ENDRIN

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C12-H8-Cl6-O

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Hartley & Kidd, 1987)Hathaway, 1996;(Lewis, 1996; HSDB , 1999; RTECS , 1999)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Endrin was used as a pesticide. Specifically, as an insecticide for Lepidoptera, grasshoppers, cutworms (Euxoa aoxiliaris, Agrotis orthogonia), and borers; as a rodenticide for voles (Microtus pinetorium, Microtus species); and as an avicide. Endrin was used on cotton, sugarcane, rice cereals, orchards, corn/maize, grain and on non-crop land as well (ACGIH, 1991) AAR, 1998; (HSDB , 1999; Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
"All uses of endrin in the United States were canceled by the manufacturer in 1986." (Hathaway, 1996)

FORMS

Endrin is non-flammable as the pure crystalline solid or powder. Its color varies from colorless or white, to tan. It usually is odorless, but sometimes it has mild chemical odor (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 1999) Hathaway, 1996; (Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 1999; Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
"Endrin is a white crystalline, odorless solid dissolved in a liquid carrier." (AAR, 1998)
Endrin is the stereoisomer of dieldrin, which is the endo-exoisomer, although, ICPS (1992) reports that endrin is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin (ACGIH, 1991).
The compound in its technical grade is 95% to 98% pure with the following impurities: dieldrin, isodrin, aldrin, hepatachloronorbornadiene, hepatachloronorbornene, endrin aldehyde, and delta-ketoendrin. Dry and liquid formulations of endrin contain up to 75% and 25% pure endrin, respectively (CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 1999).
The minimum purity of endrin is 95% active ingredient with 55.57% chlorine content; less than 0.4% and 0.1% of free acid and water, respectively (HSDB , 1999).

SOURCES

Endrin is not found in nature (Howard, 1991).
All uses of endrin in the United States have been voluntarily canceled by the manufacturer and manufacture of endrin has been discontinued in the US since 1986 (ACGIH, 1991).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Endrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon (organochlorine) insecticide of the chlorinated ethane/cyclodiene/hexachlorocyclohexane type. It is extremely toxic and can be absorbed by any route of exposure.

The primary target of action is the central nervous system (CNS). CNS excitation and convulsions may occur. Respiratory depression may occur concurrently with convulsions, and respiratory failure is the most common cause of death from endrin poisoning.

Symptoms in less severe cases of endrin poisoning may include headache, dizziness, leg weakness, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, agitation, and, occasionally, slight mental confusion.

Pulmonary edema and renal insufficiency have been reported following endrin ingestion.

Symptoms including headache, dizziness, weakness, lethargy, and weight loss may persist for 2 to 4 weeks.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Endrin is the most acutely toxic of all the cyclodiene (organochlorine) compounds (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It is approximately three times more potent than aldrin, and 10 to 15 times more potent than DDT (Treon et al, 1955). It can be absorbed by ingestion, inhalation, and contact with the skin and eyes (Finkel, 1983; EPA, 1985; Sittig, 1985; Morgan, 1989). It is rapidly absorbed through intact skin in significant amounts (EPA, 1985; Morgan, 1989).

Endrin is a CNS excitant and convulsant (Clinical Note, 1984; Hathaway et al, 1991). The approximate effective dose for inducing convulsions in humans is 0.2 to 0.25 mg/kg, and a dose of 1 mg/kg can induce repeated seizures (ACGIH, 1991). Sudden epileptiform convulsions may be the first sign of endrin toxicity, with onset from 30 minutes to 10 hours after exposure (Coble et al, 1967; (EPA, 1985; Hathaway et al, 1991). Severe endrin poisoning produces violent and repeated epileptiform convulsions of several minutes each, interspersed with periods of semiconsciousness or coma for 15 to 30 minutes; the convulsions may be virtually continuous (Hayes & Laws, 1991). A stuporous state may follow, and seizures may recur over several days (Hathaway et al, 1991; Morgan, 1989). In one fatal case of endrin poisoning, convulsions lasted four days (Runhaar et al, 1985). Tremor has also been reported with endrin poisoning (Hathaway et al, 1991). Coma and respiratory depression may ensue (Morgan, 1989).

Headache may persist for 2 to 4 weeks (Hathaway et al, 1991). White, foamy froth from the nostrils and hypersalivation (Reddy et al, 1966; Runhaar et al, 1985; Shemesh et al, 1988), massive pulmonary edema (Jedeikin et al, 1979), deafness (EPA, 1985), hyperthermia, recurrent hypotension, thrombocytopenia, and renal insufficiency (Runhaar et al, 1985) have occurred in acute endrin poisonings. Death is often from respiratory arrest (EPA, 1985).

General symptoms of organochlorine insecticide poisoning from any route of exposure include nausea, headache, excitability, muscle spasms, loss of coordination, clonic/tonic convulsions or epileptiform seizures, pulmonary edema resulting in cyanosis and breathing difficulty, followed by CNS depression and death in respiratory arrest (HSDB , 1996; Budavari, 1996). Nausea and vomiting may be more likely if the product formulation includes a petroleum distillate solvent (Grant, 1986).

Organochlorine insecticides interfere with the flux of cations across the nerve cell membranes and increase nerve excitability (Morgan, 1989). Onset of symptoms is generally within one-half to three hours after acute exposure (Hathaway et al, 1991). Paresthesias in the hand and arm were early signs in one case of chlordane poisoning (Barnes, 1967). Victims may be confused (Derbes et al, 1955).

Convulsions ranging from myoclonic jerking to violent seizures may occur. Convulsions may appear as an early sign, in the absence of other symptoms (Morgan, 1989). In some cases, convulsions have been so intense that compression fractures of the vertebrae have occurred (Stranger & Kerridge, 1968).

Acute exposure can produce recurring convulsions over several days with the more slowly metabolized organochlorine compounds. Neurological effects, such as malaise, anorexia, confusion, agitation, excitement, tremor, incoordination, delirium, CNS depression, and coma may be present (Baselt, 1988; EPA, 1988; EPA, 1985) Garrettson et al, 1984-85). Rare cases of aplastic and megaloblastic anemia have been attributed to exposure to organochlorine insecticides (Morgan, 1989; Infante et al, 1978; Sharp et al, 1986), but this relationship has not been proven.

EEG dysrhythmias may occur prior to seizures. EEG may return to normal by 6 months after cessation of exposure (Hathaway et al, 1991). Alterations in mental function have been reported with organochlorine insecticide exposure. Effects attributed specifically to endrin include insomnia, anorexia, lethargy, weakness, and agressive confusion (Sittig, 1985).

Major incidents of accidental endrin poisoning have occurred. Over 100 persons were affected from eating contaminated bread in England (HSDB , 1996). In a large episode of endrin poisoning in Pakistan resulting from ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs, there were 194 cases of convulsions and 19 deaths (Clinical Note, 1984; Rowley et al, 1987). At least four separate incidents occurred in Saudi Arabia from ingestion of endrin-contaminated flour used to make bread (Weeks, 1967). Endrin-contaminated taquitos caused several cases of convulsions in California (Anon, 1989). Sixty endrin-related fatalities occurred over a five-year period in Guntur, India (Reddy et al, 1966).

Endrin is metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 monoxygenase system (Hutson, 1981). The metabolites are more toxic than the parent compound (Bedford et al, 1975; Hayes & Laws, 1991).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Endrin is excreted or metabolized within hours to a few days following systemic absorption; therefore, cumulative toxicity is not a major concern (Hathaway et al, 1991). One study concluded that persons applying endrin under agricultural field conditions received from 0.2 to 1.8 percent of a toxic dose during each hour of exposure (Wolfe et al, 1963).

EEG changes were seen in endrin-exposed workers who were otherwise free of symptoms (Hoogendam et al, 1962). Occupational exposure may induce liver oxidative enzymes (Sittig, 1985).

No unusual conditions were seen in a group of 223 persons manufacturing endrin for up to 18 years (ACGIH, 1991; Ribbens, 1985). No cases of permanent, partial, or incomplete incapacity were seen in an occupational study (Hoogendam et al, 1965).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Central nervous system, liver(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for seizures, DO NOT induce emesis.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Quantitative dose-response data are not available for endrin in humans, but some poisonings have occurred from eating contaminated food at doses in the range of 0.2 mg/kg body weight (Sittig, 1985).
The minimum lethal dose for humans is approximately 7 g (Lewis, 1998).
Oral lethal dose has been estimated at 10 mg/L (IPCS, 1995).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS72-20-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Endrin

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Endrin

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Endrin

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Endrin
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS72-20-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3x10(-4) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 1996 Hartley & Kidd, 1987 ITI, 1995 Hayes & Laws, 1991 Clayton & Clayton, 1993; IPCS, 1992 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2003
- LC50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)GOAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (INTRACEREBRAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)PRIMATE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)CAT:
- LDLo- (SKIN)CAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)CHICKEN:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRATESTICULAR)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CALCULATIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 16 mg/m(3) (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1992)

1 mg/m(3) = 0.063 ppm (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1992)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS72-20-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Endrin

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver dam; CNS impair; headache
Molecular Weight: 380.93

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS72-20-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS72-20-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Endrin
REL:

TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 2 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS72-20-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Endrin
Table Z-1 for Endrin:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS72-20-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS72-20-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Endrin (D012)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity
Listed as: 2,7:3,6-Dimethanonaphth[2, 3-b]oxirene,3,4,5,6,9,9- hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a- octahydro- ,(1aalpha,2beta, 2abeta,3alpha,6alpha,6abeta,7beta,7aalpha)-, & metabolites
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Endrin
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Endrin and metabolites

Additional Information:
Listed as: Endrin, & metabolites
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS72-20-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS72-20-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: 2,7:3,6-Dimethanonaphth [2,3-b]oxirene, 3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-,(1aalpha,2beta,2abeta,3alpha,6alpha,6abeta,7beta, 7aalpha)-, & metabolites
P or U series number: P051
Footnote:
Listed as: Endrin
P or U series number: P051
Footnote:
Listed as: Endrin, & metabolites
P or U series number: P051
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS72-20-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Endrin
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS72-20-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS72-20-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Endrin
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS72-20-8 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS72-20-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Wear full protective clothing including rubber gloves, safety shoes, self-contained breathing apparatus, and coveralls when working with endrin (Hartley & Kidd, 1987; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 1999; CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 1999).

HANDLING

Avoid contact with endrin in liquid, solid and dust forms. If contact with the body should occur, wash with copious amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 1999).

When handling this material, especially when handling broken packages, wear protective equipment, including gloves, self-contained breathing apparatus, and coveralls (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 1999; OHM/TADS , 1999).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Endrin should be stored in cool, well-ventilated areas away from heat in tightly closed containers (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

The preferred storage of endrin is either outdoor or detached storage (ITI, 1995).
For indoor storage, the flash point of the solvent determines the type of storage. For solvents with flash points of 60 degrees C or lower, store in a standard combustible liquid storage room. For solvents with flash points above 60 degrees C, store in a fire-resistant, cool, well-ventilated room, separate from other storage (ITI, 1995).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

An unexpected exothermic reaction occurred after combining endrin and diethyl 4-nitrophenyl thiophosphate, another insecticide, in a petroleum solvent. The reaction vaporized some solvent, which caused a vapor-air explosion (Urben, 1995; HSDB , 1999).
Strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine and fluorine) will cause violent reactions when in contact with endrin (Sittig, 1991).
Endrin will react violently when in contact with parathion and form explosive vapors with strong acids (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; NIOSH , 1999; HSDB , 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear full protective clothing including rubber gloves, safety shoes, self- contained breathing apparatus, and coveralls when working with endrin (Hartley & Kidd, 1987; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 1999; CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 1999) AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear goggles or a full facepiece respirator when working with endrin (HSDB , 1999).

Do not wear contact lenses when working with endrin (HSDB , 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 72-20-8.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Editor's note: Endrin is an noncombustible solid. The fire hazard associated with endrin is due to the solvent in which endrin is dissolved. Follow all precautionary measures according to the solvent's manufacturer.
Pure endrin is a noncombustible dry powder (ITI, 1995).
Endrin (as a liquid mixture) can be a dangerous fire hazard and highly flammable. It can be easily ignite when exposed to heat, sparks or flames (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1998; HSDB , 1999).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS72-20-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS72-20-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Because pure, solid endrin does not burn, use an extinguishing agent suitable for the surrounding fire (Sittig, 1991).

A dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide, alcohol-resistant foam extinguisher or water spray solution should be used (Sittig, 1991; CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 1999; ITI, 1995).

In the case of a leak and a fire, do not attempt to extinguish fire unless leak can be stopped (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 1999).

Water, applied from as far a distance as possible, can be used in flooding quantities as fog, however, solid streams of water may be ineffective. Run-off water should be kept out of water sources and sewers, Sittig (1991) suggests building a dike to contain fire control water (AAR, 1998; (HSDB , 1999).

Any containers involved in fire should be cooled with copious amounts of water (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991; ITI, 1995).

Persons fighting fires should wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Persons not wearing protective clothing should be kept away and denied entry (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991; ITI, 1995).

For fires involving tanks, trucks or rail cars, isolate the area for a 1/2 mile in all directions. Do not stand near ends of the trucks and evacuate immediately if a rising sound from venting begins or if the tank begins to discolor. Fight fire from as far a distance as possible or use unmanned hoseholders or monitor nozzles (HSDB , 1999).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

A solution of endrin and flammable liquid may produce toxic hydrogen chloride and phosgene when burned (CHRIS , 1999).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

An unexpected exothermic reaction causing vaporization of some solvent leading to a vapor-air explosion occurred when endrin and diethyl 4-nitrophenyl thionophosphate was blended into a petroleum solvent. The cause was suspected to be faulty agitation (Urben, 1995; HSDB , 1999).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Endrin, in solution, is toxic by inhalation. Breathing vapors should be avoided. A solution of endrin and flammable liquid may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic hydrogen chloride and phosgene when heated or burned (AAR, 1998; (NIOSH , 1999; HSDB , 1999; CHRIS , 1999; ITI, 1995).

Vapors can be explosive when mixed with air. Most of the vapors are heavier than air and are able to travel back to source of ignition and flashback, spread along the ground or collect in low lying or confined areas (i.e., basements, sewers) (HSDB , 1999).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

An unexpected exothermic reaction occurred after combining endrin and diethyl 4-nitrophenyl thiophosphate, another insecticide, in a petroleum solvent. The reaction vaporized some solvent, which caused a vapor-air explosion (Urben, 1995; HSDB , 1999).

Strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine and fluorine) will cause violent reactions when in contact with endrin (Sittig, 1991).

Endrin will react violently when in contact with parathion and form explosive vapors with strong acids (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; NIOSH , 1999; HSDB , 1999).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS72-20-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS72-20-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Endrin
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 2
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 2
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS72-20-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS72-20-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 2 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Absorb liquid in vermiculite, dry sand or earth (Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1999).
Spilled material can be collected in the most safe and convenient manner. For reclamation, deposit in sealed containers (HSDB , 1999).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

In the case of a small spill, collect spill with a clean shovel into a clean, dry container and cover, remove containers from spill site (Sittig, 1991).
Caution should be taken to keep sparks, flames and other ignition sources away from spill or leak. Also, be careful to keep spilled material out of water sources and sewers; build a dike to contain flow as the need arises. If no undue personnel hazard exists, attempt to stop the leak or spill (AAR, 1998).
Use water spray to disperse vapors, flush spills and protect the personnel attempting to stop the leak (Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1999; ITI, 1995).
Absorb spilled material with earth, sand, or another non-combustible material; use non-sparking tools for recovery (HSDB , 1999).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

For large land spills, surface flow should be diked using sad bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Dig a pond, pit, lagoon or holding area for spilled material; if time permits, seal holding area with an impermeable flexible membrane liner. Spilled liquid can be absorbed with fly ash or cement powder and spilled solids should be covered with a plastic sheet to prevent rain or fire water contamination (AAR, 1998; (HSDB , 1999).
If a spill greater than 10 ppm occurs in water, use activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. To remove pollutants or precipitates use mechanical dredges or lifts. Trap material at the bottom using natural deep pockets, lagoons, or bag barriers (AAR, 1998; (HSDB , 1999).
Use water spray to knock down vapors and to slush spill away from exposure (AAR, 1998; (HSDB , 1999).
Ventilate closed spill or leak areas before entering, isolate the area and deny entry to any personnel not involved in the clean-up effort (Sittig, 1991).
Area of spill or leak should be isolated for 100 to 200 meters in all directions and restricted from any unauthorized personnel. Those involved with clean-up effort should stay upwind, keep out of low lying areas, and ventilate closed spaces before entering (HSDB , 1999).
Personnel involved in clean-up of spill or leak (without fire) should wear a fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing. Any source of ignition (i.e. smoking, sparks or flames) should be eliminated and equipment grounded before use.
Prevent personnel from walking through or touching the spilled material; stop leak if it can be done without risk; prevent endrin from entering waterways, basements, confined areas or sewers; and dike far ahead of spill for containment and disposal (HSDB , 1999).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

The recommended disposal method is incineration. The manufacturer recommends adsorption of spill and burial in sandy soil at least 18 inches deep in a flat or low-lying location away from water supplies, wells, livestock, people, wildlife, etc. (Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

To incinerate pure, solid endrin, first dissolve the material in a combustible solvent (alcohol, benzene, etc.) then directly burn the solution mixture in a furnace equipped with afterburner and scrubber. Another method of incineration is to mix with sodium bicarbonate (or a 9:1 mixture of sand:soda ash) and place in paper carton filled with packing paper and burn in furnace equipped with afterburner and scrubber (ITI, 1995).
Laboratory tests show that endrin levels can be reduced to less than 1 mg/L by activated carbon (HSDB , 1999).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Combustible containers that contained endrin can be disposed of in a pesticide incinerator or specified landfill sites. Non-combustible containers should first be triple-rinsed before incineration or disposal in landfill (HSDB , 1999).
If reuse of containers is legal under DOT regulations (e.g., 49 CFR 173.28), return containers to manufacturer for reuse with endrin. If containers have been damaged or reuse is not permitted, puncture container and send to scrap metal facility or bury in appropriate landfill (HSDB , 1999).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Endrin's former production and use as an insecticide, rodenticide and avicide has resulted in its widespread environmental release (HSDB, 2003).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

During application to crops, endrin can enter the air by volatilization, evaporation and aerial drift; processing can allow endrin to be released as a vapor. "Most studies show rapid volatilization following application to soils and crops, the extent of vaporization depending upon a large number of factors, including solid organic matter, moisture content, air humidity, air flow, and surface area of plants" (IPCS, 1992).
The fate of endrin released into the atmosphere is not well known. It is expected that endrin will associate with particulate matter and be subject to photoisomerization to ketoendrin. Because of its low vapor pressure and high Koc, small amounts of endrin may exists as vapor. The half-life for reaction with hydroxyl radicals is predicted to be 1.45 hours (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Volatilization from water is not significant based on the estimated/calculated Henry's Law constant. The half-life of endrin in a model river (1m deep, flowing 1m/S with a wind speed of 3 m/S) is 9.6 days, however, the volatilization rate from water may be further reduced because of its adsorption to sediment. Using a three-compartment EXAMS model, a half-life greater than 14 years can be estimated for volitalization from a pond. In water, endrin will not hydrolyze or biodegrade; it is subject to photoisomerization to ketoendrin. Endrin will mainly associate with sediment and will significantly concentrate in aquatic organisms (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).
- Endrin is said to be "non-persistent", however, another report claims that 100% of endrin remained after 8 weeks in river water and Iyatomi reports toxicity persisting for 1 month in a rice paddy (OHM/TADS , 1999).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In soil, endrin is expected to persist for a very long time (up to 14 years or more). Because of its estimated Koc, endrin will strongly adsorb to and be immobile in soil, however, the presence of endrin in some groundwater samples suggest that leaching may occur in some soils under the proper conditions. Particle-associated endrin can be carried by run-off or irrigation into water systems (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).
- In soil, some endrin will volatilize or be carried by dust particles into the air. Because of its low vapor pressure, the evaporation of endrin from soil is limited, however, several studies reported moderate to extensive endrin loss due to evaporation. After 4 days on a glass surface at 45 degrees C, 38% of endrin evaporated; after 8 days 82% was lost with no degradation products detected (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).
- With an estimated Koc of 34,000, endrin is expected to be immobile in soil. No movement was detected from endrin on soil thin layer chromatography plates coated with Hagerstown silt clay (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).
- The degree to which endrin is retained in soil depends largely on the retentive ability of the soil. Far greater retention of endrin is found in soils with high organic content compared to clay or sandy loam. Retention of endrin in soil also dependent upon factors such as wind erosion, surface run-off, volatilization, leaching, and crop uptake (IPCS, 1992).
- The type of crop and method of application of endrin is significant in determining the amount of endrin that reaches the soil. No residue appeared in the soil when endrin was applied to tall, dense crops, but when endrin was applied directly to or mixed with the soil, the amount of endrin found depended upon the retentive ability of the soil (IPCS, 1992).
- Other factors that affect the dissipation of endrin in soil include: soil cultivation and crop rotation, both accelerated dissipation; and microbial degradation, which occurs anaerobically, is accelerated by flooding and soil depth (IPCS, 1992).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Endrin, dissolved in water (pH 7.3 - 8.0) from the Little Miami River, OH, was contained in glass jars and set under natural sunlight and artificial fluorescent light. After 8 weeks, 100% of endrin was recovered, which indicates that endrin has a strong resistance to hydrolysis and photolysis with a half-life greater than 4 years (Howard, 1991).

After 12 days of exposure to sunlight, solid endrin, in glass panchets, isomerized to ketoendrin. Ketoendrin was found in yields of 30% and 65% in October and June, respectively. The isomerization half-life in June was 7 days with complete conversion after 17 days (Howard, 1991).

After being exposed to sunlight for 1 hour on bean leaves, endrin showed 1.8% photodecomposition. When photolysis was sensitized with 10 ppm rotenone, endrin showed 15.4% decomposition (Howard, 1991).

Irradiation with blacklight (maximum output, 350 nm) for 24 hours at 35 degrees C produced a 52.4% loss of solid endrin (Howard, 1991).

Irradiation with ultraviolet light for 48 hours showed a 37% rearrangement of endrin to delta-ketoendrin, and 9% to an aldehyde (IPCS, 1992).

When shielded from light, endrin decomposed 20.1% after 24 hours at 30 degrees C (Howard, 1991).

The predicted half-life for the reaction between endrin and photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere is 1.45 hours (Howard, 1991).

During gas-liquid chromatography, endrin was heated to 230 degrees C. The result of this heating was thermal rearrangement of endrin to delta- ketoendrin, a ketone; an aldehyde; and, to a lesser extent, isomeric alcohol. This rearrangement can also occur under acid-catalyzed conditions (IPCS, 1992).

In solution with hexane and cyclohexane, independently, endrin showed evidence of a photolytic reaction after irradiation at 253.7 and 300 nm. The resulting product was a half-cage ketone, pentachloro photoproduct with an 80% yield. This product has also been found in the field and shows high resistance to oxidation and reduction (IPCS, 1992).

After 5 years' storage in the dark, at room temperature, endrin isomerized to delta-ketoendrin (IPCS, 1992).

Exposure of endrin to sunlight will mainly produce delta-ketoendrin; with approximately 50% isomerization after 7 days (+/- 2 days) under summer sun (IPCS, 1992).

"The photochemical products are important as terminal residues: delta- ketoendrin was found on cotton plants and cabbage and apple leaves after application of endrin" (IPCS, 1992).

BIODEGRADATION

Generally, endrin is resistant to biodegradation in natural waters and most soils (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).

After 16 weeks, more than 80% of endrin was recovered from distilled and sterile and unsterile natural water (from a drainage canal of Holland Marsh, Ontario, Canada). Also, there was no evidence of endrin's degradation was after 8 weeks in Little Miami River water (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).

Anaerobic and flooding conditions may enhance biodegradation in soil (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).

Flooded Casiguran soil had 8.4% endrin recovery after 2 months, while soil upland recovered 88.24% (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).

Endrin's half-life is 5-14 days in thick anaerobic sewage sludge with 4 unidentified products (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).

Anaerobic biodegradation of endrin by microbial organisms depends greatly on soil conditions and the presence of appropriate species. These microbial organisms include fungi and bacteria, such as, Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus (IPCS, 1992).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

"Endrin accumulated rapidly in the tissue of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) exposed to nominal concentrations of 0.04, 0.4 or 4.0 mg/kg of diet for 198 days. After that time, all groups were fed an endrin-free diet. Endrin was not detected 28 days later in fish that had received 0.04 or 0.4 mg/kg, and the level in the group that were fed 4.0 mg/kg decreased to 0.011 mg/kg of tissue in 28 days and was below the limit of detection with 41 days. Similar results were obtained for Leiostomus xantharus exposed to 0.05 mcg/L of water: at the end of the study at 5 months, a residue level of 78 mcg/kg tissue was found, and no endrin was detected in fish after 18 days in uncontaminated water. Endrin thus seems to disappear rapidly from tissues" (IPCS, 1992).

MAMMALS

Endrin exposure can be oral or dermal. Endrin is rapidly metabolized to hydrophilic metabolites. It is partly retained in fatty tissues, partly excreted unchanged, and partly excreted as metabolites (Hartley & Kidd, 1987) Hathaway, 1996; (HSDB , 1999). The half-life of endrin in rats has been reported to be 3 days for male and 4 days for female (HSDB , 1999). Small amounts of endrin has been reported in cow's milk excretion (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 1999).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

ALGAE (M aeruginosa): 200 after 7 days (Howard, 1991)
ALGAE (A cylindrica): 222 after 7 days (Howard, 1991)
ALGAE (Oedogonium): 140 after 7 days (Howard, 1991)
ALGAE (S quadricauda): 156 after 7 days (Howard, 1991)
AMERICAN OYSTER: 1670-2780 after 7 days (Howard, 1991)
CHANNEL CATFISH: 1640 and 2000 after 41 and 55 days respectively (Howard, 1991)
CHANNEL CATFISH: 400-760 exposed to 0.5 mcg/L for 5-19 days (IPCS, 1992)
CLAM: 480 exposed to 1 mcg/L for 5 days (IPCS, 1992)
FATHEAD MINNOW: 7000 after 300 days (Howard, 1991)
FATHEAD MINNOW: 10,000 exposed to 0.015 mcg/L (IPCS, 1992)
FLAG FISH: 15,000 after 65 days (Howard, 1991)
FLAG FISH: 10,000 exposed to 0.3 mcg/L (IPCS, 1992)
FLAG FISH: 7900 exposed to 0.21 mcg/L for 15 days (IPCS, 1992)
FLAG FISH: 18,400 exposed to 0.29 mcg/L (IPCS, 1992)
FLAG FISH: 7100 exposed to 0.39 mcg/L (IPCS, 1992)
EASTERN OYSTER: 2780 exposed to 0.05 mcg/L for 7 days (IPCS, 1992)
GRASS SHRIMP: 1600 after 145 days (Howard, 1991)
MOSQUITO, Larvae: 2100 1.0 mcg/L for 1 day (IPCS, 1992)
MOSQUITO FISH: 800 exposed to 1 mcg/L for 1 day (IPCS, 1992)
MUSSEL (Mixed species): 3000 after 21 days (Howard, 1991)
MUSSEL: 38 exposed to 10 mcg/L for 24 days (IPCS, 1992)
SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW, Embryo-Juveniles: 3300 to 4800 in 33 days (Howard, 1991)
SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW: 2500 and 6400 after 28 and 141 to 161 days respectively (Howard, 1991)
SNAIL: 49,000 (Howard, 1991)
SPOT: 1340 exposed to 0.05 mcg/L for 8 months (IPCS, 1992)
WATER FLEA: 2600 exposed to 1.0 mcg/L for 1 day (IPCS, 1992)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

FRESHWATER TOXICITY

References: (HSDB , 1999; IPCS, 1992; OHM/TADS , 1999)

TLm - ACRONEURIA PACIFICA (NAIAD): 0.00039 ppm for 96H
TLm - BLUEGILL: 0.0006 ppm for 96H
TLm - CARP: 0.005 ppm for 48H
TLm - CHINOOK: 0.0012 ppm for 96H -- in acetone
TLm - COHO: 0.00051 ppm for 96H -- in acetone
TLm - CRAWFISH: 0.3 ppm for 72H
TLm - EPHEMERELLA GRANDIS: 0.005 ppm for 96H -- soft water
TLm - FATHEAD: 0.0013 ppm for 96H
TLm - FATHEAD: 0.001 ppm for 96H
TLm - GAMMARUS LACUSTRIS: 0.0115 ppm for 96H
TLm - GOLDFISH: 0.0019 ppm for 96H
TLm - MOSQUITO FISH: 0.00075 ppm for 96H -- 20 degrees C
TLm - MOSQUITO FISH: 0.00825 ppm for 96H -- 3 degrees C
TLm - P. CALIFORNICA (NAIAD): 0.0024 ppm for 96H
TLm - PALAEMONETESKA DIAKENSIS: 6.5-9.5 ppm for 36H -- nonagricultural and agricultural areas respectively
TLm - RAINBOW: 0.00058 ppm for 96H -- in acetone
TLm - SALMON: 0.051 ppm for 96H
TLm - THREE-SPINED STICKLEBACK: 0.00044 ppm for 96H -- in acetone
EC50 - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 4,2 mcg/L for 48H -- static, 21 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2 -7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
EC50 - DAPHNID (Daphnia pulex): 20 mcg/L for 48H -- static, 15 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2- 7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - BLACK BULLHEAD: 1.13 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 24 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - BLACK BULLHEAD: 1.1 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 24 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0008 ppm for 24H
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.00035 ppm for 24H
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.00027 ppm for 48H
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.00025 ppm for 96H
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0062 ppm for 24H -- 45 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0016 ppm for 48H -- 45 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0007 ppm for 96H -- 45 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0032 ppm for 24H -- 55 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0014 ppm for 48H -- 55 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0007 ppm for 96H -- 55 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0014 ppm for 24H -- 65 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0007 ppm for 48H -- 65 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0004 ppm for 96H -- 65 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0008 ppm for 24H -- 75 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0006 ppm for 48H -- 75 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0004 ppm for 96H -- 75 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0003 ppm for 24H -- 85 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0002 ppm for 48H -- 85 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.0002 ppm for 96H -- 85 degrees F
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.61 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 18 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.53 mcg/L for 96 H -- static, 18 degrees C, 272 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.4
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.73 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 7 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.68 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 13 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.41 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 18 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.37 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 24 degrees C. 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.19 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 29 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.61 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 18 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - BLUNTNOSE MINNOW: 0.29 mcg/L for 96H -- static
LC50 - CARP: 0.14 ppm for 48H
LC50 - CARP: 0.32 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 12 degrees C, 314 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.6
LC50 - CARP: 0.84 mcg/L for 48H -- static
LC50 - CARP, Fingerling: 0.32 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 12 degrees C
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH: 1.9 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 18 degrees C, 44 mg CACO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH: 0.32 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 24 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH: 0.32 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 24 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2- 7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - CHINOOK SALMON: 0.92 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C
LC50 - COHO: 0.00027 ppm for 96H
LC50 - COHO SALMON: 0.089 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 16 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - COHO SALMON: 0.27 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C
LC50 - CRANE FLY, Juvenile: 12 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 15 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2- 7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - CRAYFISH: 3.2 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 21 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - DAMSELFLY, Juvenile: 2.4 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 21 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2- 7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - FATHEAD: 0.0018 ppm for 96H
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 1.8 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 18 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 0.24 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 12 degrees C, 314 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.6
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 12 mcg/L for 24H -- static
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW, Larvae: 0.7 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 25-26 degrees C, 46 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1-8.3
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 0.65 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 18-23 degrees C
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 1.8 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 18 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - FLAGFISH: 0.85 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 24-26 degrees C, 43-48 mg CaCO3/L, pH 6.9 - 7.8
LC50 - GOLDFISH: 0.44 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 12 degrees C, 314 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.6
LC50 - GOLDFISH: 0.95 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 18-23 degrees C
LC50 - GOLDFISH: 1.0 mcg/L for 48H -- static
LC50 - GOLDFISH, Fingerling: 0.44 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 12 degrees C
LC50 - GUPPY: 0.9 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C
LC50 - LARGEMOUTH BASS: 0.31 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 18 degrees C, 272 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.4
LC50 - LARGEMOUTH BASS: 0.31 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 18 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2- 7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - MAYFLY, Juvenile: 62 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 15 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2- 7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - MEDAKA: 1.4 mcg/L for 48H -- static
LC50 - MOSQUITO FISH: 1.1 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 17 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - MOSQUITO FISH: 5.27 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 25 degrees C
LC50 - MOSQUITO FISH: 1.1 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 17 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - POND LOACH: 4.9 mcg/L for 48H -- static
LC50 - RAINBOW: 0.00086 ppm for 96H
LC50 - RAINBOW: 0.0018 ppm for 24H
LC50 - RAINBOW: 0.0012 ppm for 48H
LC50 - RAINBOW: 0.00086 ppm for 96H
LC50 - RAINBOW: 0.0007 ppm for 24H
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.75 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 13 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.75 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 13 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.74 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 13 degrees C, 272 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.4
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 2.4 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 2 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 1.4 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 7 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 1.11 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 13 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.75 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 18 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.3 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 18-23 degrees C
LC50 - SNIPE FLY, Juvenile: 4.6 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 15 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2- 7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - STONE FLY: 0.25 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 15 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - STONE FLY: 0.08 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 15 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - STONE FLY: < 0.18 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 15 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - TILAPIA: <5.6 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 24 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - TILAPIA, Behera strain: 10.09 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 25 degrees C
LC50 - TILAPIA, Alexandria strain: 0.26 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 25 degrees C
LC50 - TILUPA SP.: 12 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 15 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - YELLOW PERCH: 0.15 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 12 degrees C, 314 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.6
LC50 - YELLOW PERCH, Fingerling: 0.15 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 12 degrees C
LT50 - GAMMARUS LACUSTRIS: 0.5 ppm for 30 minutes
LD - CUTESHRIANA TADPOLES: 0.5 (lb/acre) for 24H -- ponds
LD - GUPPIES: 0.001 ppm for 24H

SALTWATER TOXICITY

References: (HSDB , 1999; IPCS, 1992; OHM/TADS , 1999)

TLm - BROWN SHRIMP: 0.0025 ppm for 48H
TLm - WHITE SHRIMP: 0.0065 ppm for 48H
EC50 - LONGNOSE KILLFISH, Juvenile: 0.000079 ppm for 24H -- 21 degrees C
EC50 - SEED SHRIMP: 1.8 mcg/L for 48H -- static, 21 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - AMERICAN EEL: 0.6 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C, 24% salinity
LC50 - ATLANTIC RIVERSIDE: 0.05 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C, 24% salinity
LC50 - BLUE HEAD: 0.1 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C, 24% salinity
LC50 - BRAVOORTIA PATRONUS: 0.0008 ppm for 24H
LC50 - DWARF PERCH: 0.6 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 13 degrees C, 18% salinity
LC50 - DWARF PERCH: 0.13 mcg/L for 96H -- intermittent flow, 13 degrees C, 28% salinity
LC50 - GLASS SHRIMP: 3.2 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 21 degrees C, 40-50 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L
LC50 - GULF MENHADEN, Juvenile: 0.8 mcg/L for 24H -- flow, 27 degrees C, 29% salinity
LC50 - LONGNOSE KILLFISH: 0.00023 ppm for 24H
LC50 - LONGNOSE KILLIFISH, Juvenile: 0.23 mcg/L for 24H -- flow, 25 degrees C, 19% salinity
LC50 - MUMMICHOG: 0.6 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C, 24% salinity
LC50 - NORTHERN PUFFER: 3.1 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C, 24% salinity
LC50 - SAILFIN MOLLY, Adult: 0.63 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 20 degrees C, 27% salinity
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW: 0.00032 ppm for 24H
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW, Adult: 0.38 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 18 degrees C, 18% salinity
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW, Adult: 0.36 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 30 degrees C, 16% salinity
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW, Juvenile: 1.0 mcg/L for 48H -- flow, 14 degrees C, 30% salinity
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW, Juvenile: 0.34 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 30 degrees C, 24% salinity
LC50 - SHINER PERCH: 0.8 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 13 degrees C, 26% salinity
LC50 - SHINER PERCH: 0.12 mcg/L for 96H -- intermittent flow, 13 degrees C, 26% salinity
LC50 - SHRIMP: 0.0006 ppm for 24H
LC50 - SPOT: 0.00045 ppm for 24H
LC50 - SPOT, Juvenile: 0.3 mcg/L for 48H -- flow, 12 degrees C, 24% salinity
LC50 - STRIPED BASS: 0.09 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 16-18 degrees C, 28% salinity
LC50 - STRIPED KILLIFISH: 0.3 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C, 24% salinity
LC50 - STRIPED MULLET: 0.0026 ppm for 24H
LC50 - STRIPED MULLET: 0.3 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C, 24% salinity
LC50 - STRIPED MULLET, Juvenile: 0.4 mcg/L for 48H -- flow, 14 degrees C, 30% salinity
LC50 - THREESPINE STICKLEBACK: 1.5 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 20 degrees C, 25% salinity
LC50 - WHITE MULLET, Juvenile: 2.6 mcg/L for 48H -- flow, 29 degrees C
LD - SPOT, Juvenile: 0.0001 ppm for 120H

AMPHIBIAN TOXICITY

Reference: IPCS, 1992

LC50 - BULLFROG: 2.5 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 18-23 degrees C
LC50 - LEOPARD FROG, Eggs: 2.5 mcg/L for 24H -- flow, 20 degrees C, 100 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2 - 7.5
LC50 - LEOPARD FROG, Larvae: 6 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 20 degrees C, 100 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2 - 7.5
LC50 - LEOPARD FROG, Subadult: 5 mcg/L for 96H -- flow, 20 degrees C, 100 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.2 - 7.5
LC50 - FROG, Rana Hexadactyla: 0.21 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 14 degrees C, 20 mg CaCO3/L, pH 6.2
LC50 - WESTERN CHORUS FROG, Tadpole: 120 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 15 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1
LC50 - FOWLERS TOAD, Tadpole: 180 mcg/L for 96H -- static, 15 degrees C, 44 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.1

AVIAN TOXICITY

References: (HSDB , 1999; IPCS, 1992)

LC50 - BOB WHITE QUAIL: 14 ppm
LD50 - CALIFORNIA QUAIL: 1.19 (0.857 - 1.65) mg/kg
LD50 - CALIFORNIA QUAIL, Female: 1.19 mg/kg
LC50 - JAPANESE QUAIL: 18 ppm
LD50 - MALLARD: 5.6 (2.7 - 11.7) mg/kg
LC50 - MALLARD: 18 ppm
LC50 - MALLARD: 22 ppm
LD50 - MALLARD, Female: 5.64 mg/kg
LD50 - PHEASANT: 1.8 (1.1 - 2.8) mg/kg
LD50 - PHEASANT, Male: 1.78 mg/kg
LD50 - PIGEON: 2.0 - 5.0 mg/kg
LD50 - QUAIL: 4.22 mg/kg
LD50 - REDWINGED BLACKBIRD: 2.37 mg/kg
LC50 - RING NECKED PHEASANT: 14 ppm
LD50 - ROCK DOVE: 2.0-5.0 mg/kg
LD50 - SHARP-TAILED GROUSE: 1.06 (0.552 - 2.04) mg/kg
LD50 - SHARP-TAILED GROUSE, Female: 1.06 mg/kg
LD50 - STARLING: 2.37 - 3.16 mg/kg

MAMMALIAN TOXICITY

Reference: HSDB, 1999; IPCS, 1992

LD50 - BIG BROWN BAT: 5 - 8 mg/kg
LD50 - MULE DEER, Female: 6.25-12.5 mg/kg
LD50 - PINE MOUSE: 2.6/19.0 mg/kg -- (susceptible/resistant)
LD50 - PINE MOUSE: 1.3/36.4 mg/kg -- (susceptible/resistant)

Studies have shown that mosquito fish, blue gill sunfish, and green sunfish have been able to develop a resistance to endrin because of the inadvertent exposure to agricultural sprays. The resistance is an inherited trait (IPCS, 1992)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

380.91

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Endrin is non-flammable as the pure, crystalline solid or powder. Its color varies from colorless or white, to tan. It usually is odorless, but sometimes it has mild chemical odor (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 1999) Hathaway, 1996; (Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 1999; Hartley & Kidd, 1987).

The technical grade contains 85-90% endrin; the balance is made up of related compounds (ACGIH, 1991).

When burned or heated to decomposition, endrin emits phosgena and hydrogen chloride (AAR, 1994).

VAPOR PRESSURE

2x10(-7) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999)

3.0x10(-6) mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1991)

0.026 mPa (at 25 degrees C) (Hartley & Kidd, 1987)

2.7x10(-7) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (IPCS, 1992)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.65 (at 25 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1999)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.7 (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 1999)
1.64 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1992)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

392 degrees F (decomposes) (NIOSH , 1999)

MELTING POINT

235 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)
226-230 degrees C (with decomposition) (Hartley & Kidd, 1987; Howard, 1991; Sittig, 1991; IPCS, 1992)
200 degrees C (decomposes) (Lewis, 1996; HSDB , 1999)
200 degrees C (rearranges above this point) (Lewis, 1997)
245 degrees C (decomposes) (ITI, 1995; HSDB , 1999)

BOILING POINT

Decomposes at 245 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 1999)

FLASH POINT

None, dry powder is non-flammable, but commercial solutions contain flammable liquids with flashpoints as low as 27 degrees C (IPCS, 1992).

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.1% (Sittig, 1991)
Endrin (as the pure solid) is not combustible; any flammability information is considering the solvent in which endrin is dissolved.

UPPER

7.0% (Sittig, 1991)
Endrin (as the pure solid) is not combustible; any flammability information is considering the solvent in which endrin is dissolved.

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Endrin is insoluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1997; ITI, 1995).
Endrin is practically insoluble in water (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
0.25 mcg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1991)
0.23 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (IPCS, 1992)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Endrin is insoluble in methanol and only moderately soluble in other common organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997; HSDB , 1999).
Acetone, 17 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999)
Benzene, 13.8 g/100mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999)
Carbon tetrachloride, 3.3 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999)
Hexane, 7.1 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999)
Xylene, 18.3 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999)
Endrin in slightly soluble in alcohols and mineral oils (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
Endrin is soluble in aromatic ketones, esters and hydrocarbons (ITI, 1995).
Endrin is slightly soluble in alcohol and petroleum hydrocarbons; moderately soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons (IPCS, 1992).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

4.56 (Howard, 1991)

log Kow = 5.20 (HSDB , 1999)

log P = 5.34 (IPCS, 1992)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

7.52x10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1991)

4x10(-7) atm-m(3)/mol (HSDB , 1999)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

MASS

INTENSE MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS: 81 m/z (100%), 263 m/z (98%), 265 m/z (65%), 261 m/z (65%) (HSDB , 1999)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

1.80x10(-2) ppm (perfume/flavor grade purity) (HSDB , 1999)

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GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents