fixes the proper shipping name, hazard class and packing group for that entry without regard to whether the material meets the definition of that class, packing group or any other hazard class definition. When the plus sign is assigned to a proper shipping name, it means that the material is known to pose a risk to humans. When a plus sign is assigned to mixtures or solutions containing a material where the hazard to humans is significantly different from that of the pure material or where no hazard to humans is posed, the material may be described using an alternative shipping name that represents the hazards posed by the material. An appropriate alternate proper shipping name and hazard class may be authorized by the DOT Associate Administrator.

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2023
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 3

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T7, TP2, TP13

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2023 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Epichlorohydrin
UN Number: 2023

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS106-89-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Epichlorohydrin is poisonous by ingestion and dermal absorption, moderately toxic by inhalation, and a skin and eye irritant. Wear appropriate protective clothing, including respirators, to avoid contact with epichlorohydrin. Immediately remove clothing if it becomes wet or contaminated with epichlorohydrin. Immediately wash skin if it becomes wet or contaminated (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).
It is also a flammable and reactive liquid (Lewis, 1996).

HANDLING

Wherever epichlorohydrin is used, handled, or stored, a regulated and marked area should be established. All sources of ignition, including smoking and open flames, must be prohibited in this area. Use only explosion proof electrical equipment and fittings, and non-sparking tools in this area (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers of epichlorohydrin should be protected against physical damage and tightly closed at all times. Metal transfer containers should be grounded and bonded; drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store containers in a cool, well-ventilated place away from flammable materials. Detached storage is preferred (HSDB , 2000; ITI, 1995).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Epichlorohydrin is incompatible with sources of heat and ignition, strong oxidizers, strong acids, and chemically active metals (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Epichlorohydrin is poisonous by ingestion and dermal absorption, moderately toxic by inhalation, and a skin and eye irritant. Wear appropriate protective clothing, including respirators, to avoid contact with epichlorohydrin. Immediately remove clothing if it becomes wet or contaminated with epichlorohydrin. Immediately wash skin if it becomes wet or contaminated. Do not wear leather shoes or gloves when working with epichlorohydrin as it easily penetrates leather and may result in chemical burns (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear goggles or a full face respirator to avoid eye injury. Employers should provide emergency showers and eye wash stations (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 106-89-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

DuPont Personal Protection

StaSafe CPE

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 43
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >35
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 67
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

CPF 4

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.014
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.014
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 372
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.51
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.014
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 57*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >50
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 57
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >50
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 372
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.51
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.014
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.014
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Kimberly-Clark Professional

Hazard-Gard I

Degradation Rating: not tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Hazard-Gard II

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 73
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.35
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Rubber Laminate

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

Viton/Butyl

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Super

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.06
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

FOOTWEAR

Polyurethane

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Purolite

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Resistor

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Sureflex

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Economy Short Boot

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Hazmax

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Butyl II 874R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 105
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 10
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 70
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 35
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 123
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 54
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 30
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 29
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 64
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 7
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 13
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 142
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 33
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 25
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 22.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 95
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 21
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 25
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 28
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 45
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None Detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 57
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >100
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Marigold Industrial

315F

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

326Y

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

368R

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 18
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CO7B

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CR30

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

G12T

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

ME104

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 55
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 100 to 1000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

U263B/G

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:173 / CAN:459

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:414 / CAN:454

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Nitrile+Neoprene+Natural Rubber

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

TRIonic 521

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >500
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic 522

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >500
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic E-194

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >500
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic E-194BPK

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >500
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic E-204

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >500
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic O-240

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >500
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 34
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 68
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 120
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton/Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Best Viton 892

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Kimberly-Clark Professional 1400 Holcomb Bridge Road Roswell, GA 30076 Phone: (800) 255-6401 Fax: (800) 579-3555 Toll-Free: (800) 255-6401 Website: http://www.kcprofessional.com/us/ Email: kcpinfo@kcc.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Marigold Industrial 3585 Engineering Drive Suite 200 Box 926090 Norcross, GA 30092 USA Phone: (800) 733-0987 Fax: (800) 786-4564 Toll-Free: (800) 733-0987 Website: http://www.marigoldindustrial.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Trelleborg-Viking, Inc. 170 West Road Suite 1 Portsmouth, NH 03801 USA Phone: (603) 436-1236 Fax: (603) 436-1392 Toll-Free: (800) 344-4458 Website: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/ Email: protective@trelleborg.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Epichlorohydrin is a flammable liquid, moderate fire risk, and a polymerization hazard. In fires involving epichlorohydrin, poisonous gases are produced, and, if ignited in enclosed areas, vapors may explode (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS106-89-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS106-89-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
Extinguishing Method(s): 5, 4

5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
4: "Water may ineffective, except as a blanket" applies if a liquid has a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C), the specific gravity is 1.1 or greater, and the liquid is not water soluble. In this case, water should be gently applied as a fine spray or fog to the liquid surface.

Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide to extinguish a fire from a protected location or a safe distance. Keep containers cool with water spray and use water spray to dilute spills and disperse vapors (CHRIS , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Evacuate a 1500-ft radius if the fire is uncontrollable or if containers of epichlorohydrin are exposed to direct flames (HSDB , 2000).

"Alcohol-resistant fire fighting foam is recommended for use on all water-soluble liquids or polar solvent-type liquids, except for those that are only 'very-slightly soluble'. Certain judgement factors are introduced, however, since ordinary fire fighting foam may be used on some liquids that are only 'slightly' soluble, particularly if the foam is applied at higher-than-normal application rates. Conversely, some flammable liquids, such as the higher molecular weight alcohols and amines, will destroy alcohol-resistant foams, even when applied at very high rates. Foams should not be used on water-reactive materials. Some recently developed alcohol-resistant foams have been listed for use on both polar and nonpolar liquids. These 'multipurpose' foams are suitable for use on nearly all flammable liquids except those that are water-reactive and are preferred for flammable liquid fires because they greatly minimize the problems of foam selection. Fire fighting foam suppliers should be consulted for recommendations regarding types of foam and application rates" (NFPA, 1994).

Using dry chemical should be avoided if a fire involving epichlorohydrin occurs in a container with confined vent (CHRIS , 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Epichlorohydrin emits toxic fumes of chlorides and highly toxic phosgene gas when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Epichlorohydrin is a polymerization hazard if contaminated; polymerization inside a container is an explosion hazard (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Epichlorohydrin emits toxic fumes of chlorides and highly toxic phosgene gas when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Static electric charges may accumulate and cause ignition of its vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Epichlorohydrin forms explosive mixtures with air. Static electric charges may accumulate and cause ignition of its vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Fire and explosions may be caused by contact with aliphatic amines, alkaline earths, alkali metals, alkanolamines, powdered metals, strong oxidizers, and strong acids (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Pohanish, 2002).

Explosive dichloroacetylene may be formed by the reaction with trichloroethylene. Epichlorohydrin ignites on contact with potassium tert-butoxide (Lewis, 2000).

It can have explosive polymerization when in contact with heat, acids, alkalis, metallic hydrides, aluminum, aluminum chloride, iron(III) chloride, or zinc (AAR, 2000; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Pohanish, 2002).

Epichlorohydrin emits toxic fumes of chlorides and highly toxic phosgene gas when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Epichlorohydrin can pit steel in the presence of moisture (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Epichlorohydrin can undergo thermal decomposition to phosgene (HSDB, 2002).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS106-89-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Epichlorohydrin
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 5
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 20
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 100
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS106-89-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Epichlorohydrin
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 5.7
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 24
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 72
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS106-89-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 5 ppm
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: 5 ppm
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 5 ppm
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 5 ppm
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 5 ppm
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 53 ppm
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: 53 ppm
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 24 ppm
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 16 ppm
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 10 ppm
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Epichlorohydrin
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 570 ppm
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: 160 ppm
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 72 ppm
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 43 ppm
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 30 ppm
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS106-89-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 75 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Isolate the spill area and deny entry to unnecessary people. Eliminate all sources of ignition from the spill area. Stop the leak of epichlorohydrin if this can be done without hazard to personnel. Stay upwind and keep out of low areas. Reduce vapors with water spray; ensure that no water enters containers of epichlorohydrin (Sittig, 1991).
Epichlorohydrin can be poured over vermiculite, sodium bicarbonate, or a 90:10 mixture of sand and soda ash. If fluoride is present, slaked lime should be added. The mixture (which should be mixed in a paper box) can be covered with scrap wood and paper prior to burning in an incinerator. It should be ignited with an excelsior train. Stay upwind (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Epichlorohydrin can be dissolved in a flammable solvent prior to being sprayed into an incinerator firebox that is equipped with an afterburner and alkali scrubber (OHM/TADS , 2000).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
Small spills may be flushed away with large amounts of water (Sittig, 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Dike far ahead of large spills to contain the spill for later collection and disposal (Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Epichlorohydrin may be recovered from waste streams. Organic compounds are adsorbed onto activated carbon and subsequently desorbed and extracted by allyl chloride. After desorption the chemicals are recirculated to the epichlorohydrin plant (Milchert et al, 1993).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is a suggested disposal method. Mix the epichlorohydrin with another combustible fuel and ensure complete combustion to avoid phosgene production. Halo acids are also produced by combustion so an acid scrubber is required (Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Epichlorohydrin primarily enters the environment as a result of its production and use in manufacturing. No information on possible natural sources of epichlorohydrin was reported (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the air, epichlorohydrin has an estimated half-life of 4 days and is degraded by its reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Since it is slightly soluble, it may also be removed from the air by washout (Howard, 1989).
- The reported half-life of epichlorohydrin in the atmosphere ranges from 6.1 days (146 hours) to 60.8 days (1458 hours) based on a measured rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In fresh water, epichlorohydrin is removed by evaporation, hydrolysis, and biodegradation. In seawater, it will also be removed by its reaction with chloride ions which will increase the rate of removal (Howard, 1989).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In soil, epichlorohydrin is removed by evaporation and probably by biodegradation and chemical degradation although there is little data to support this assumption. It will leach into ground water (Howard, 1989).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Epichlorohydrin is degraded abiotically through hydrolysis, reaction with chloride anions, and through reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (Howard, 1989).

The reported photooxidation half-life of epichlorohydrin ranges from 6.1 days (146 hours) to 60.8 days (1458 hours) based on a measured rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals (Howard et al, 1991).
The reported first-order hydrolysis half-life of epichlorohydrin is 8.2 days (197 hours) at pH 5-9 and 20 degrees C (Howard et al, 1991).
The reported acid rate constant (M(H+)-hr)(-1) is 1.46 (Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Epichlorohydrin is degraded by sewage seed; more efficiently by acclimated sewage seed. It is also degraded by soil, water, and sewage inoculum and by activated sludge inoculum although volatilization also seems important in this process (Howard, 1989).

The reported aerobic half-life of epichlorohydrin ranges from 7 days (168 hours) to 4 weeks (672 hours) based on aqueous aerobic biodegradation screening test data (Howard et al, 1991).
The reported anaerobic half-life of epichlorohydrin ranges from 28 days (672 hours) to 16 weeks (2688 hours) based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
It has been reported that 89% of epichlorohydrin was removed from a fill and draw activated sludge biological treatment simulator (Howard et al, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The log bioconcentration factor for epichlorohydrin has been estimated at 0.66; it does not significantly bioconcetrate in aquatic organisms (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB , 2000):

LC50 - Harlequin fish: 36 mg/L for 48H -- conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - Goldfish: 23 mg/L for 24H -- conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - Bluegills: 35 mg/L for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50 - Menidia beryllina: 18 ppm for 96H -- static bioassay in synthetic seawater at 23 degrees C; mild aeration applied after 24H
LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus (goldfish): 42 ppm for 96H -- static bioassay in freshwater at 23 degrees C; mild aeration applied after 24H
TL50 - Bluegill: 35 ppm for 96H -- static mg/L added
TL50 - Atlantic Silerside: 18 ppm for 96H -- static mg/L added
TLm - Sheephead minnow: 11.8 ppm for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication) inhibition test - Microcystis aeruginosa (algae): 6.0 mg/L
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication) inhibition test - Scenedesmus quadricauda (green algae): 5.4 mg/L
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication) inhibition test - Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff (protozoa): 57 mg/L
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication) test - Entosiphon sulcatum (protozoa): 35 mg/L
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication) inhibition test - Pseudomonas putida (bacteria): 55 mg/L

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

92.53

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Epichlorohydrin is a mobile, colorless, flammable, and reactive liquid. Its odor has been described as sweet and pungent or chloroform-like (Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 1998; Raffle et al, 1994; Verschueren, 1983).

VAPOR PRESSURE

10 mmHg (at 16.6 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

12 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

12.5 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

13 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

16.44 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

22 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

100 mmHg (at 62 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2000)

400 mmHg (at 98 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 1.1750 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.1807 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Verschueren, 1983)
LIQUID: 1.1812 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996)
LIQUID: 1.1436 (at 50/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
LIQUID: 1.1101 (at 75/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 1.17 kg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 2001)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.18 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-25 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
-57.1 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
-57.2 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
-58.1 degrees C; -72.6 degrees F; 215.1 K (CHRIS , 2000)

MELTING POINT

-25.6 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)
-57.2 degrees C (Howard, 1989; Verschueren, 1983)

BOILING POINT

114-118 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

115 degrees C; 239 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

115.2 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

116-117 degrees C (Verschueren, 1983)

116.5 degrees C (HSDB , 2000)

116.1 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

117.9 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)

98.0 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

79.3 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

62.0 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

42.0 degrees C (at 40 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

16.6 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

-16.5 degrees C (at 1.0 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

FLASH POINT

31 degrees C; 87 degrees F (Tag closed cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; NFPA, 1997)

33 degrees C (TOC) (Ashford, 1994)

33.9 degrees C; 93 degrees F (TOC) (Lewis, 1997)

40 degrees C; 105 degrees F (open cup; Tag open cup) (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1996)

92 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS , 2000)

100 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2000)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

411 degrees C; 772 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

3.8% (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; NFPA, 1997)

UPPER

21.0% (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; NFPA, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Epichlorohydrin is slightly soluble in water (Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 1997):

60g/L (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 2001)
6.59% (Bingham et al, 2001)
65.8 g/L (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

Epichlorohydrin is insoluble in water (0 ppm at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and oxygenated solvents. It is immiscible with petroleum hydrocarbons (Ashford, 2001) Bingahm et al, 2001; (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 1998).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 0.26 (+ or - 0.04) (HSDB , 2000)

log Kow = 0.30 (Howard, 1989)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

3.8 x 10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

946 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2000)
2:124F (Aldrich Library of Infrared Spectra) (HSDB , 2000)

MASS

185 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2000)
56 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

37.0 Dynes/cm (HSDB, 2002)

HEAT OF FUSION

2500 cal/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2002)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents